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Given the benefits both individuals and collectivity have achieved over the past few years thanks to Mobility-as-Service (MaaS) systems, various studies were conducted to predict the level of acceptance of MaaS bundles from different territorial scales and in different countries. Results obtained are in some cases contradictory. Literature is lacking in the study of small-to-medium-sized urban contexts and in the effects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This paper aims to understand (1) what factors influence respondents’ preferences between their usual transportation means and a possible MaaS alternative and (2) what leads a user to prefer one MaaS bundle to another. A logistic regression and a mixed logit model were developed to reach the two aims, respectively. These models were calibrated using questionnaires administered to employees of the Municipality of Padua, a medium-sized city in Italy. Aspects concerning the perception of health safety in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic were included in the analyses. In 37% of the cases, users stated they would be willing to adopt at least one of the proposed MaaS bundles. The results suggest that MaaS solutions can be a useful tool for managing mobility even in medium-sized cities, provided users’ biosecurity concerns are addressed by appropriate countermeasures.

Conflict-based approaches to real-time road safety analysis can provide several benefits over traditional crash-based models. In particular, as traffic conflicts are much more frequent than crashes, models can be trained with significantly shorter collection periods. Since existing literature has not investigated the sensitivity of real-time conflict prediction models (RTConfPM) to data collection duration, here we aim to fill this gap and discuss the implications for model resilience. A real-world highway case study was analyzed. Methodologically, various traffic variables aggregated into 5 min intervals were selected as predictors, synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) was applied to deal with unbalanced classification issues, and support vector machine (SVM) was chosen as classifier. The dichotomous response variable separated safe and unsafe intervals into two classes; the latter were defined considering a minimum number of rear-end conflicts within the interval, which were identified using a surrogate measure of safety (SMS), that is, time-to-collision. Several RTConfPMs were trained and tested, considering different data collection durations and different criteria to define the unsafe situation class. The results, which were shown to be robust with respect to the machine learning classifier used, indicate that the models were able to provide reliable predictions with just three to five days of data, and that the increase in performance with collection periods longer than 10 to 15 days was negligible. These findings can be generalized by considering the number of unsafe situations corresponding to the data collection period of each tested model; they highlight the relevance of RTConfPM as a more flexible and resilient alternative to the crash-based approach.

The aim of this article is to discuss the objection of vicious circularity concerning the relation between the Phenomenology of Spiritand the Science of Logic. My argument is articulated in three stages: (i) in the first place, I will provide a historical reconstruction of the debate and I will try to neutralize the objection of vicious circularity; (ii) in the second place, I will examine the latest positions of the Hegel-Forschungabout the issue of a possibly reciprocal presupposition between the PhG and the SL; (iii) in the third place, I will analyze the meaning of a virtuous circularity, by showing its inner relation to a dynamic conception of systematicity.

The goal of my essay is to clarify the status of the a priori in Hegel's Science of Logic. My claim is that in order to make possible an appreciation of the originality of Hegel's position we need to map a context of discussion and to dissolve a set of preconceptions about Hegel's idea of philosophy. My argument will be articulated in two parts. In the first part, I will analyse four possible positions regarding the issue of the aprioricity of the Logic, I will defend a fifth position, and I will draw a distinction between apriorism and a priori. In the second part, I will examine three distinct charges of apriorism against Hegel's Logic: the charge of assuming God's point of view of the universe, the charge of vicious circularity between the beginning and the end of the Logic, the charge of self-sufficiency of the Logic. As a result, I hope to show that these charges are unfounded, and to clear the ground for an adequate evaluation of Hegel's own sublation (Aufhebung) of the a priori/a posteriori divide.

To decrease the negative consequences of a road crash, even a small reduction in driving speeds can make a significant difference. We examined the possible application of the left-digit effect as a nudge to reduce road speed. In the marketing field, this effect is based on reporting price tags that are characterized by a low leftmost number and a high rightmost number (e.g., a price tag of €14.99 rather than €15.00). We applied the same strategy to improve road safety. Participants were college students (43.75% female, mean age = 24.06 years in Study 1; 50% female, mean age = 23.53 years in Study 2) who were asked to drive in a simulator on a route that had both usual unmodified road signs (e.g., 50 km/h) and the same road signs increased or decreased by one unit (e.g., 49, 51 km/h). We compared the average median speeds in road segments with unmodified road signs with those in road segments with the corresponding modified signs. The average median speeds in the presence of a sign modified by the reduction of 1 km/h were significantly lower compared with the median average speeds recorded with unmodified signs. We showed that the application of psychological insights can reduce driving speeds and therefore increase road safety.

Targeted axillary dissection (TAD) is an axillary staging technique after NACT that involves the removal of biopsy-proven metastatic lymph nodes in addition to sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). This technique avoids the morbidity of traditional axillary lymph node dissection and has shown a lower false-negative rate than SLNB alone. Therefore, marking positive axillary lymph nodes before NACT is critical in order to locate and remove them in the subsequent surgery. Current localization methods include clip placement with intraoperative ultrasound, carbon-suspension liquids, localization wires, radioactive tracer-based localizers, magnetic seeds, radar reflectors, and radiofrequency identification devices. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the management of axillary lymph nodes based on current guidelines and explain the features of axillary lymph node markers, with relative advantages and disadvantages.

Real-time conflict prediction models (RTConfPM) are an innovative approach to deal with real-time road safety analysis, even in absence of reliable crash data. This paper presents a RTConfPM to predict rear-end conflicts, using Time-To-Collision (TTC) values recorded with radar sensors on multiple motorway cross-sections to define unsafe situations, and traffic conditions recorded on the same sections as inputs to the model. Several classifiers were trained and compared: K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Naive Bayes (NB), Discriminant Analysis (DA), Decision Trees (DT) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). All the proposed models provide better performance than most of crash-based real-time models found in the literature, with KNN and SVM significantly better than the others when considering Recall indicator.

Road traffic accidents represent one of the leading causes of death across all age groups globally. Most of these accidents can be directly attributed to drivers’ failure to select the correct driving speed. Thus, actions aimed to mitigate inappropriate driving performance, including speeding, are needed. Here, we used a dynamic driving simulator to investigate the effects of different real-time coaching programs on driving performance, specifically on the occurrence of Elevated Gravitational-Force Events (EGFEs). Forty-three drivers underwent a two-day evaluation. On the first day, participants –after an initial screening and depending on their driving style– were divided into two groups: defensive vs. aggressive drivers. On the second day, they received a different type of real time visual feedback based on their driving performance. For each of the two driving style groups, half of the drivers received contingent positive feedback (when smooth driving events occurred), the other half received contingent negative feedback (when harsh driving events occurred). Thus, there were four groups based on driving style and feedback. Overall, results showed that among aggressive drivers contingent feedback –independently from its type– reduces the occurrence of EGFEs. Potential applications of the proposed methodology include its use for Pay-how-you-drive programs aimed to improve driver speed control.

This study analyzes and compares reaction times of motorists at the onset of a yellow traffic light under manual and automated driving, based on two experiments performed using a driving simulator. Results show that reaction times of subjects driving an automated vehicle that experiences a failure and crosses on red when approaching a signalized intersection are higher than those of subjects driving manually. When the analysis is restricted to automated driving, results indicate significant differences between reaction times at the first system failure and those at subsequent ones.

Application of extreme value theory (EVT) to road safety analysis is gaining interest, thanks to its ability to produce quick and reliable safety evaluations without the use of crash data. Traditio...

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as transformações que a categoria de “sem-medida” (maßlos) experimenta na transição da Ciência da Lógica de Hegel para O Capital de Marx. A premissa metodológica de minha investigação é a ideia de que exigência de esclarecer o método de O Capital traz consigo a necessidade de uma análise comparativa com o método hegeliano. A análise contém duas partes. Na primeira parte, mostrarei como o sem-medida surge nos primeiros capítulos de O Capital. Na segunda parte, reconstituirei a categoria de sem-medida na Doutrina do Ser (1832) de Hegel. Nas considerações conclusivas, apontarei três semelhanças e três diferenças entre as duas figuras do sem- medida em Hegel e em Marx. As semelhanças são: o uso de uma lógica dialética, a interação do qualitativo e do quantitativo, e o princípio da explicitação da coisa mesma. As diferenças dependem da diferença entre uma lógica sem-pressupostos e uma lógica peculiar do objeto peculiar.

Introduction: This study investigates the effect of precision teaching signals on lane maintenance. Methods: In experiment 1, the control group drove a simulator with no signals. In experiment 2, drivers were presented with auditory signals depending on their position within or outside the lane. In experiment 3, visual signals were presented in addition to auditory signals to examine the effect of redundancy on drivers’ lane maintenance. Results: Results showed an improvement in lane maintenance in experiment 2. Cross-experiment analysis indicated this effect not to be the result of learning. Data from experiment 3 also showed that presenting redundant signals did not further reduce lane variability or help drivers maintain a more central position within the lane. Conclusions: Taken together, data suggest precision teaching be effective as an educational tool to improve lane maintenance. Practical Applications: Our study shows the potential for precision teaching to serve as a valuable tool in driver training.

A general procedure for the validation of a driving simulation environment for the analysis of gap-acceptance behavior was developed in this study. It allows to test whether a synthetic indicator of gap-acceptance behavior (the mean critical gap) shows significant differences when computed on the basis of field observations versus observations collected in the simulated environment. If such differences are not significant, driver behavior can be considered similar in the two contexts, thus supporting validation of the driving simulation environment. In order to demonstrate its effectiveness, the proposed procedure is applied to the case of a three-leg roundabout located in the Veneto region (Italy). The results show that the mean critical gap estimated in the field and the mean critical gap estimated in the virtual environment are not significantly different. The proposed procedure can be applied in various contexts in which gap-acceptance behavior is a central element in terms of safety and operational performance of the traffic system under analysis.

Despite sleepiness being considered one of the main factors contributing to road crashes, and even though extensive efforts have been made in the identification of techniques able to detect it, the assessment of fitness-to-drive regarding driving fatigue and sleepiness is still an open issue. In the literature on driver sleepiness, both vehicle-based measures and behavioral measures are used. Concerning the former, the one considered more reliable is the Standard Deviation of Lateral Position (SDLP) while the PERcent of eye CLOSure over a defined period of time (PERCLOS) seems to be the most informative behavioral measure. In the present study, using a within-subject design, we assessed the effect of a single night of partial sleep deprivation (PSD, less than 5 h sleeping time) compared to a control condition (full night of sleep, 8 h sleeping time) on SDLP and PERCLOS, in young adults driving in a dynamic car simulator. Results show that time-on-task and PSD affect both subjective and objective sleepiness measures. Moreover, our data confirm that both objective and subjective sleepiness increase through a monotonous driving scenario. Considering that SDLP and PERCLOS were often used separately in studies on driver sleepiness and fatigue detection, the present results have potential implications for fitness-to-drive assessment in that they provide useful information allowing to combine the advantages of the two measures for drowsiness detection while driving.

Climate change (CC) is predominantly connected to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the construction sector. It is clear how it is necessary to rethink construction materials in order to reduce GHG emissions. Among the various strategies proposed, recent research has investigated the potential of smart materials. This study in particular aims to develop an innovative building component that combines high energy performance with reduced thickness and weight. For this reason, the potential of Phase Change Materials (PCM) in cement-based mixes is investigated, comparing the performance of a traditional mix with two innovative mixes made with the addition of 3% and 7% PCM. This work characterizes the new material, analyzing its mechanical and thermal performance, highlighting how the mix strength decreases as the PCM ratio increases, however, both mixes may be considered suitable for masonry structures and may be classified as M5 and M15. Furthermore, from the analysis of the thermal performance, it emerges that the mix presents good behavior in terms of insulating properties.

Innovative motor insurance schemes involve the use of on-board devices to collect kinematic driving data as part of the so-called ‘Pay-How-You-Drive’ schemes, which charge premiums based on drivers’ behavior. Some of these schemes also involve on-board coaching programs, which give real-time feedback to users. Here, we aimed to investigate the influence of motor insurance on-board real-time coaching programs on drivers’ behavior while overtaking cyclists, as motor vehicle/bicycle interactions are a relevant issue in road safety. The tested programs give real-time feedback to users on their acceleration, promoting smoother and safer driving styles. Data were collected with a driving simulator experiment involving 67 young drivers. The experiment was divided into two trials: in the first, participants drove as normally as possible without receiving any type of feedback; in the second, which took place one month later, they received feedback based on their driving behavior. Using data from the first trial, participants were clustered (k-mean approximation) into two groups, according to their driving style (aggressive vs. defensive). For each group, half of the drivers received contingent positive feedback (when a smooth driving event occurred) and the other half received contingent negative feedback (when a harsh driving event occurred). Feedback was presented in the form of auditory cues (for half of one group) or as visual cues (for the others). Thus, there were eight groups based on driving style, feedback type, and feedback modality. Multiple kinematic variables were studied with mixed ANOVA, and included not only clearance distances, speeds, and acceleration, but also the chosen overtaking strategy (accelerative vs. flying). Driving style, gender, car usage, feedback type and modality were considered as factors in the analysis. Results showed that the coaching programs had a significant positive effect, in terms of safety, reducing acceleration and speeds during the overtaking and inducing drivers to adopt the safer accelerative strategy. It was also particularly effective in improving the performance of aggressive drivers. These results are of high interest for real-world applications because they were obtained with a general-purpose coaching program; conversely, it might be impractical to develop dedicate programs for specific situations such as drivers overtaking cyclists.

Among the super insulating materials, aerogel has interesting properties: very low thermal conductivity and density, resistance to high temperatures and transparency. It is a rather expensive material, but incentives in the field can improve its economic attractiveness. Starting from this, the thermal behavior of a test building entirely insulated with aerogel panels was investigated through an extended experimental campaign. A dynamic simulation model of a case study building was generated to better comprehend the energy savings obtained through aerogel in terms of energy demand over a whole year. The investigation was completed by computing the carbon and energy payback times of various retrofit strategies through a life cycle assessment approach, as well as by a cost-benefit analysis through a probabilistic financial framework. Compared to conventional insulation materials, aerogel is characterized by a higher energy and carbon payback time, but it guarantees better environmental performance in the whole life cycle. From an economic-financial perspective, the aerogel retrofit is the best in the current tax incentive scenario. However, due to its higher lump-sum investment, aerogel’s net present value is very sensitive to tax deductions, and it is riskier than the best comparable materials in less favorable tax scenarios.

Introduzione - La fragilità ambientale, culturale, sociale ed economica che caratterizza sempre di più gli insediamenti urbani evidenzia come il modello di sviluppo adottato fino ad oggi non sia stato capace di invertire, o quantomeno arrestare, il processo di deterioramento del territorio nel quale viviamo. Il cambiamento climatico in atto, inoltre, accentuato da un eccessivo tasso di crescita urbana che ha caratterizzato l’ultimo secolo e che oggi appare non più sostenibile, richiede la definizione di nuovi modelli di sviluppo e nuove strategie di intervento atte a ripensare le stesse città in organismi non solo sostenibili, ma capaci di adattarsi alle sfide dettate dai mutamenti ambientali, sociali ed economici in atto.Recenti esperienze internazionali (Lyon, Detroit, Zurigo, Barcellona, Parigi, Copenaghen, Tirana, ecc.) hanno evidenziato come lo spazio pubblico, inteso come il tessuto connettivo che infrastruttura la città e che ne costituisce gli spazi aperti, possa giocare un ruolo sempre più importante nei processi di rigenerazione urbana contribuendo a ridurre proprio quelle vulnerabilità che oggi rischiano di cancellare i caratteri essenziali per la stessa vita umana. Obiettivo, motivazioni e limitazioni – All’interno del quadro generale pocanzi descritto, il paper indagherà le potenzialità dello spazio pubblico come ambito di intervento per la rigenerazione rbana, mettendo a confronto strategie urbane e sistemi tecnologici ed evidenziandone potenzialità e limiti. Il lavoro si concentrerà, in particolare, sulle recenti esperienze di rigenerazione urbana condotte in alcune città dell’Albania, che risultano essere di particolare interesse per paradigmi teorico-concettuali, approcci metodologici e per l’utilizzo delle risorse. Metodologia – Il lavoro verrà condotto attraverso una lettura critica di alcune buone pratiche della recente esperienza di rigenerazione urbana albanese. I casi studio verranno analizzati rispetto al concetto di fragilità declinato nelle sue sfumature di fragilità ambientale, sociale, economica, culturale in termini di innovazione metodologica e processuale, approccio progettuale interdisciplinare, utilizzo di tecnologie per la gestione dell’habitat e delle risorse ambientali. Tale confronto porterà alla redazione di un quadro sinottico descrittivo di strategie e sistemi tecnologici.

Il settore manifatturiero è uno dei principali responsabili per le emissioni nell’atmosfera di Gas Serra e per questa ragione gioca un ruolo fondamentale nella lotta al cambiamento climatico. Appare evidente come proprio il settore produttivo possa attraverso l’adozione di specifiche azioni ridurre l’emissione dei gas serra e contribuire al raggiungimento degli obiettivi previsti dall’Accordo di Parigi e da quanto indicato dall’ultimo report dell’Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2018). Nonostante gli incentivi e le attuali normative, la transizione verso la circular economy appare ancora lenta e difficile. Il presente lavoro si inserisce all’intero di questo quadro e, in particolare, quello dell’industria dei prodotti per l’edilizia della regione Lazio. Dallo studio, condotto analizzando i processi produttivi di alcune aziende situate nella regione Lazio rispetto a processi basati sui principi della circular economy, emerge come, nonostante alcune interessanti esperienze, i modelli maggiormente diffusi siano ancora fortemente legati a modelli produttivi tradizionali e ad alte emissioni di carbonio.

Os ensaios aqui recolhidos representam um balanço da atual discussão crítica sobre Hegel e Marx, delineado a partir de diversas perspectivas por pesquisadores do campo da filosofia que atuam em vários países (Brasil, Chile, Itália e Alemanha). Dado que a presente iniciativa não é a primeira que aborda a relação entre o pensamento de Hegel e de Marx, cabe inseri-la na situação atual da pesquisa [...]

An innovative approach for real-time road safety analysis is presented in this work. Unlike traditional real-time crash prediction models (RTCPMs), in which crash data are used in the training phase, a real-time conflict prediction model (RTConfPM) is proposed. This model can be trained using surrogate measures of safety, and can therefore be applied even in situations in which highly spatial/temporal-accurate crash data are unavailable or unreliable. The application of an RTConfPM consists of using a set of input variables recorded during a given time interval, to predict whether there will be an increased risk of unsafe situations in the following interval. This paper presents an RTConfPM to predict rear-end crashes, using time-to-collision values recorded with radar sensors on multiple motorway cross-sections to define unsafe situations, and traffic conditions recorded on the same sections as input to the model. The RTConfPM is compared to a traditional RTCPM, trained with a dataset of crashes located on the same motorway, and using the same traffic data as input. In both approaches, variable selection is performed with Pearson’s correlation test and random forest; synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) is used to balance the classes in the training dataset, support vector machine (SVM) is used as classifier, and Monte Carlo cross-validation is adopted for robustness. The two approaches are evaluated considering accuracy, recall, specificity/false alarm rate, and area under the curve (AUC). As shown by the results of this paper, the conflict-based approach appears promising, and is able to predict the occurrence of unsafe situations within 5 min with more than 93% accuracy, recall and specificity, significantly outperforming the RTCPM.

I recenti provvedimenti di legge che garantiscono sgravi fiscali per il rifacimento delle facciate rendono possibile un maggior utilizzo di materiali particolarmente performanti seppur costosi. Tra i materiali superisolanti, l’aerogel presenta interessanti proprietà, quali bassissima conducibilità termica e densità, resistenza alle alte temperature, trasparenza. Presso il cantiere scuola del CEFMECTP, Organismo paritetico per la formazione e la sicurezza in edilizia di Roma e provincia, con la collaborazione dei Dipartimenti di Architettura e Ingegneria dell’Università Roma Tre, è stata condotta una sperimentazione per determinare le prestazioni termiche di un piccolo edificio interamente isolato (pareti perimetrali e tetto) con pannelli in aerogel. Al fine di stabilire gli scambi termici è stata installata in situ un’apposita strumentazione comprensiva di piastre termoflussimetriche, sonde di temperatura dell’aria interne ed esterne all’edificio di studio e di sonde di temperatura superficiali interna ed esterna. Confrontando le prestazioni dell’edificio, interamente isolato con i pannelli in aerogel, con uno stesso edificio limitrofo “di riferimento”, privo di alcun tipo di isolamento, sono stati quantificati i due diversi comportamenti dal punto di vista termico. La sperimentazione ha evidenziato nella soluzione coibentata una trasmittanza termica inferiore ed una diminuzione dell’attenuazione media rispetto a quella stimata per l’edificio di riferimento, conferendo di conseguenza una maggiore stabilità della temperatura dell’aria interna, oltre ad una prestazione particolarmente favorevole al risparmio energetico per le soluzioni d’isolamento a cappotto in aerogel.

Il paper presenta i primi risultati di una più ampia ricerca interdisciplinare ancora in corso e nata con l’obiettivo di analizzare il ruolo che gli spazi aperti di prossimità e le Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) possono svolgere nella lotta al cambiamento climatico. Lo studio individua alcuni luoghi della ricerca identificati all’interno del contesto urbano della città di Roma, studiandone attuale utilizzo, potenzialità e aspettative degli abitanti. Sulla base dell’analisi condotta vengono poi presentati potenziali scenari di rigenerazione ambientale (per la mitigazione climatica) in chiave ‘smart’ degli ambienti outdoor.