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1. Regional climate downscaling over Europe: perspectives from the EURO-CORDEX community

Author: Jacob, Daniela, Teichmann, Claas, Sobolowski, Stefan, Katragkou, Eleni, Anders, Ivonne, Belda, Michal, Benestad, Rasmus, Boberg, Fredrik, Buonomo, Erasmo, Cardoso, Rita M., Casanueva, Ana, Christensen, Ole B., Christensen, Jens Hesselbjerg, Coppola, Erika, De Cruz, Lesley, Davin, Edouard L., Dobler, Andreas, Domínguez, Marta, Fealy, Rowan, Fernandez, Jesus, Gaertner, Miguel Angel, García-Díez, Markel, Giorgi, Filippo, Gobiet, Andreas, Goergen, Klaus, Gómez-Navarro, Juan José, Alemán, Juan Jesús González, Gutiérrez, Claudia, Gutiérrez, José M., Güttler, Ivan, Haensler, Andreas, Halenka, Tomáš, Jerez, Sonia, Jiménez-Guerrero, Pedro, Jones, Richard G., Keuler, Klaus, Kjellström, Erik, Knist, Sebastian, Kotlarski, Sven, Maraun, Douglas, van Meijgaard, Erik, Mercogliano, Paola, Montávez, Juan Pedro, Navarra, Antonio, Nikulin, Grigory, de Noblet-Ducoudré, Nathalie, Panitz, Hans-Juergen, Pfeifer, Susanne, Piazza, Marie, Pichelli, Emanuela, Pietikäinen, Joni-Pekka, Prein, Andreas F., Preuschmann, Swantje, Rechid, Diana, Rockel, Burkhardt, Romera, Raquel, Sánchez, Enrique, Sieck, Kevin, Soares, Pedro M. M., Somot, Samuel, Srnec, Lidija, Sørland, Silje Lund, Termonia, Piet, Truhetz, Heimo, Vautard, Robert, Warrach-Sagi, Kirsten, Wulfmeyer, Volker, Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Hamburg, Germany, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway, Department of Meteorology and Climatology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece, Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG), Vienna, Austria, Department of Atmospheric Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Copenhagen, Denmark, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal, Meteorology Group, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy, Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMIB), Brussels, Belgium, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Madrid, Spain, ICARUS, Department of Geography, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain, Centre for High-Performance Scientific Computing in Terrestrial Systems, Geoverbund ABC/J, Jülich, Germany, Regional Atmospheric Modeling Group, Department of Physics, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain, Meteorology Group, Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Santander, Spain, Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Zagreb, Croatia, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK, Chair of Atmospheric Processes, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden, Meteorological Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Zurich-Airport, Switzerland, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Graz, Austria, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, The Netherlands, C.I.R.A., Capua, Italy, Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC), Lecce, Italy, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, IPSL, Unité Mixte CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette cédex, France, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Helsinki, Finland, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany, CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany, Jacob D., Teichmann C., Sobolowski S., Katragkou E., Anders I., Belda M., Benestad R., Boberg F., Buonomo E., Cardoso R.M., Casanueva A., Christensen O.B., Christensen J.H., Coppola E., De Cruz L., Davin E.L., Dobler A., Dominguez M., Fealy R., Fernandez J., Gaertner M.A., Garcia-Diez M., Giorgi F., Gobiet A., Goergen K., Gomez-Navarro J.J., Aleman J.J.G., Gutierrez C., Gutierrez J.M., Guttler I., Haensler A., Halenka T., Jerez S., Jimenez-Guerrero P., Jones R.G., Keuler K., Kjellstrom E., Knist S., Kotlarski S., Maraun D., van Meijgaard E., Mercogliano P., Montavez J.P., Navarra A., Nikulin G., de Noblet-Ducoudre N., Panitz H.-J., Pfeifer S., Piazza M., Pichelli E., Pietikainen J.-P., Prein A.F., Preuschmann S., Rechid D., Rockel B., Romera R., Sanchez E., Sieck K., Soares P.M.M., Somot S., Srnec L., Sorland S.L., Termonia P., Truhetz H., Vautard R., Warrach-Sagi K., Wulfmeyer V., Electronics and Informatics, Physics, Universidad de Cantabria, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), CSIC-UC - Instituto de Física de Cantabria (IFCA), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), and European Commission
Subjects: IMPACTS, Climate Research, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Climate change, ENSEMBLE, 02 engineering and technology, Land cover, 01 natural sciences, Klimatforskning, COVER CHANGES, 11. Sustainability, ddc:330, Regional science, Adaptation (computer science), Temporal scales, TEMPERATURE, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, MODEL DESCRIPTION, Global and Planetary Change, regional climate models, EURO-CORDEX, Land use, LAND-USE, FUTURE CHANGES, 15. Life on land, SIMULATIONS, 020801 environmental engineering, Earth system science, CORDEX, Geography, ddc:551.6, 13. Climate action, Earth and Environmental Sciences, MED-CORDEX, EURO-CORDEX, DAILY PRECIPITATION STATISTICS, Downscaling, Regional climate modelling, Regional climate models
Abstract: The European CORDEX (EURO-CORDEX) initiative is a large voluntary effort that seeks to advance regional climate and Earth system science in Europe. As part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) - Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX), it shares the broader goals of providing a model evaluation and climate projection framework and improving communication with both the General Circulation Model (GCM) and climate data user communities. EURO-CORDEX oversees the design and coordination of ongoing ensembles of regional climate projections of unprecedented size and resolution (0.11° EUR-11 and 0.44° EUR-44 domains). Additionally, the inclusion of empirical-statistical downscaling allows investigation of much larger multi-model ensembles. These complementary approaches provide a foundation for scientific studies within the climate research community and others. The value of the EURO-CORDEX ensemble is shown via numerous peer-reviewed studies and its use in the development of climate services. Evaluations of the EUR-44 and EUR-11 ensembles also show the benefits of higher resolution. However, significant challenges remain. To further advance scientific understanding, two flagship pilot studies (FPS) were initiated. The first investigates local-regional phenomena at convection-permitting scales over central Europe and the Mediterranean in collaboration with the Med-CORDEX community. The second investigates the impacts of land cover changes on European climate across spatial and temporal scales. Over the coming years, the EURO-CORDEX community looks forward to closer collaboration with other communities, new advances, supporting international initiatives such as the IPCC reports, and continuing to provide the basis for research on regional climate impacts and adaptation in Europe., S.S. acknowledges the support of NOTUR/NORSTORE projects NN9280K/NS9001K and the Research Council of Norway and its basic institute support of the strategic project on Climate Services. E.K. acknowledges the support of the Greek Research & Technology Network (GRNET) for provision of technical support and facilities (HPC-ARIS). L.S. and I.G. acknowledge the support of Croatian Science Foundation project CARE (2831) and Ministry of Environment and Energy project TF/HR/P3-M1-O1-0101 (www.prilagodba-klimi.hr). J. F. acknowledges support from the Spanish R+D Programme through grant INSIGNIA (CGL2016-79210-R), co-funded by ERDF/FEDER, and the Altamira Supercomputer at Instituto de Física de Cantabria (IFCA-CSIC), member of the Spanish Supercomputing Network. P.T. acknowledges support from the Belgian Science Policy (BELSPO) within the CORDEX.be (BR/143/A2) project, and the VSC (Flemish Supercomputer Center), funded by the Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO) and the Flemish Government – department EWI.M.A.G. acknowledges support from the Spanish R+D Programme through grants CGL2013-47261-R and CGL2017-89583-R, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund. RF acknowledges support provided by ICHEC (Irish Centre for High End Computing) and the Irish Environmental Protection Agency. K.G. and S.K. gratefully acknowledge the computing time granted through JARA-HPC on the supercomputers JUROPA and JURECA at Forschungszentrum Jülich. M.B. and T.H. acknowledge support by The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports from the Large Infrastructures for Research, Experimental Development and Innovations project “IT4Innovations National Supercomputing Center – LM2015070” and the INTER-EXCELLENCE program LTT17007, and support by Charles University from the PROGRES Q16 program. We acknowledge the approval and support of the two Flagship Pilot Studies (the FPS on Convective phenomena at high resolution over Europe and the Mediterranean and the FPS on Land Use and Climate Across Scales) by WRCP CORDEX. We thank Merja Tölle for providing simulation CCLM5-0-9-JLU as contribution to the CORDEX-FPS “Convective phenomena at high resolution over Europe and the Mediterranean”. D. M., M.P., and H.T. gratefully acknowledge the support received via the projects HighEnd:Extremes, SPIRIT, and reclip:convex, funded by the Austrian Climate Research Programme (ACRP) of the Klima- und Energiefonds (nos. B368608, B960272, and B769999, respectively), as well as the Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) for compute time on JURECA through the grant JJSC39 and the Vienna Scientific Cluster (VSC) through the grants 70992 and 71193.
Published: 2020

2. COVID‐19 Crisis Reduces Free Tropospheric Ozone Across the Northern Hemisphere

Author: Marc Allaart, Susan E. Strahan, Ryan M. Stauffer, Richard Querel, Anne M. Thompson, Nicholas B. Jones, Clare Paton-Walsh, Patrick Cullis, Tatsumi Nakano, Bryan J. Johnson, Gérard Ancellet, Thomas Blumenstock, Ankie Piters, Holger Deckelmann, Omaira García, Matthias Palm, Roeland Van Malderen, Kai-Lan Chang, Nis Jepsen, Antje Inness, M.B. Tully, Ralf Sussmann, Amelie N. Röhling, Gonzague Romanens, Dagmar Kubistin, Ana Diaz Rodriguez, Fernando Chouza, René Stübi, Owen R. Cooper, Emmanuel Mahieu, Kimberly Strong, Christian Plass-Dülmer, Jonathan Davies, Richard Engelen, Peter Oelsner, David W. Tarasick, Peter von der Gathen, Jose-Luis Hernandez, Michael Gill, Justus Notholt, Thierry Leblanc, Christian Servais, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Matthias Schneider, Norrie Lyall, Rigel Kivi, Carlos Torres, Shoma Yamanouchi, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Bogumil Kois, James W. Hannigan, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, Andy Delcloo, Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Met Office Lerwick, Universität Bremen, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute (IMGW - PIB), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Irish Meteorological Service (MET ÉIREANN), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] (IRM), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), STRATO - LATMOS, University of Toronto, ESRL Global Monitoring Laboratory [Boulder] (GML), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMet), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Spurengase und Fernerkundung (IMK-ASF), Australian Bureau of Meteorology [Melbourne] (BoM), Australian Government, University of Wollongong [Australia], National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), GSFC Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Earth Science System Interdisciplinary Center [College Park] (ESSIC), College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences [College Park], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System-University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), University of Wollongong, GFSC Earth Sciences Division, Kubistin, Dagmar, 1 Deutscher Wetterdienst Hohenpeißenberg Germany, Plass‐Dülmer, Christian, Davies, Jonathan, 2 Environment and Climate Change Canada Toronto ONT Canada, Tarasick, David W., Gathen, Peter von der, 3 Alfred Wegener Institut Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Polar‐ und Meeresforschung Potsdam Germany, Deckelmann, Holger, Jepsen, Nis, 4 Danish Meteorological Institute Copenhagen Denmark, Kivi, Rigel, 5 Finnish Meteorological Institute Sodankylä Finland, Lyall, Norrie, 6 British Meteorological Service Lerwick UK, Palm, Matthias, 7 University of Bremen Bremen Germany, Notholt, Justus, Kois, Bogumil, 8 Institute of Meteorology and Water Management Legionowo Poland, Oelsner, Peter, 9 Deutscher Wetterdienst Lindenberg Germany, Allaart, Marc, 10 Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute DeBilt The Netherlands, Piters, Ankie, Gill, Michael, 11 Met Éireann (Irish Met. Service) Valentia Ireland, Van Malderen, Roeland, 12 Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium Uccle Belgium, Delcloo, Andy W., Sussmann, Ralf, 13 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology IMK‐IFU Garmisch‐Partenkirchen Germany, Mahieu, Emmanuel, 14 Institute of Astrophysics and Geophysics University of Liège Liège Belgium, Servais, Christian, Romanens, Gonzague, 15 Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss Payerne Switzerland, Stübi, Rene, Ancellet, Gerard, 16 LATMOS Sorbonne Université‐UVSQ‐CNRS/INSU Paris France, Godin‐Beekmann, Sophie, Yamanouchi, Shoma, 17 University of Toronto Toronto ONT Canada, Strong, Kimberly, Johnson, Bryan, 18 NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Laboratory Boulder CO USA, Cullis, Patrick, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Hannigan, James W., 20 National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder CO USA, Hernandez, Jose‐Luis, 21 State Meteorological Agency (AEMET) Madrid Spain, Diaz Rodriguez, Ana, Nakano, Tatsumi, 22 Meteorological Research Institute Tsukuba Japan, Chouza, Fernando, 23 Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Table Mountain Facility Wrightwood CA USA, Leblanc, Thierry, Torres, Carlos, 24 Izaña Atmospheric Research Center AEMET Tenerife Spain, Garcia, Omaira, Röhling, Amelie N., 25 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology IMK‐ASF Karlsruhe Germany, Schneider, Matthias, Blumenstock, Thomas, Tully, Matt, 26 Bureau of Meteorology Melbourne Australia, Paton‐Walsh, Clare, 27 Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry University of Wollongong Wollongong Australia, Jones, Nicholas, Querel, Richard, 28 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Lauder New Zealand, Strahan, Susan, 29 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Earth Sciences Division Greenbelt MD USA, Stauffer, Ryan M., Thompson, Anne M., Inness, Antje, 32 European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK, Engelen, Richard, Chang, Kai‐Lan, 19 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) University of Colorado Boulder CO USA, and Cooper, Owen R.
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Pollution: Urban, Regional and Global, Atmospheric Composition and Structure, Biogeosciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, [SDV.MHEP.PSR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Pulmonology and respiratory tract, 01 natural sciences, Biogeochemical Kinetics and Reaction Modeling, LIDAR, Troposphere, Oceanography: Biological and Chemical, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Emission reductions, ddc:550, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION, Marine Pollution, RECORD, NOX, 551.51, Biogeochemistry, Ozone depletion, Oceanography: General, Pollution: Urban and Regional, Geophysics, Free troposphere, Emissions, Troposphere: Composition and Chemistry, The COVID‐19 pandemic: linking health, society and environment, Cryosphere, Biogeochemical Cycles, Processes, and Modeling, Ozone, Megacities and Urban Environment, URBAN, Atmosphere, Paleoceanography, Altitude, COVID‐19, Research Letter, Global Change, Tropospheric ozone, Stratosphere, Urban Systems, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Aerosols, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], emissions, Northern Hemisphere, COVID-19, PROFILES, Aerosols and Particles, TRENDS, Earth sciences, ozone, Physics and Astronomy, troposphere, chemistry, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Natural Hazards
Abstract: Throughout spring and summer 2020, ozone stations in the northern extratropics recorded unusually low ozone in the free troposphere. From April to August, and from 1 to 8 kilometers altitude, ozone was on average 7% (≈4 nmol/mol) below the 2000–2020 climatological mean. Such low ozone, over several months, and at so many stations, has not been observed in any previous year since at least 2000. Atmospheric composition analyses from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service and simulations from the NASA GMI model indicate that the large 2020 springtime ozone depletion in the Arctic stratosphere contributed less than one‐quarter of the observed tropospheric anomaly. The observed anomaly is consistent with recent chemistry‐climate model simulations, which assume emissions reductions similar to those caused by the COVID‐19 crisis. COVID‐19 related emissions reductions appear to be the major cause for the observed reduced free tropospheric ozone in 2020., Plain Language Summary: Worldwide actions to contain the COVID‐19 virus have closed factories, grounded airplanes, and have generally reduced travel and transportation. Less fuel was burnt, and less exhaust was emitted into the atmosphere. Due to these measures, the concentration of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) decreased in the atmosphere. These substances are important for photochemical production and destruction of ozone in the atmosphere. In clean or mildly polluted air, reducing nitrogen oxides and/or VOCs will reduce the photochemical production of ozone and result in less ozone. In heavily polluted air, in contrast, reducing nitrogen oxides can increase ozone concentrations, because less nitrogen oxide is available to destroy ozone. In this study, we use data from three types of ozone instruments, but mostly from ozonesondes on weather balloons. The sondes fly from the ground up to 30 kilometers altitude. In the first 8 km, we find significantly reduced ozone concentrations in the northern extratropics during spring and summer of 2020, less than in any other year since at least 2000. We suggest that reduced emissions due to the COVID‐19 crisis have lowered photochemical ozone production and have caused the observed ozone reductions in the troposphere., Key Points: In spring and summer 2020, stations in the northern extratropics report on average 7% (4 nmol/mol) less tropospheric ozone than normal Such low tropospheric ozone, over several months, and at so many sites, has not been observed in any previous year since at least 2000 Most of the reduction in tropospheric ozone in 2020 is likely due to emissions reductions related to the COVID‐19 pandemic, NASA | Earth Sciences Division (NASA Earth Science Division) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100014573, Gouvernement du Canada | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000038, Australian Research Council, Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique ‐ FNRS (FNRS) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002661, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006360
Published: 2021

3. ICE GENESIS: Synergetic Aircraft and Ground-Based Remote Sensing and In Situ Measurements of Snowfall Microphysical Properties

Author: Billault-Roux, Anne-Claire, Grazioli, Jacopo, Delanoë, Julien, Jorquera, Susana, Pauwels, Nicolas, Viltard, Nicolas, Martini, Audrey, Mariage, Vincent, Le Gac, Christophe, Caudoux, Christophe, Aubry, Clémantyne, Bertrand, Fabrice, Schwarzenboeck, Alfons, Jaffeux, Louis, Coutris, Pierre, Febvre, Guy, Pichon, Jean Marc, Dezitter, Fabien, Gehring, Josué, Untersee, Aude, Calas, Christophe, Figueras I Ventura, Jordi, Vie, Benoit, Peyrat, Adrien, Curat, Valentin, Rebouissoux, Simon, Berne, Alexis, Environmental Remote Sensing Laboratory [Lausanne], Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), SPACE - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Airbus Helicopters, Aeroport International de Marseille-Provence, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, and Météo-France
Subjects: Snowfall, Atmospheric Science, Cloud microphysics, Precipitation, Radars/Radar observations, Remote sensing, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, Icing
Abstract: An international field experiment took place in the Swiss Jura in January 2021 as a milestone of the European ICE GENESIS project (www.ice-genesis.eu/), which aims to better measure, understand, and model the ice/snow particle properties and mechanisms responsible for icing of rotor-craft and aircraft. The field campaign was designed to collect observations of clouds and snowfall at a prescribed range of temperatures (−10° to +2°C). The suite of in situ and remote sensing instruments included airborne probes and imagers on board a SAFIRE ATR-42 aircraft, able to sample liquid and ice particles from the micron to the millimeter size range, as well as icing sensors and cameras. Two 95 GHz Doppler cloud radars were installed on the SAFIRE ATR-42, while six Doppler weather radars operating at frequencies ranging from 10 to 95 GHz (and one lidar) were ground based. An operational polarimetric weather radar in nearby France (Montancy) complements the coverage. Finally, observations of standard meteorological variables as well as high-resolution pictures of falling snowflakes from a multiangle snowflake camera were collected at the ground level. The campaign showed its full potential during five (multihourly) flights where precipitation was monitored from cloud to ground. The originality of this campaign resides in the targeted specific temperature range for snowfall and in the synchronization between the ground-based remote sensing and the aircraft trajectories designed to maximize the collection of in situ observations within the column above the radar systems.
Published: 2023

4. The impact of aerosol fluorescence on long-term water vapor monitoring by Raman lidar and evaluation of a potential correction method

Author: Fernando Chouza, Thierry Leblanc, Mark Brewer, Patrick Wang, Giovanni Martucci, Alexander Haefele, Hélène Vérèmes, Valentin Duflot, Guillaume Payen, Philippe Keckhut, Laboratory Studies and Atmospheric Observations, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de La Réunion (OSU-Réunion), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This research has been supported by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (grant no. 80NM0018D0004)., and European Project: 1343583(2013)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science
Abstract: The impact of aerosol fluorescence on the measurement of water vapor by UV (355 nm emission) Raman lidar in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) is investigated using the long-term records of three high-performance Raman lidars contributing to the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). Comparisons with co-located radiosondes and aerosol backscatter profiles indicate that laser-induced aerosol fluorescence in smoke layers injected into the stratosphere by pyrocumulus events can introduce very large and chronic wet biases above 15 km, thus impacting on the ability of these systems to accurately estimate long-term water vapor trends in the UTLS. In order to mitigate the fluorescence contamination, a correction method based on the addition of an aerosol fluorescence channel was developed and tested on the water vapor Raman lidar TMWAL located at the JPL Table Mountain Facility in California. The results of this experiment, conducted between 27 August and 4 November 2021 and involving 22 co-located lidar and radiosonde profiles, suggest that the proposed correction method is able to effectively reduce the fluorescence-induced wet bias. After correction, the average difference between the lidar and co-located radiosonde water vapor measurements was reduced to 5 %, consistent with the difference observed during periods of negligible aerosol fluorescence interference. The present results provide confidence that after a correction is applied, long-term water vapor trends can be reasonably well estimated in the upper troposphere, but they also call for further refinements or use of alternate Raman lidar approaches (e.g., 308 nm or 532 nm emission) to confidently detect long-term trends in the lower stratosphere. These findings may have important implications for NDACC's water vapor measurement strategy in the years to come.
Published: 2022

5. 21st Century alpine climate change

Author: Sven Kotlarski, Andreas Gobiet, Samuel Morin, Marc Olefs, Jan Rajczak, Raphaëlle Samacoïts, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG), Centre d'Etudes de la Neige (CEN), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Direction de la climatologie et des services climatiques (DCSC), and Météo-France
Subjects: European Alps, EURO-CORDEX, Climate change, Temperature, Precipitation, Snow cover, Uncertainty, Atmospheric Science, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences
Abstract: A comprehensive assessment of twenty-first century climate change in the European Alps is presented. The analysis is based on the EURO-CORDEX regional climate model ensemble available at two grid spacings (12.5 and 50 km) and for three different greenhouse gas emission scenarios (RCPs 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5). The core simulation ensemble has been subject to a dedicated evaluation exercise carried out in the frame of the CH2018 Climate Scenarios for Switzerland. Results reveal that the entire Alpine region will face a warmer climate in the course of the twenty-first century for all emission scenarios considered. Strongest warming is projected for the summer season, for regions south of the main Alpine ridge and for the high-end RCP 8.5 scenario. Depending on the season, medium to high elevations might experience an amplified warming. Model uncertainty can be considerable, but the major warming patterns are consistent across the ensemble. For precipitation, a seasonal shift of precipitation amounts from summer to winter over most parts of the domain is projected. However, model uncertainty is high and individual simulations can show change signals of opposite sign. Daily precipitation intensity is projected to increase in all seasons and all sub-domains, while the wet-day frequency will decrease in the summer season. The projected temperature change in summer is negatively correlated with the precipitation change, i.e. simulations and/or regions with a strong seasonal mean warming typically show a stronger precipitation decrease. By contrast, a positive correlation between temperature change and precipitation change is found for winter. Among other indicators, snow cover will be strongly affected by the projected climatic changes and will be subject to a widespread decrease except for very high elevation settings. In general and for all indicators, the magnitude of the change signals increases with the assumed greenhouse gas forcing, i.e., is smallest for RCP 2.6 and largest for RCP 8.5 with RCP 4.5 being located in between. These results largely agree with previous works based on older generations of RCM ensembles but, due to the comparatively large ensemble size and the high spatial resolution, allow for a more decent assessment of inherent projection uncertainties and of spatial details of future Alpine climate change., Climate Dynamics, 60 (1), ISSN:0930-7575, ISSN:1432-0894
Published: 2022

6. Seasonality of the particle number concentration and size distribution: a global analysis retrieved from the network of Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) near-surface observatories

Author: C. Rose, M. Collaud Coen, E. Andrews, Y. Lin, I. Bossert, C. Lund Myhre, T. Tuch, A. Wiedensohler, M. Fiebig, P. Aalto, A. Alastuey, E. Alonso-Blanco, M. Andrade, B. Artíñano, T. Arsov, U. Baltensperger, S. Bastian, O. Bath, J. P. Beukes, B. T. Brem, N. Bukowiecki, J. A. Casquero-Vera, S. Conil, K. Eleftheriadis, O. Favez, H. Flentje, M. I. Gini, F. J. Gómez-Moreno, M. Gysel-Beer, A. G. Hallar, I. Kalapov, N. Kalivitis, A. Kasper-Giebl, M. Keywood, J. E. Kim, S.-W. Kim, A. Kristensson, M. Kulmala, H. Lihavainen, N.-H. Lin, H. Lyamani, A. Marinoni, S. Martins Dos Santos, O. L. Mayol-Bracero, F. Meinhardt, M. Merkel, J.-M. Metzger, N. Mihalopoulos, J. Ondracek, M. Pandolfi, N. Pérez, T. Petäjä, J.-E. Petit, D. Picard, J.-M. Pichon, V. Pont, J.-P. Putaud, F. Reisen, K. Sellegri, S. Sharma, G. Schauer, P. Sheridan, J. P. Sherman, A. Schwerin, R. Sohmer, M. Sorribas, J. Sun, P. Tulet, V. Vakkari, P. G. van Zyl, F. Velarde, P. Villani, S. Vratolis, Z. Wagner, S.-H. Wang, K. Weinhold, R. Weller, M. Yela, V. Zdimal, P. Laj, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Institute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, German Federal Environmental Agency / Umweltbundesamt (UBA), North-West University [Potchefstroom] (NWU), Universidad de Granada = University of Granada (UGR), Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs (ANDRA), Environmental Radioactivity Lab, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR 'Demokritos' (NCSR 'Demokritos'), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Meteorological Observatory Hohenpeissenberg (MOHp), University of Utah, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences (NIMS), Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University [Lund], Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), National Central University [Taiwan] (NCU), CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras Campus (UPR-RP), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de La Réunion (OSU-Réunion), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the ASCR, Czech Republic, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG), Appalachian State University, University of North Carolina System (UNC), Atmospheric Sounding Station 'El Arenosillo', Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, 4S Company, Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (TROPOS), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), European Project: 654109,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,ACTRIS-2(2015), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Helsinki, University of Granada [Granada], Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Planetary boundary layer, QC1-999, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, 010501 environmental sciences, Spatial distribution, Atmospheric sciences, 114 Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, medicine, Cloud condensation nuclei, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, QD1-999, Diel vertical migration, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Physics, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Aerosol, Chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Climate model, Trollobservatoriet
Abstract: This research was supported by the European Commission's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (ACTRIS2 (grant agreement no. 654109)), the University of Helsinki, the Finnish Meteorological Institute, the Department of Science and Innovation of South Africa, the Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence programme (project no. 272041), the Academy of Finland project Greenhouse gas, aerosol and albedo variations in the changing Arctic (project no. 269095), the Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical Concentrations and Sources to Future Climate Impacts (NABCEA, project no. 296302), the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program "Development of Monitoring and Analysis Techniques for Atmospheric Composition in Korea" (grant no. KMA2018-00522), the National Research Foundation of Korea (grant no. 2017R1D1A1B06032548), the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program (grant no. KMI2018-01111), the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration, the China Meteorological Administration, the National Scientific Foundation of China (41675129, 41875147), the National Key R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (grant no. 2016YFC0203305 and 2018YFC0213204), the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sci-ences (2020KJ001), the Innovation Team for Haze-fog Observation and Forecasts of MOST and CMA, CNRS-INSU, the French Ministry for Research under the ACTRIS-FR national research infrastructure, the French Ministry of the Environment, MeteoSwiss (GAW-CH aerosol monitoring programme), the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI), the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of CR within National Sustainability Program I (NPU I, grant no. LO1415), ERDF "ACTRISCZ RI" (grant no. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001315), CRISOL (CGL2017-85344-R MINECO/AEI/FEDER, UE), TIGAS-CM (Madrid Regional Government Y2018/EMT-5177), AIRTECCM (Madrid Regional Government P2018/EMT4329), REDMAAS2020 (RED2018-102594-T CIENCIA), Red de Excelencia ACTRIS-ESPANA (CGL2017-90884-REDT), the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, FEDER funds (project HOUSE, grant no. CGL2016-78594-R), the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2017 SGR41 and the DGQA), the National Institute for Aerospace Technology, the Ministerio Espanol de Economia, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (projects no. CGL2016-81092-R, CGL2017-90884-REDT, RTI2018-097864-BI00 and PGC2018-098770-B-I00), the Andalusia Regional Government (project no. P18-RT-3820), the PANhellenic infrastructure for Atmospheric Composition and climate change (MIS 5021516), Research and Innovation Infrastructure, Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation (grant no. NSRF 20142020), the Italian Ministry of Research and Education, the Norwegian Environment Agency, Swedish FORMAS, the Swedish Research Council (VR), the Magnus Bergvall foundation, the Marta och Erik Holmberg foundation, and the Swedish EPA., Aerosol particles are a complex component of the atmospheric system which influence climate directly by interacting with solar radiation, and indirectly by contributing to cloud formation. The variety of their sources, as well as the multiple transformations they may undergo during their transport (including wet and dry deposition), result in significant spatial and temporal variability of their properties. Documenting this variability is essential to provide a proper representation of aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in climate models. Using measurements conducted in 2016 or 2017 at 62 ground-based stations around the world, this study provides the most up-to-date picture of the spatial distribution of particle number concentration (N-tot) and number size distribution (PNSD, from 39 sites). A sensitivity study was first performed to assess the impact of data availability on N-tot's annual and seasonal statistics, as well as on the analysis of its diel cycle. Thresholds of 50% and 60% were set at the seasonal and annual scale, respectively, for the study of the corresponding statistics, and a slightly higher coverage (75 %) was required to document the diel cycle. Although some observations are common to a majority of sites, the variety of environments characterizing these stations made it possible to highlight contrasting findings, which, among other factors, seem to be significantly related to the level of anthropogenic influence. The concentrations measured at polar sites are the lowest (similar to 10(2) cm(-3)) and show a clear seasonality, which is also visible in the shape of the PNSD, while diel cycles are in general less evident, due notably to the absence of a regular day-night cycle in some seasons. In contrast, the concentrations characteristic of urban environments are the highest (similar to 10(3)-10(4) cm(-3)) and do not show pronounced seasonal variations, whereas diel cycles tend to be very regular over the year at these stations. The remaining sites, including mountain and non-urban continental and coastal stations, do not exhibit as obvious common behaviour as polar and urban sites and display, on average, intermediate N-tot (similar to 10(2)-10(3) cm(-3)). Particle concentrations measured at mountain sites, however, are generally lower compared to nearby lowland sites, and tend to exhibit somewhat more pronounced seasonal variations as a likely result of the strong impact of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) influence in connection with the topography of the sites. ABL dynamics also likely contribute to the diel cycle of N-tot observed at these stations. Based on available PNSD measurements, CCN-sized particles (considered here as either >50 nm or >100 nm) can represent from a few percent to almost all of N-tot, corresponding to seasonal medians on the order of similar to 10 to 1000 cm(-3), with seasonal patterns and a hierarchy of the site types broadly similar to those observed for N-tot. Overall, this work illustrates the importance of in situ measurements, in particular for the study of aerosol physical properties, and thus strongly supports the development of a broad global network of near surface observatories to increase and homogenize the spatial coverage of the measurements, and guarantee as well data availability and quality. The results of this study also provide a valuable, freely available and easy to use support for model comparison and validation, with the ultimate goal of contributing to improvement of the representation of aerosol-cloud interactions in models, and, therefore, of the evaluation of the impact of aerosol particles on climate., European Commission's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (ACTRIS2) 654109, University of Helsinki, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Department of Science and Innovation of South Africa, Academy of Finland 272041, Academy of Finland project Greenhouse gas, aerosol and albedo variations in the changing Arctic 269095, Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical Concentrations and Sources to Future Climate Impacts (NABCEA) 296302, Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program "Development of Monitoring and Analysis Techniques for Atmospheric Composition in Korea" KMA2018-00522, National Research Foundation of Korea 2017R1D1A1B06032548, Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program KMI2018-01111, Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration, China Meteorological Administration, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) 41675129 41875147, National Key R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China 2016YFC0203305 2018YFC0213204, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences 2020KJ001, Innovation Team for Haze-fog Observation and Forecast of MOST Innovation Team for Haze-fog Observation and Forecast of CMA Innovation Team for Haze-fog Observation and Forecast of CNRS-INSU, French Ministry for Research under the ACTRIS-FR national research infrastructure, French Ministry of the Environment, MeteoSwiss (GAW-CH aerosol monitoring programme), Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of CR within National Sustainability Program I (NPU I) LO1415, ERDF "ACTRISCZ RI" CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001315, CRISOL CGL2017-85344, TIGAS-CM (Madrid Regional Government) Y2018/EMT-5177, AIRTECCM (Madrid Regional Government) P2018/EMT4329, REDMAAS2020 RED2018-102594-T, Red de Excelencia ACTRIS-ESPANA CGL2017-90884-REDT, Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, FEDER funds CGL2016-78594-R, Generalitat de Catalunya, General Electric AGAUR 2017 SGR41, National Institute for Aerospace Technology, Ministerio Espanol de Economia, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO) Spanish Government CGL2017-90884-REDT CGL2016-81092-R RTI2018-097864-BI00 PGC2018-098770-B-I00, Andalusia Regional Government P18-RT-3820, PANhellenic infrastructure for Atmospheric Composition and climate change MIS 5021516, Research and Innovation Infrastructure, Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation NSRF 20142020, Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR), Norwegian Environment Agency, Swedish FORMAS, Swedish Research Council, Magnus Bergvall foundation, Marta och Erik Holmberg foundation, Swedish EPA
Published: 2021

7. A dataset of temperature, humidity, and liquid water path retrievals from a network of ground-based microwave radiometers dedicated to fog investigation

Author: Pauline Martinet, Vinciane Unger, Frédéric Burnet, Jean-François Georgis, Maxime Hervo, Thierry Huet, Ulrich Löhnert, Eugene Miller, Emiliano Orlandi, Jeremy Price, Mathias Schröder, Guillaume Thomas, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, ONERA / DOTA, Université de Toulouse [Toulouse], ONERA-PRES Université de Toulouse, Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Università degli Studi dell'Aquila = University of L'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale (IMAA), and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Potenza] (CNR)
Subjects: Fog, [INFO.INFO-DB]Computer Science [cs]/Databases [cs.DB], Brightness temperatures, Temperature, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Microwave radiometer, Humidity, Liquid water path, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, Integrated water vapor, General Environmental Science
Abstract: International audience; The database presented in this study has been acquired during the SOuth west FOGs 3D (SOFOG3D) experiment for processes study. This international campaign led by Météo-France during the winter 2019-2020 aimed at deploying a unique network of both in situ and remote sensing measurements in order to document spatial and temporal variabilities of fog events. To support this scientific objective but also to conduct first data assimilation experiments within the French convective scale model AROME, an unprecedented network of 8 ground-based microwave radiometers (MWR) has been deployed in 7 different locations known to be prone to fog occurrences. The database gives access to vertical profiles of temperature and humidity (both absolute and relative) from the surface up to 10 km altitude as well as integrated water vapor and liquid water path estimates. The retrieved profiles offer a very large database that can be exploited for several scientific purposes: fog process studies at specific location, documentation on the variability of fog properties at the regional scale, better understanding of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) height and dynamics during wintertime conditions, development of nowcasting products dedicated to fog alerts, data assimilation experiments to improve fog forecasts, development of synergetical advanced products, and evaluation of new model configurations with advanced parameterization or resolutions. Keywords Microwave radiometer • Brightness temperatures • Fog • Temperature • Humidity • Liquid water path • Integrated water vapor All the authors contributed to the instrumental deployment of microwave radiometers. Pauline Martinet and Vinciane Unger conducted the scientific evaluation, data preparation, and the data delivery on the AERIS portal.
Published: 2022

8. Towards standardisation of automatic pollen and fungal spore monitoring : best practises and guidelines

Author: Fiona Tummon, Nicolas Bruffaerts, Sevcan Celenk, Marie Choël, Bernard Clot, Benoît Crouzy, Carmen Galán, Stefan Gilge, Lenka Hajkova, Vitalii Mokin, David O’Connor, Victoria Rodinkova, Ingrida Sauliene, Branko Sikoparija, Mikhail Sofiev, Olga Sozinova, Danijela Tesendic, Konstantina Vasilatou, Ilmatieteen laitos, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Service of Mycology and Aerobiology, (Sciensano), Biology Department, Bursa Uludag University, Laboratoire Avancé de Spectroscopie pour les Intéractions la Réactivité et l'Environnement - UMR 8516 (LASIRE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, German Weather Service, Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI), Vinnytsia National Technical University (VNTU), School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vilnius University [Vilnius], BioSense Institute - Research Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, University of Novi Sad, Finnish Meteorology Institute, University of Latvia (LU), Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, and Federal Institute of Metrology (METAS)
Subjects: Automatic monitoring, Fungal spores, Guidelines, Pollen, Protocols, Standards, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, mittaus, Immunology, standardisation, monitorointi, Plant Science, tracking, testaus, testing, monitoring, automaatio, pollen, standardointi, standards, Immunology and Allergy, measurement, standardit, seuranta, siitepöly, automation
Abstract: Standards for manual pollen and fungal spore monitoring have been established based on several decades of experience, tests, and research. New technological and methodological advancements have led to the development of a range of different automatic instruments for which no standard yet exist. This paper aims to provide an overview of aspects that need to be considered for automatic pollen and fungal spore monitoring, including a set of guidelines and recommendations. It covers issues relevant to developing an automatic monitoring network, from the instrument design and calibration through algorithm development to site selection criteria. Despite no official standard yet existing, it is essential that all aspects of the measurement chain are carried out in a manner that is as standardised as possible to ensure high-quality data and information can be provided to end-users.
Published: 2022

9. Impact of the COVID-19 economic downturn on tropospheric ozone trends: an uncertainty weighted data synthesis for quantifying regional anomalies above Western North America and Europe

Author: Kai‐Lan Chang, Owen R. Cooper, Audrey Gaudel, Marc Allaart, Gerard Ancellet, Hannah Clark, Sophie Godin‐Beekmann, Thierry Leblanc, Roeland Van Malderen, Philippe Nédélec, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, René Stübi, David W. Tarasick, Carlos Torres, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), In-Service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS-AISBL), STRATO - LATMOS, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] - Royal Meteorological Institute (IRM), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Izaña Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), and Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMet)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Economic downturn, COVID-19, General Medicine, Anomalies, Tropospheric ozone trends
Abstract: International audience; This study quantifies the association between the COVID-19 economic downturn and 2020 tropospheric ozone anomalies above Europe and western North America, and their impact on long-term trends. Anomaly detection for an atmospheric time series is usually carried out by identifying potentially aberrant data points relative to climatological values. However, detecting ozone anomalies from sparsely sampled ozonesonde profiles (once per week at most sites) is challenging due to ozone's high temporal variability. We first demonstrate the challenges for summarizing regional trends based on independent time series from multiple nearby ozone profiling stations. We then propose a novel regional-scale anomaly detection framework based on generalized additive mixed models, which accounts for the sampling frequency and inherent data uncertainty associated with each vertical profile data set, measured by ozonesondes, lidar or commercial aircraft. This method produces a long-term monthly time series with high vertical resolution that reports ozone anomalies from the surface to the middle-stratosphere under a unified framework, which can be used to quantify the regional-scale ozone anomalies during the COVID-19 economic downturn. By incorporating extensive commercial aircraft data and frequently sampled ozonesonde profiles above Europe, we show that the complex interannual variability of ozone can be adequately captured by our modeling approach. The results show that free tropospheric ozone negative anomalies in 2020 are the most profound since the benchmark year of 1994 for both Europe and western North America, and positive trends over 1994–2019 are diminished in both regions by the 2020 anomalies.
Published: 2022

10. Brief communication: Ad hoc estimation of glacier contributions to sea-level rise from the latest glaciological observations

Author: Matthias Huss, Michael Zemp, Frank Paul, Nicolas Eckert, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Emmanuel Thibert, Samuel U. Nussbaumer, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Fribourg, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Erosion torrentielle neige et avalanches (UR ETGR (ETNA)), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss within Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Switzerland, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), INRAE Grenoble as part of LabEx OSUG@202, European Space Agency - European Commission : 4000109873/14/I-NB, University of Zurich, and Zemp, Michael
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 1904 Earth-Surface Processes, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Sample (statistics), 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 2312 Water Science and Technology, 910 Geography & travel, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, lcsh:GE1-350, Estimation, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Specific mass, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Earth, Glacier, Full sample, lcsh:Geology, 10122 Institute of Geography, Surface Processes, Sea level rise, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Physical geography, Geology
Abstract: Comprehensive assessments of global glacier mass changes based on a variety of observations and prevailing methodologies have been published at multi-annual intervals. For the years in between, the glaciological method provides annual observations of specific mass changes but is suspected to not be representative at the regional to global scales due to uneven glacier distribution with respect to the full sample. Here, we present a simple approach to estimate and correct for this bias in the glaciological sample and, hence, to provide an ad hoc estimate of global glacier mass changes and corresponding sea-level equivalents for the latest years, i.e. about -300±250 Gt in 2016/17 and -500±200 Gt in 2017/18.
Published: 2020

11. Improved regional frequency analysis of rainfall data

Author: Philomène Le Gall, Anne-Catherine Favre, Philippe Naveau, Clémentine Prieur, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Mathematics and computing applied to oceanic and atmospheric flows (AIRSEA), Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann (LJK), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Within the CDP-Trajectories framework, this work is supported by the French National Research Agency in the framework of the 'Investissements d’avenir' program (ANR-15-IDEX-02). We gratefully acknowledge financial support for this study provided by the Swiss Federal Office for Environment (FOEN), the Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate (ENSI), the Federal Office for Civil Protection (FOCP), and the Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, through the project EXAR ('Evaluation of extreme Flooding Events within the Aare-Rhine hydrological system in Switzerland'). Part of this work was also supported by the French national programs (FRAISE-LEFE/INSU and 80 PRIME CNRS-INSU), and the European H2020 XAIDA (Grant agreement ID: 101003469). Philippe Naveau also acknowledge the support of the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) under reference ANR-20-CE40-0025-01 (T-REX project), and the ANR-Melody (ANR-19-CE46-0011)., ANR-20-CE40-0025,T-REX,nouveaux challenges pour la prédiction des extremes et sa validation(2020), ANR-19-CE46-0011,MeLODy,Bridging geohysics and MachinE Learning for the modeling, simulation and reconstruction of Ocean DYnamics(2019), ANR-15-IDEX-0002,UGA,IDEX UGA(2015), and Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )
Subjects: spatial clustering, [STAT]Statistics [stat], Atmospheric Science, precipitation extremes, Geography, Planning and Development, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, [MATH]Mathematics [math], probability weighted moments, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, extended generalized Pareto distribution
Abstract: International audience; Rainfall are subject to local orography features and their intensities can be highly variable. In this context, identifying climatically coherent regions can greatly help interpreting rainfall patterns and improve the inference of return levels. In practice, partitioning a region of interest into homogeneous sub-regions is a delicate statistical task, especially in regards to modeling heavy rainfall features. In this work, our main goal is to propose and study a fast and efficient clustering algorithm. Compared to classical regional frequency analysis techniques, a key aspect is that our algorithm does not rely on the a priori choice of covariates. The proposed numerical scheme is only based on the precipitation dataset at hand, including low, moderate and heavy rainfall. In terms of inference, our approach builds on the easy-to-compute and reliable probability weighted moments commonly used in hydrology. While being in compliance with extreme value theory, we do not impose a parametric form on rainfall distributions and, neither thresholding nor block maxima steps are required in our proposed approach. By construction, our clustering method preserves the scale invariance principle of any classical regional frequency analysis. The performance of our clustering algorithm is assessed on a detailed experimental design based on the extended Generalized Pareto distribution. Sensitivity to the number of clusters is carefully analyzed. We apply our clustering algorithm on Switzerland daily precipitation measured at 191 sites. The found homogeneous regions are consistent with local orography and our approach outperforms the classical regional frequency analysis based on normalized elevation and coordinates as covariates. To complete our analysis of Swiss rainfall, we propose three models based on our clustering outputs. A comparison between our local, semi-regional and regional models indicates that a relatively simple model with two clusters and a spatially varying scale parameter can compete very well against complex models.
Published: 2021

12. Assessment of meteorological extremes using a synoptic weather generator and a downscaling model based on analogues

Author: Raynaud, Damien, Hingray, Benoît, Evin, Guillaume, Favre, Anne-Catherine, Chardon, Jérémy, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Erosion torrentielle neige et avalanches (UR ETGR (ETNA)), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) of Switzerland, Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate (ENSI), Federal Office for Civil Protection (FOCP), and Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, through the project 'Hazard information for extreme flood events on the rivers Aare and Rhine' (EXAR)
Subjects: lcsh:GE1-350, lcsh:G, lcsh:T, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, lcsh:Technology, lcsh:TD1-1066, lcsh:Environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Natural risk studies such as flood risk assessments require long series of weather variables. As an alternative to observed series, which have a limited length, these data can be provided by weather generators. Among the large variety of existing ones, resampling methods based on analogues have the advantage of guaranteeing the physical consistency between local weather variables at each time step. However, they cannot generate values of predictands exceeding the range of observed values. Moreover, the length of the simulated series is typically limited to the length of the synoptic meteorological records used to characterize the large-scale atmospheric configuration of the generation day. To overcome these limitations, the stochastic weather generator proposed in this study combines two sampling approaches based on atmospheric analogues: (1) a synoptic weather generator in a first step, which recombines days of the 20th century to generate a 1000-year sequence of new atmospheric trajectories, and (2) a stochastic downscaling model in a second step applied to these atmospheric trajectories, in order to simulate long time series of daily regional precipitation and temperature. The method is applied to daily time series of mean areal precipitation and temperature in Switzerland. It is shown that the climatological characteristics of observed precipitation and temperature are adequately reproduced. It also improves the reproduction of extreme precipitation values, overcoming previous limitations of standard analogue-based weather generators.
Published: 2020

13. A global analysis of climate-relevant aerosol properties retrieved from the network of Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) near-surface observatories

Author: P. Laj, A. Bigi, C. Rose, E. Andrews, C. Lund Myhre, M. Collaud Coen, Y. Lin, A. Wiedensohler, M. Schulz, J. A. Ogren, M. Fiebig, J. Gliß, A. Mortier, M. Pandolfi, T. Petäja, S.-W. Kim, W. Aas, J.-P. Putaud, O. Mayol-Bracero, M. Keywood, L. Labrador, P. Aalto, E. Ahlberg, L. Alados Arboledas, A. Alastuey, M. Andrade, B. Artíñano, S. Ausmeel, T. Arsov, E. Asmi, J. Backman, U. Baltensperger, S. Bastian, O. Bath, J. P. Beukes, B. T. Brem, N. Bukowiecki, S. Conil, C. Couret, D. Day, W. Dayantolis, A. Degorska, K. Eleftheriadis, P. Fetfatzis, O. Favez, H. Flentje, M. I. Gini, A. Gregorič, M. Gysel-Beer, A. G. Hallar, J. Hand, A. Hoffer, C. Hueglin, R. K. Hooda, A. Hyvärinen, I. Kalapov, N. Kalivitis, A. Kasper-Giebl, J. E. Kim, G. Kouvarakis, I. Kranjc, R. Krejci, M. Kulmala, C. Labuschagne, H.-J. Lee, H. Lihavainen, N.-H. Lin, G. Löschau, K. Luoma, A. Marinoni, S. Martins Dos Santos, F. Meinhardt, M. Merkel, J.-M. Metzger, N. Mihalopoulos, N. A. Nguyen, J. Ondracek, N. Pérez, M. R. Perrone, J.-E. Petit, D. Picard, J.-M. Pichon, V. Pont, N. Prats, A. Prenni, F. Reisen, S. Romano, K. Sellegri, S. Sharma, G. Schauer, P. Sheridan, J. P. Sherman, M. Schütze, A. Schwerin, R. Sohmer, M. Sorribas, M. Steinbacher, J. Sun, G. Titos, B. Toczko, T. Tuch, P. Tulet, P. Tunved, V. Vakkari, F. Velarde, P. Velasquez, P. Villani, S. Vratolis, S.-H. Wang, K. Weinhold, R. Weller, M. Yela, J. Yus-Diez, V. Zdimal, P. Zieger, N. Zikova, INAR Physics, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia = University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Seoul] (SEES), Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas [Madrid] (CIEMAT), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs (ANDRA), Iinstitute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute (IOS-PIB), Environmental Radioactivity laboratory (ERL), Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety (INRASTES), National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos' (NCSR)-National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos' (NCSR), National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Department of Computer Science and Engineering [Minneapolis], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), Arctic Space Centre [Helsinki], Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry [Stockholm] (ACES), Stockholm University, South African Weather Service (SAWS), Department of Medicine [New York], Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de La Réunion (OSU-Réunion), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development (IERSD), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Institute for Applied Environmental Research [Stockholm], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), European Project: 654109,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,ACTRIS-2(2015), 10092390 - Beukes, Johan Paul, European Commission, Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), CNR - National Research Council of Italy, University of Helsinki, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France, Laj, P., Bigi, A., Rose, C., Andrews, E., Lund Myhre, C., Collaud Coen, M., Lin, Y., Wiedensohler, A., Schulz, M., A. Ogren, J., Fiebig, M., Gliss, J., Mortier, A., Pandolfi, M., Petaja, T., Kim, S. -W., Aas, W., Putaud, J. -P., Mayol-Bracero, O., Keywood, M., Labrador, L., Aalto, P., Ahlberg, E., Alados Arboledas, L., Alastuey, A., Andrade, M., Artinano, B., Ausmeel, S., Arsov, T., Asmi, E., Backman, J., Baltensperger, U., Bastian, S., Bath, O., Paul Beukes, J., T. Brem, B., Bukowiecki, N., Conil, S., Couret, C., Day, D., Dayantolis, W., Degorska, A., Eleftheriadis, K., Fetfatzis, P., Favez, O., Flentje, H., I. Gini, M., Gregoric, A., Gysel-Beer, M., Gannet Hallar, A., Hand, J., Hoffer, A., Hueglin, C., K. Hooda, R., Hyvarinen, A., Kalapov, I., Kalivitis, N., Kasper-Giebl, A., Eun Kim, J., Kouvarakis, G., Kranjc, I., Krejci, R., Kulmala, M., Labuschagne, C., Lee, H. -J., Lihavainen, H., Lin, N. -H., Loschau, G., Luoma, K., Marinoni, A., Martins Dos Santos, S., Meinhardt, F., Merkel, M., Metzger, J. -M., Mihalopoulos, N., Anh Nguyen, N., Ondracek, J., Perez, N., Rita Perrone, M., Pichon, J. -M., Picard, D., Pont, V., Prats, N., Prenni, A., Reisen, F., Romano, S., Sellegri, K., Sharma, S., Schauer, G., Sheridan, P., Patrick Sherman, J., Schutze, M., Schwerin, A., Sohmer, R., Sorribas, M., Steinbacher, M., Sun, J., Titos, G., Toczko, B., Tuch, T., Tulet, P., Tunved, P., Vakkari, V., Velarde, F., Velasquez, P., Villani, P., Vratolis, S., Wang, S. -H., Weinhold, K., Weller, R., Yela, M., Yus-Diez, J., Zdimal, V., Zieger, P., and Zikova, N.
Subjects: Earth's energy budget, 1171 Geosciences, Atmospheric Science, Eearth radiation balance, PARTICLE NUMBER, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Particle number, Meteorology, VISIBLE-LIGHT ABSORPTION, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, PARTICULATE MATTER, Solar radiation, Cloud condensation nuclei, lcsh:TA170-171, ORGANIC AEROSOL, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS, lcsh:TA715-787, Global Atmosphere Watch, REGIONAL BACKGROUND SITES, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Aerosol particles, OPTICAL-PROPERTIES, Albedo, Particulates, RADIATIVE PROPERTIES, Aerosol, lcsh:Environmental engineering, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, FILTER-BASED MEASUREMENTS, BLACK CARBON, Environmental science, Trollobservatoriet, Global Climate Monitoring System
Abstract: Aerosol particles are essential constituents of the Earth’s atmosphere, impacting the earth radiation balance directly by scattering and absorbing solar radiation, and indirectly by acting as cloud condensation nuclei. In contrast to most greenhouse gases, aerosol particles have short atmospheric residence times, resulting in a highly heterogeneous distribution in space and time. There is a clear need to document this variability at regional scale through observations involving, in particular, the in situ near-surface segment of the atmospheric observation system. This paper will provide the widest effort so far to document variability of climate-relevant in situ aerosol properties (namely wavelength dependent particle light scattering and absorption coefficients, particle number concentration and particle number size distribution) from all sites connected to the Global Atmosphere Watch network. High-quality data from almost 90 stations worldwide have been collected and controlled for quality and are reported for a reference year in 2017, providing a very extended and robust view of the variability of these variables worldwide. The range of variability observed worldwide for light scattering and absorption coefficients, single-scattering albedo, and particle number concentration are presented together with preliminary information on their long-term trends and comparison with model simulation for the different stations. The scope of the present paper is also to provide the necessary suite of information, including data provision procedures, quality control and analysis, data policy, and usage of the ground-based aerosol measurement network. It delivers to users of the World Data Centre on Aerosol, the required confidence in data products in the form of a fully characterized value chain, including uncertainty estimation and requirements for contributing to the global climate monitoring system., European Commission Joint Research Centre 654109, European ERDF funds through different Spanish R&D projects of the Spanish Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad, NorthWest University, University of Helsinki, Academy of Finland 272041, Academy of Finland project Greenhouse gas 269095 296302, Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program "Development of Monitoring and Analysis Techniques for Atmospheric Composition in Korea KMA2018-00522, National Research Foundation of Korea 2017R1D1A1B06032548, Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program KMI2018-01111, Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration, Ministry of Research, France, French Ministry of the Environment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, MeteoSwiss (GAW-CH aerosol monitoring programme), Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of CR within National Sustainability Program I (NPU I) LO1415, ERDF "ACTRISCZ RI" CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001315 CGL2017-85344-R MINECO/AEI/FEDER, TIGAS-CM (Madrid Regional Government) Y2018/EMT-5177, AIRTECCM (Madrid Regional Government) P2018/EMT4329 REDMAAS2020 RED2018-102594-T CIENCIA, Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, European Union (EU) CGL2016-78594-R, Generalitat de Catalunya AGAUR 2017 SGR41, National Institute for Aerospace Technology, Ministerio Espanol de Economia, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO) MIS 5021516, Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, NSRF, Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR), Norwegian Environment Agency, Swedish FORMAS; Swedish Research Council (VR), Magnus Bergvall foundation, Marta och Erik Holmberg foundation, Swedish EPA
Published: 2020

14. Cézeaux-Aulnat-Opme-Puy De Dôme: a multi-site for the long-term survey of the tropospheric composition and climate change

Author: J.-L. Baray, L. Deguillaume, A. Colomb, K. Sellegri, E. Freney, C. Rose, J. Van Baelen, J.-M. Pichon, D. Picard, P. Fréville, L. Bouvier, M. Ribeiro, P. Amato, S. Banson, A. Bianco, A. Borbon, L. Bourcier, Y. Bras, M. Brigante, P. Cacault, A. Chauvigné, T. Charbouillot, N. Chaumerliac, A.-M. Delort, M. Delmotte, R. Dupuy, A. Farah, G. Febvre, A. Flossmann, C. Gourbeyre, C. Hervier, M. Hervo, N. Huret, M. Joly, V. Kazan, M. Lopez, G. Mailhot, A. Marinoni, O. Masson, N. Montoux, M. Parazols, F. Peyrin, Y. Pointin, M. Ramonet, M. Rocco, M. Sancelme, S. Sauvage, M. Schmidt, E. Tison, M. Vaïtilingom, P. Villani, M. Wang, C. Yver-Kwok, P. Laj, Laboratoire de physique de l'atmosphère (LPA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), SIGMA Clermont (SIGMA Clermont)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), MeteoSwiss, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Laboratoire d'étude et d'expertise sur la radioactivité de l'environnement [Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance] (PSE-ENV/SEREN/LEREN), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, École des Mines de Douai (Mines Douai EMD), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Laboratoire d'étude et d'expertise sur la radioactivité de l'environnement (IRSN/PSE-ENV/SEREN/LEREN), Service d'expertise et d'étude en radioprotection des populations et de la radioactivité dans l'environnement (IRSN/PSE-ENV/SEREN), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Ice cloud, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Climate change, Orography, Context (language use), 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Trace gas, Aerosol, lcsh:Environmental engineering, Troposphere, Altitude, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Environmental science, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, lcsh:TA170-171, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: For the last 25 years, CO-PDD (Cézeaux-Aulnat-Opme-puy de Dôme) has evolved to become a full instrumented platform for atmospheric research. It has received credentials as a national observing platform in France and is internationally recognized as a global station in the GAW (Global Atmosphere Watch) network. It is a reference site of European and national research infrastructures ACTRIS (Aerosol Cloud and Trace gases Research Infrastructure) and ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observing System). The site located on top of the puy de Dôme mountain (1465 m a.s.l.) is completed by additional sites located at lower altitudes and adding the vertical dimension to the atmospheric observations: Opme (660 m a.s.l.), Cézeaux (410 m), and Aulnat (330 m). The integration of different sites offers a unique combination of in situ and remote sensing measurements capturing and documenting the variability of particulate and gaseous atmospheric composition, but also the optical, biochemical, and physical properties of aerosol particles, clouds, and precipitations. Given its location far away from any major emission sources, its altitude, and the mountain orography, the puy de Dôme station is ideally located to sample different air masses in the boundary layer or in the free troposphere depending on time of day and seasons. It is also an ideal place to study cloud properties with frequent presence of clouds at the top in fall and winter. As a result of the natural conditions prevailing at the site and of the very exhaustive instrumental deployment, scientific studies at the puy de Dôme strongly contribute to improving knowledge in atmospheric sciences, including the characterization of trends and variability, the understanding of complex and interconnected processes (microphysical, chemical, biological, chemical and dynamical), and the provision of reference information for climate/chemistry models. In this context, CO-PDD is a pilot site to conduct instrumental development inside its wind tunnel for testing liquid and ice cloud probes in natural conditions, or in situ systems to collect aerosol and cloud. This paper reviews 25 years (1995–2020) of atmospheric observation at the station and related scientific research contributing to atmospheric and climate science.
Published: 2020

15. Tailored algorithms for the detection of the atmospheric boundary layer height from common automatic lidars and ceilometers (Alc)

Author: Matthias Wiegner, Maxime Hervo, Yann Poltera, Martial Haeffelin, Sue Grimmond, Alexander Haefele, Jean Charles Dupont, Marc Antoine Drouin, Simone Kotthaus, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGY UNIVERSITY OF READING GBR, University of Reading (UOR), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich [Germany] (LMU München), EP/P002331/1 Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, CNES École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Met Office, and Funding: This research was funded by ACTRIS-2 and EUMETNET through the E-PROFILE program. SIRTA is supported by CNES, École Polytechnique, INSU-CNRS, and IPSL. Contribution of SG funded by EPSRC DARE (EP/P002331/1) and Met Office.
Subjects: Daytime, Ceilometer, Lidar, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Planetary boundary layer, Science, Context (language use), 010501 environmental sciences, Future climate, E-PROFILE, 01 natural sciences, Boundary layer height, Deep convection, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, ALC network, boundary layer height, lidar, ceilometer, Pollution dispersion, Algorithm, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; A detailed understanding of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) processes is key to improve forecasting of pollution dispersion and cloud dynamics in the context of future climate scenarios. International networks of automatic lidars and ceilometers (ALC) are gathering valuable data that allow for the height of the ABL and its sublayers to be derived in near real time. A new generation of advanced methods to automatically detect the ABL heights now exist. However, diversity in ALC models means these algorithms need to be tailored to instrument-specific capabilities. Here, the advanced algorithm STRATfinder is presented for application to high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) ALC observations, and results are compared to an automatic algorithm designed for low-SNR measurements (CABAM). The two algorithms are evaluated for application in an operational network setting. Results indicate that the ABL heights derived from low-SNR ALC have increased uncertainty during daytime deep convection, while high-SNR observations can have slightly reduced capabilities in detecting shallow nocturnal layers. Agreement between the ALC-based methods is similar when either is compared to the ABL heights derived from temperature profile data. The two independent methods describe very similar average diurnal and seasonal variations. Hence, high-quality products of ABL heights may soon become possible at national and continental scales.
Published: 2020

16. Model physics and chemistry causing intermodel disagreement within the VolMIP-Tambora Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol ensemble

Author: M. Clyne, J.-F. Lamarque, M. J. Mills, M. Khodri, W. Ball, S. Bekki, S. S. Dhomse, N. Lebas, G. Mann, L. Marshall, U. Niemeier, V. Poulain, A. Robock, E. Rozanov, A. Schmidt, A. Stenke, T. Sukhodolov, C. Timmreck, M. Toohey, F. Tummon, D. Zanchettin, Y. Zhu, O. B. Toon, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Boulder] (ATOC), University of Colorado [Boulder], Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing [Delft], Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Environmental Sciences [New Brunswick], School of Environmental and Biological Sciences [New Brunswick], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Department of Geography [Cambridge, UK], Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] (ISAS), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S)-University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics [Venezia], University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], European Project: 603557,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2013-two-stage,STRATOCLIM(2013), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), This research has been supported by the National Science Foundation (grant nos. PLR1643701 and AGS-1430051), the Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (grant nos. 20F121_138017, 200021_169241, and 200020_182239), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant nos. TO 967/1-1 and FOR2820), the Seventh Framework Programme (grant no. STRATOCLIM (603557)), the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (grant no. SOLSPEC), and the Natural Environment Research Council (grant nos. NE/N006038/1, NE/S000887/1 and NE/N018001/1)., Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Settore GEO/12 - Oceanografia e Fisica dell'Atmosfera, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Sulfate, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Effective radius, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], geography, Vulcanian eruption, geography.geographical_feature_category, Chemistry, Grid cell, Radiative forcing, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, lcsh:QD1-999, Volcano, 13. Climate action, Climate model, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: As part of the Model Intercomparison Project on the climatic response to Volcanic forcing (VolMIP), several climate modeling centers performed a coordinated pre-study experiment with interactive stratospheric aerosol models simulating the volcanic aerosol cloud from an eruption resembling the 1815 Mt. Tambora eruption (VolMIP-Tambora ISA ensemble). The pre-study provided the ancillary ability to assess intermodel diversity in the radiative forcing for a large stratospheric-injecting equatorial eruption when the volcanic aerosol cloud is simulated interactively. An initial analysis of the VolMIP-Tambora ISA ensemble showed large disparities between models in the stratospheric global mean aerosol optical depth (AOD). In this study, we now show that stratospheric global mean AOD differences among the participating models are primarily due to differences in aerosol size, which we track here by effective radius. We identify specific physical and chemical processes that are missing in some models and/or parameterized differently between models, which are together causing the differences in effective radius. In particular, our analysis indicates that interactively tracking hydroxyl radical (OH) chemistry following a large volcanic injection of sulfur dioxide (SO2) is an important factor in allowing for the timescale for sulfate formation to be properly simulated. In addition, depending on the timescale of sulfate formation, there can be a large difference in effective radius and subsequently AOD that results from whether the SO2 is injected in a single model grid cell near the location of the volcanic eruption, or whether it is injected as a longitudinally averaged band around the Earth.
Published: 2020

17. Identification of topographic features influencing aerosol observations at high altitude stations

Author: Elisabeth Andrews, Radovan Krejci, Gerhard Schauer, Martine Collaud Coen, Peter Tunved, Marcos Andrade, Angela Marinoni, Véronique Pont, Jing Ming, Marco Pandolfi, Harald Flentje, A. Gannet Hallar, Marina Ealo, Sergio Rodríguez, Ivo Kalapov, Nicolas Bukowiecki, Dominique Ruffieux, Junying Sun, Sangeeta Sharma, Ludwig Ries, Nhat Anh Nguyen, Diego Aliaga, Patricio Velasquez, Hristo Angelov, Neng Huei Lin, Rakesh K. Hooda, Paulo Fialho, Karine Sellegri, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Department of Agrarian Sciences, University of Azores, Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry [Stockholm] (ACES), Stockholm University, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Laboratoire de météorologie physique (LaMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Department of Paediatrics, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, Institute for Applied Environmental Research [Stockholm], European Commission, University of the Azores, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Climate monitoring, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Planetary boundary layer, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric boundary layer, 01 natural sciences, Convective Boundary Layer, Latitude, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, Altitude, Aerosoles, Aerosol, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, Plateau, geography.geographical_feature_category, High altitude stations, Formation events, Effects of high altitude on humans, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Nucleation, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: High altitude stations are often emphasized as free tropospheric measuring sites but they remain influenced by atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) air masses due to convective transport processes. The local and meso-scale topographical features around the station are involved in the convective boundary layer development and in the formation of thermally induced winds leading to ABL air lifting. The station altitude alone is not a sufficient parameter to characterize the ABL influence. In this study, a topography analysis is performed allowing calculation of a newly defined index called ABL-TopoIndex. The ABL-TopoIndex is constructed in order to correlate with the ABL influence at the high altitude stations and long-term aerosol time series are used to assess its validity. Topography data from the global digital elevation model GTopo30 were used to calculate five parameters for 43 high and 3 middle altitude stations situated on five continents. The geometric mean of these five parameters determines a topography based index called ABL-TopoIndex, which can be used to rank the high altitude stations as a function of the ABL influence. To construct the ABL-TopoIndex, we rely on the criteria that the ABL influence will be low if the station is one of the highest points in the mountainous massif, if there is a large altitude difference between the station and the valleys or high plains, if the slopes around the station are steep, and finally if the inverse drainage basin potentially reflecting the source area for thermally lifted pollutants to reach the site is small. All stations on volcanic islands exhibit a low ABL-TopoIndex, whereas stations in the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau have high ABL-TopoIndex values. Spearman's rank correlation between aerosol optical properties and number concentration from 28 stations and the ABL-TopoIndex, the altitude and the latitude are used to validate this topographical approach. Statistically significant (SS) correlations are found between the 5th and 50th percentiles of all aerosol parameters and the ABL-TopoIndex, whereas no SS correlation is found with the station altitude. The diurnal cycles of aerosol parameters seem to be best explained by the station latitude although a SS correlation is found between the amplitude of the diurnal cycles of the absorption coefficient and the ABL-TopoIndex. © 2018 Author(s)., The authors gratefully acknowledge the following persons and organizations. – Wolfgang Schwanghart, the programmer of the TopoToolBox for putting his codes as a freeware and for all the kind and always rapid support he offers. – CHC: the Chacaltaya consortium and Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics at UMSA for taking care of the station and collecting the data. Swedish participation was supported by the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (STINT) and the Swedish research council FORMAS. – CMN: the European Commission funded ACTRIS, ACTRIS2 EU project and NEXTDATA National project funded by MIUR. – IZO: Global Atmospheric Watch program funded by AEMET and by the project AEROATLAN (CGL2015-66299-P), funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). – JFJ: International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG) and the Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, within the Swiss program of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) of the World Meteorological Organization, funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 654109 (ACTRIS2), and the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract no. 15.0159-1. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Swiss Government. – LLN: the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration. – MSA and MSY: MINECO (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness), the MAGRAMA (Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment), the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2014 SGR33 and the DGQA) and FEDER funds under the PRISMA project (CGL2012-39623-C02/00). This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 654109. Marco Pandolfi is funded by a Ramón y Cajal Fellowship (RYC-2013-14036) awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.
Published: 2018

18. Quality assessment of the Ozone_cci Climate Research Data Package (release 2017) – Part 2: Ground-based validation of nadir ozone profile data products

Author: A. Keppens, J.-C. Lambert, J. Granville, D. Hubert, T. Verhoelst, S. Compernolle, B. Latter, B. Kerridge, R. Siddans, A. Boynard, J. Hadji-Lazaro, C. Clerbaux, C. Wespes, D. R. Hurtmans, P.-F. Coheur, J. C. A. van Peet, R. J. van der A, K. Garane, M. E. Koukouli, D. S. Balis, A. Delcloo, R. Kivi, R. Stübi, S. Godin-Beekmann, M. Van Roozendael, C. Zehner, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics [Thessaloniki], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] (IRM), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, STRATO - LATMOS, European Space Research Institute (ESRIN), and European Space Agency (ESA)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, TROPOSPHERIC OZONE, IASI, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:TA715-787, ASSIMILATION, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Environmental engineering, MODEL, 010309 optics, GOME-2, Physics and Astronomy, RADIATIVE-TRANSFER, RETRIEVALS, 13. Climate action, Earth and Environmental Sciences, 0103 physical sciences, BACKSCATTER ULTRAVIOLET, Sociologie politique, lcsh:TA170-171, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Atmospheric ozone plays a key role in air quality and the radiation budget of the Earth, both directly and through its chemical influence on other trace gases. Assessments of the atmospheric ozone distribution and associated climate change therefore demand accurate vertically resolved ozone observations with both stratospheric and tropospheric sensitivity, on both global and regional scales, and both in the long term and at shorter timescales. Such observations have been acquired by two series of European nadir-viewing ozone profilers, namely the scattered-light UV-visible spectrometers of the GOME family, launched regularly since 1995 (GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, GOME-2A/B, TROPOMI, and the upcoming Sentinel-5 series), and the thermal infrared emission sounders of the IASI type, launched regularly since 2006 (IASI on Metop platforms and the upcoming IASI-NG on Metop-SG). In particular, several Level-2 retrieved, Level-3 monthly gridded, and Level-4 assimilated nadir ozone profile data products have been improved and harmonized in the context of the ozone project of the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative (ESA Ozone-cci). To verify their fitness for purpose, these ozone datasets must undergo a comprehensive quality assessment (QA), including (a) detailed identification of their geographical, vertical, and temporal domains of validity; (b) quantification of their potential bias, noise, and drift and their dependences on major influence quantities; and (c) assessment of the mutual consistency of data from different sounders. For this purpose we have applied to the Ozone-cci Climate Research Data Package (CRDP) released in 2017 the versatile QA and validation system Multi-TASTE, which has been developed in the context of several heritage projects (ESA's Multi-TASTE, EUMETSAT's O3M-SAF, and the European Commission's FP6 GEOmon and FP7 QA4ECV). This work, as the second in a series of four Ozone-cci validation papers, reports for the first time on data content studies, information content studies and ground-based validation for both the GOME- and IASI-type climate data records combined. The ground-based reference measurements have been provided by the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC), NASA's Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesonde programme (SHADOZ), and other ozonesonde and lidar stations contributing to the World Meteorological Organisation's Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO GAW). The nadir ozone profile CRDP quality assessment reveals that all nadir ozone profile products under study fulfil the GCOS user requirements in terms of observation frequency and horizontal and vertical resolution. Yet all L2 observations also show sensitivity outliers in the UTLS and are strongly correlated vertically due to substantial averaging kernel fluctuations that extend far beyond the kernel's 15km FWHM. The CRDP typically does not comply with the GCOS user requirements in terms of total uncertainty and decadal drift, except for the UV-visible L4 dataset. The drift values of the L2 GOME and OMI, the L3 IASI, and the L4 assimilated products are found to be overall insignificant, however, and applying appropriate altitude-dependent bias and drift corrections make the data fit for climate and atmospheric composition monitoring and modelling purposes. Dependence of the Ozone-cci data quality on major influence quantities - resulting in data screening suggestions to users - and perspectives for the Copernicus Sentinel missions are additionally discussed., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2018

19. Applications of a shadow camera system for energy meteorology

Author: Kuhn, Pascal Moritz, Wilbert, Stefan, Prahl, Christoph, Garsche, Dominik, Schüler, David, Haase, Thomas, Ramirez, Lourdes, Zarzalejo, L.F., Meyer, Angela, Blanc, Philippe, Pitz-Paal, Robert, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas [Madrid] (CIEMAT), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Centre Observation, Impacts, Énergie (O.I.E.), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: CSP, [SPI.ENERG]Engineering Sciences [physics]/domain_spi.energ, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, ComputerApplications_COMPUTERSINOTHERSYSTEMS, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, shadow camera, Qualifizierung, lcsh:QC851-999, lcsh:Science, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract: International audience; Downward-facing shadow cameras might play a major role in future energy meteorology. Shadow cameras directly image shadows on the ground from an elevated position. They are used to validate other systems (e.g. all-sky imager based nowcasting systems, cloud speed sensors or satellite forecasts) and can potentially provide short term forecasts for solar power plants. Such forecasts are needed for electricity grids with high penetrations of renewable energy and can help to optimize plant operations. In this publication, two key applications of shadow cameras are briefly presented.
Published: 2018

20. Performance Evaluation of Radiation Sensors for the Solar Energy Sector

Author: Andreas Kazantzidis, Laurent Vuilleumier, Bertrand Calpini, Jordi Badosa, Philippe Blanc, Frank Vignola, Christian Félix, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, University of Oregon, Okayama University, Centre Observation, Impacts, Énergie (O.I.E.), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), University of Patras, Department of physics, University of Patras [Greece], Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and University of Patras
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Pyranometer, Meteorology, 020209 energy, Irradiance, 02 engineering and technology, pyranometer, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, rotating shadowband irradiometer, lcsh:QC851-999, 7. Clean energy, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Range (statistics), Shortwave radiation, RSI, uncertainty, shortwave radiation, accuracy, business.industry, Elevation, Solar energy, SPN1, Amplitude, Environmental science, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, business, Pyrheliometer
Abstract: International audience; Rotating Shadowband Irradiometers (RSI) and SPN1 Sunshine Pyranometers allow determining the diffuse and direct components of solar radiation without sun trackers; they can be deployed in networks for continuous field operation with modest maintenance. Their performances are evaluated here by analyzing their errors with respect to well characterized references. The analysis is based on 1‑minute data recorded over a 15‑month period at the Payerne BSRN station in Switzerland. The analysis was applied both to the whole dataset and data subsets reflecting particular conditions to allow a better understanding of how instrument performance depends on such conditions.The overall performance for measuring global horizontal irradiance (GHI) is satisfactory with deviations compatible with an expanded uncertainty of ±25 Wm−2 (±10 %). For diffuse horizontal irradiance (DfHI), RSIs exhibited errors on the order of ±20 Wm−2 (±13 %) with some of them being affected by small systematic negative biases on the order of −5 Wm−2 (median). SPN1s underestimate DfHI by about −10 Wm−2 (median) with a relatively large range of the expanded error distribution between −45 Wm−2 and 20 Wm−2 (−35 % to 13 %). For direct normal irradiance (DNI), the extended error range for RSIs is on the order of ±40 Wm−2 (±5–6 %) with some instruments presenting no bias while others are affected by median biases up to −15 Wm−2. SPN1s exhibit a relatively large median bias of 40 Wm−2, and an extended range of the error distribution between −45 Wm−2 and 125 Wm−2 (−6 % to 19 %). Typical errors on the integrated yearly energy per unit surface area are on the order of a few percent or less (
Published: 2017

21. Ground-based Assessment of the First Year of Sentinel-5p Tropospheric Ozone Data

Author: Hubert, Daan, Keppen, Arno, Verhoelst, Tijl, Granville, José, Lambert, Jean-Christopher, Heue, Klaus-Peter, Pedergnana, Mattia, Loyola, Diego, Eichmann, Kai-Uwe, Weber, Mark, Apituley, Arnoud, Sneep, Maarten, Tuinder, Olaf, Veefkind, Pepijn, Thompson, Anne, Witte, Jacquelyn, Johnson, Bryan, Vömel, Holger, Selkirk, Henry, Piters, Ankie, Da Silva, Francisco, Mohamad, Maznorizan, Félix, Christian, Ancellet, Gérard, Delcloo, Andy, Duflot, Valentin, Godin-Beekmann, Sophie, Leblanc, Thierry, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stübi, René, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), DLR Institut für Methodik der Fernerkundung / DLR Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Laboratory of Environmental and Tropical Variables [Natal], Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Malaysian Meteorological Department (MetMalaysia), Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation [Malaysia] (MOSTI), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] (IRM), Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France, STRATO - LATMOS, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), and Cardon, Catherine
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]
Abstract: International audience; Tropospheric ozone is a pollutant that damages ecosystems and triggers human health problems. Ozone concentrations are highly variable over time and across the troposphere, which poses clear challenges to deepen our understanding of the processes involved in the production and transport of ozone. Further progress depends on the availability of instruments capable of measuring tropospheric ozone and its distribution at finer spatio-temporal scales. The TROPOMI instrument on the Sentinel-5p platform, launched into an early afternoon polar orbit in October 2017, combines a high spatial resolution, a large swath width and the spectral measurement characteristics required to deliver tropospheric ozone data records at unprecedented detail. The first of these products was released during Fall 2018. It consists in 0.5° (latitude) by 1° (longitude) resolved daily maps of 3-day moving mean values of the tropospheric ozone column between 20°S and 20°N, and it is computed using the convective-cloud method (CCD). A second data product consists in maps of tropical upper tropospheric ozone mixing ratio at a coarser spatial and temporal resolution. It is based on a cloud slicing algorithm (CSA), which is currently being fine-tuned for release in the very near future. A third data product, also under development at the time of this abstract, consists of the vertical profile of ozone concentration in the global troposphere and stratosphere, retrieved with the classical Optimal Estimation (OE) technique. We present here an assessment of the quality of the first year of the different tropospheric ozone column data sets retrieved from Sentinel-5p TROPOMI measurements, carried out within the context of ESA’s Sentinel-5p Mission Performance Center (MPC) and the S5PVT AO project CHEOPS-5p (Validation of Copernicus Height-resolved Ozone data Products from Sentinel-5p TROPOMI using global sonde and lidar networks, #28587). The first stage of this analysis consists of an inspection of the tropospheric ozone fields for structures which are potentially introduced in the measurement process. Sampling effects, in particular, are a possible source of uncertainty as the CCD product is derived from binned TROPOMI total ozone column data. Another structure introduced by retrieval assumptions would be the dependence of the quality of Sentinel-5p retrieved total column data to cloud parameters. In a second stage the satellite data are confronted to quality-assured ozonesonde and –tentatively– ground-based lidar measurements from the NDACC, SHADOZ and TOLNET networks. These well-characterized observational data records serve as a reference to evaluate the bias and uncertainty of the Sentinel-5p data, and their dependence on influence quantities. The study concludes with an assessment of the compliance of Sentinel-5p tropospheric ozone data with respect to mission and user requirements for key data applications.
Published: 2019

22. Improved ozone DIAL retrievals in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere using an optimal estimation method

Author: Ghazal Farhani, Alexander Haefele, Gérard Ancellet, Robert J. Sica, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Department of Physics and Astronomy [London, ON], University of Western Ontario (UWO), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), TROPO - LATMOS, and Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ozone, Optimal estimation, business.industry, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 010309 optics, Troposphere, Dial, chemistry.chemical_compound, Optics, Altitude, Lidar, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Temporal resolution, 0103 physical sciences, Environmental science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Engineering (miscellaneous), Stratosphere
Abstract: International audience; We have implemented a first-principle optimal estimation method to retrieve ozone density profiles using simultaneously tropospheric and stratospheric differential absorption lidar (DIAL) measurements. Our retrieval extends from 2.5 km to about 42 km in altitude, and in the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere (UTLS) it shows a significant improvement in the overlapping region, where the optimal estimation method (OEM) can retrieve a single ozone profile consistent with the measurements from both lidars. Here stratospheric and tropospheric measurements from the Observatoire de Haute Provence are used, and the OEM retrievals in the UTLS region compared with coincident ozonesonde measurements. The retrieved ozone profiles have a small statistical uncertainty in the UTLS region relative to individual determinations of ozone from each lidar, and the maximum statistical uncertainty does not exceed a maximum of 7%.
Published: 2019

23. Optimal estimation method retrievals of stratospheric ozone profiles from a DIAL

Author: Alexander Haefele, Robert J. Sica, Ghazal Farhani, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Department of Physics and Astronomy [London, ON], University of Western Ontario (UWO), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Optimal estimation, lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Detector, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Environmental engineering, 010309 optics, Dial, chemistry.chemical_compound, Altitude, Lidar, chemistry, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, Ozone layer, Environmental science, Density of air, lcsh:TA170-171, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: This paper provides a detailed description of a first-principle optimal estimation method (OEM) applied to ozone retrieval analysis using differential absorption lidar (DIAL) measurements. The air density, detector dead times, background coefficients, and lidar constants are simultaneously retrieved along with ozone density profiles. Using an averaging kernel, the OEM provides the vertical resolution of the retrieval as a function of altitude. A maximum acceptable height at which the a priori has a small contribution to the retrieval is calculated for each profile as well. Moreover, a complete uncertainty budget including both systematic and statistical uncertainties is given for each individual retrieved profile. Long-term stratospheric DIAL ozone measurements have been carried out at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP) since 1985. The OEM is applied to three nights of measurements at OHP during an intensive ozone campaign in July 2017 for which coincident lidar–ozonesonde measurements are available. The retrieved ozone density profiles are in good agreement with both traditional analysis and the ozonesonde measurements. For the three nights of measurements, below 15 km the difference between the OEM and the sonde profiles is less than 25 %, and at altitudes between 15 and 25 km the difference is less than 10 %; the OEM can successfully catch many variations in ozone, which are detected in the sonde profiles due to its ability to adjust its vertical resolution as the signal varies. Above 25 km the difference between the OEM and the sonde profiles does not exceed 20 %.
Published: 2019

24. Analysis of X-band Doppler polarimetric weather radar returns from a wind farm

Author: Figueras I Ventura, Jordi, Lainer, Martin, Schauwecker, Zaira, Marco, Gabella, Pauli, Reto, Grazioli, Jacopo, Douvenot, Rémi, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, and Schweizer Armee / Military Aviation Authority (MAA)
Subjects: [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [SPI.ELEC] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism
Abstract: International audience; This contribution will present the results of a field campaign aimed at analysing the polarimetric andDoppler signatures of wind turbines. The campaign took place in the north-eastern part ofSwitzerland in March 2019. A mobile X-band Doppler polarimetric weather radar was deployedroughly 8 km away from a wind farm consisting of 3 large (199.5 m total height) wind turbines.Measurements were performed on a 24/7 basis with dedicated scans, allowing the gathering of datain fairly different meteorological conditions. The scan strategy consisted in a set of PPIs at closelyspaced elevation angles (between 0.1° and 0.2°) over a window widely covering the location of thewind turbines, followed by a set of RHIs at closely spaced azimuth angles over a similar window. Thewhole scan was repeated every 45 min.A large dataset was gathered in this way of basic polarimetric and Doppler moments (reflectivity,differential reflectivity, co-polar correlation, differential phase, Doppler velocity and Dopplerspectrum width) as well as Doppler spectra. An extensive statistical analysis has been performedtaking into account the windmill operation conditions kindly provided by the windfarm manager
Published: 2019

25. Ground-based ozone profiles over central Europe: incorporating anomalous observations into the analysis of stratospheric ozone trends

Author: Bernet, Leonie, Clarmann, Thomas von, Godin-Beekmann, Sophie, Ancellet, Gérard, Maillard Barras, Eliane, Stübi, René, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Kämpfer, Niklaus, Hocke, Klemens, Institute of Applied Physics [Bern] (IAP), University of Bern, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Spurengase und Fernerkundung (IMK-ASF), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), TROPO - LATMOS, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), and Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Earth sciences, ddc:550, 620 Engineering
Abstract: Observing stratospheric ozone is essential to assess whether the Montreal Protocol has succeeded in saving the ozone layer by banning ozone depleting substances. Recent studies have reported positive trends, indicating that ozone is recovering in the upper stratosphere at mid-latitudes, but the trend magnitudes differ, and uncertainties are still high. Trends and their uncertainties are influenced by factors such as instrumental drifts, sampling patterns, discontinuities, biases, or short-term anomalies that may all mask a potential ozone recovery. The present study investigates how anomalies, temporal measurement sampling rates, and trend period lengths influence resulting trends. We present an approach for handling suspicious anomalies in trend estimations. For this, we analysed multiple ground-based stratospheric ozone records in central Europe to identify anomalous periods in data from the GROund-based Millimetre-wave Ozone Spectrometer (GROMOS) located in Bern, Switzerland. The detected anomalies were then used to estimate ozone trends from the GROMOS time series by considering the anomalous observations in the regression. We compare our improved GROMOS trend estimate with results derived from the other ground-based ozone records (lidars, ozonesondes, and microwave radiometers), that are all part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). The data indicate positive trends of 1 % decade−1 to 3 % decade−1 at an altitude of about 39 km (3 hPa), providing a confirmation of ozone recovery in the upper stratosphere in agreement with satellite observations. At lower altitudes, the ground station data show inconsistent trend results, which emphasize the importance of ongoing research on ozone trends in the lower stratosphere. Our presented method of a combined analysis of ground station data provides a useful approach to recognize and to reduce uncertainties in stratospheric ozone trends by considering anomalies in the trend estimation. We conclude that stratospheric trend estimations still need improvement and that our approach provides a tool that can also be useful for other data sets.
Published: 2019

26. Ozone trend profiles in the stratosphere: combining ground-based data over Central Europe to consider uncertainties

Author: Gérard Ancellet, Eliane Maillard Barras, Leonie Bernet, René Stübi, Thomas von Clarmann, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Klemens Hocke, Niklaus Kämpfer, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, Institute of Applied Physics [Bern] (IAP), University of Bern, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Spurengase und Fernerkundung (IMK-ASF), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), TROPO - LATMOS, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Radiometer, Ozone, Sampling (statistics), chemistry.chemical_compound, Altitude, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Montreal Protocol, Ozone layer, Environmental science, Satellite, Stratosphere
Abstract: Observing stratospheric ozone is essential to assess if the Montreal Protocol has succeeded to save the ozone layer by banning ozone depleting substances. Recent studies have reported positive trends indicating that ozone is recovering in the upper stratosphere at mid-latitudes, but the trend magnitudes differ and uncertainties are still high. Trends and their uncertainties are influenced by factors such as instrumental drifts, sampling patterns, discontinuities, biases, or short-term anomalies that all might mask a potential ozone recovery. The present study investigates how anomalies, temporal measurement sampling rates and trend period lengths influence resulting trends. We present an approach for handling suspicious anomalies in trend estimations to improve the derived trend profiles. The approach was applied to data from a Ground-based Millimetre-wave Ozone Spectrometer (GROMOS) located in Bern, Switzerland. We compare our improved GROMOS trend estimate with results from other ground stations (lidars, ozonesondes, and microwave radiometers) in Central Europe. The data indicate positive trends of 1 to 3 % per decade at an altitude of about 40 km (3 hPa), providing a confirmation of ozone recovery in the upper stratosphere in agreement to satellite observations. At lower altitudes, the ground station data show inconsistent trend results, which emphasize the importance of ongoing research on lower stratospheric ozone trends. Our presented method of a combined analysis of ground station data provides a useful approach to recognize and to reduce uncertainties in stratospheric ozone trends by considering anomalies in the trend estimation. We conclude that stratospheric trend estimations still need improvement and that our approach provides a tool that can also be useful for other data sets.
Published: 2018

27. Optimal Estimation Method Retrievals of Stratospheric Ozone Profiles from a DIAL Lidar

Author: Ghazal Farhani, Robert J. Sica, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Alexander Haefele, Department of Physics and Astronomy [London, ON], University of Western Ontario (UWO), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], 13. Climate action
Abstract: This paper provides a detailed description of the first principle Optimal Estimation Method (OEM) which is applied to ozone retrieval analysis using Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) measurements. The air density, detector dead times, background coefficients, and lidar constants are simultaneously retrieved along with ozone density profiles. Using an averaging kernel, the OEM provides the vertical resolution of the retrieval as a function of altitude. A maximum acceptable height at which the a priori has a small contribution to the retrieval is calculated for each profile as well. Moreover, a complete uncertainty budget including both systematic and statistical uncertainties is given for each individual retrieved profile. Long term stratospheric DIAL ozone measurements have been carried out at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP) since 1985. The OEM is applied to 3 nights of measurements at OHP during an intensive ozone campaign in July 2017 where coincident lidar-ozonesonde measurements are available. The retrieved ozone density profiles are in good agreement with both traditional analysis and the ozonesonde measurements. For the three nights of measurements, below 15 km the difference between the OEM and the sonde profiles is less than 25 %, at altitudes between 15 km to 25 km the difference is less than 10 %, and the OEM can successfully catch many variations of ozone which are detected in the sonde profiles due to its ability to adjust its vertical resolution as the signal varies. Above 25 km the difference between the OEM and the sonde profiles does not exceed 20 %.
Published: 2018

28. Introducing the atmospheric thermodynamics lidar in Space: ATLAS

Author: Roland Potthast, Philippe Keckhut, Alain Hauchecorne, Geraint Vaughan, Volker Wulfmeyer, Andreas Behrendt, Paolo Di Girolamo, David N. Whiteman, Mathias W. Rotach, Adolfo Comerón, Franco Marenco, Belay Demoz, Evelyne Richard, Joseph A. Santanello, Alan J. Geer, David D. Turner, Università degli studi della Basilicata [Potenza] (UNIBAS), Institut für Physik und Meteorologie [Stuttgart] (IPM), Universität Hohenheim, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Manchester] (NCAS), University of Manchester [Manchester], Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), University of Maryland [Baltimore County] (UMBC), University of Maryland System, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. RSLAB - Grup de Recerca en Teledetecció, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Backscatter, Planetary boundary layer, aerosol, Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Radiocomunicació i exploració electromagnètica::Radar [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Weather forecasting, computer.software_genre, Atmospheric thermodynamics, Water vapour, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Troposphere, 0103 physical sciences, Aerosol, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Radar, Temperature, temperature, water vapour, Lidar, 13. Climate action, Temporal resolution, Raman lidar, Environmental science, Active remote sensing, active remote sensing, computer, Water vapor
Abstract: Our understanding of the distribution of heat and water in the atmosphere still shows critical gaps on all temporal and spatial scales. This is mainly due to a lack of accurate measurements of water vapor and temperature profiles -hereafter called thermodynamic (TD) profiles -withhigh vertical and temporal resolution, especially in the lower troposphere. Accurate, high temporal-spatial resolution observations of TD profiles are essential for improving weather forecasting and re-analyses, for studying land-atmosphere feedback processes and for improving model parameterizations of land-surface and turbulent transport processes in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer. These observational gaps can be addressed with a new active remote sensing system in space based on the Raman lidar technique. Combining vibrational and rotational Raman backscatter signals, simultaneous measurements of water vapour and temperature profiles and a variety of derived variables are possible with unprecedented vertical and horizontal resolution, especially in the lower troposphere. This is the key concept of ATLAS, which was submitted in March 2018to the European Space Agency in response to the Call for Earth Explorer-10 Mission Ideas in the frame of ESAEOEP. An assessment of the expected performance of the systemand the specifications of the different lidar sub-systems has been performed based on the application ofan analytical simulation model for space-borne Raman lidar systems. Results from the simulations and technical aspects of the proposed mission will beillustrated at the conference.
Published: 2018

29. Proposed standardized definitions for vertical resolution and uncertainty in the NDACC lidar ozone and temperature algorithms – Part 2: Ozone DIAL uncertainty budget

Author: Alexander Haefele, Guillaume Payen, G. L. Liberti, Joanna A. E. van Gijsel, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Thierry Leblanc, Thomas Trickl, Robert J. Sica, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Physics and Astronomy [London, ON], University of Western Ontario (UWO), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de La Réunion (OSU-Réunion), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), International Space Science Institute (ISSI), European Space Agency (ESA), Canadian National Sciences and Engineering Research Council, European Project: VALID, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR), and National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Meteorology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lidar DIAL, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Background noise, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0103 physical sciences, Ozone layer, ddc:550, Tropospheric ozone, NDACC, lcsh:TA170-171, Remote sensing, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Covariance matrix, Noise (signal processing), lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Covariance, error budget, lcsh:Environmental engineering, Dial, ozone, Earth sciences, Lidar, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science
Abstract: A standardized approach for the definition, propagation, and reporting of uncertainty in the ozone differential absorption lidar data products contributing to the Network for the Detection for Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) database is proposed. One essential aspect of the proposed approach is the propagation in parallel of all independent uncertainty components through the data processing chain before they are combined together to form the ozone combined standard uncertainty. The independent uncertainty components contributing to the overall budget include random noise associated with signal detection, uncertainty due to saturation correction, background noise extraction, the absorption cross sections of O3, NO2, SO2, and O2, the molecular extinction cross sections, and the number densities of the air, NO2, and SO2. The expression of the individual uncertainty components and their step-by-step propagation through the ozone differential absorption lidar (DIAL) processing chain are thoroughly estimated. All sources of uncertainty except detection noise imply correlated terms in the vertical dimension, which requires knowledge of the covariance matrix when the lidar signal is vertically filtered. In addition, the covariance terms must be taken into account if the same detection hardware is shared by the lidar receiver channels at the absorbed and non-absorbed wavelengths. The ozone uncertainty budget is presented as much as possible in a generic form (i.e., as a function of instrument performance and wavelength) so that all NDACC ozone DIAL investigators across the network can estimate, for their own instrument and in a straightforward manner, the expected impact of each reviewed uncertainty component. In addition, two actual examples of full uncertainty budget are provided, using nighttime measurements from the tropospheric ozone DIAL located at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Table Mountain Facility, California, and nighttime measurements from the JPL stratospheric ozone DIAL located at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawai'i.
Published: 2016

30. Experimental Evidence of the Feeding of the Free Troposphere with Aerosol Particles from the Mixing Layer

Author: Montoux Nadege, Evelyn Freney, Bouvier Laeticia, Sellegri Karine, Colomb Aurelie, Hervo Maxime, Asmi Eija, Rose Clemence, Chauvigne Aurelien, Picard David, Baray Jean-Luc, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), MeteoSwiss, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, and Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, 010501 environmental sciences, Sedimentation, Air mass (solar energy), Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, High altitude site, Aerosol, Trace gas, Troposphere, Lidar, 13. Climate action, Radiative transfer, Environmental Chemistry, Aerosol mass spectrometry, Environmental science, Long-range transport, Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Aerosol particles emitted by both natural and anthropogenic sources have direct and indirect radiative impacts. Within the planetary mixing layer (ML), these particles are subjected to a large number of removal processes, e.g., rain, sedimentation, coagulation, and thus have a relatively short lifetime. Once aerosols are transported into the free troposphere (FT), their atmospheric lifetime increases significantly and they tend to be representative of large spatial areas. The work presented here shows evidence of anthropogenic emissions being transported from the ML to the FT during a cold period in February 2012. Using a wide range of in-situ measurements of aerosol chemical and physical properties at the Puy de Dome (PUY) station, as well as LIDAR measurements (at the Cezeaux site) of atmospheric back scattering we studied the exchange between the ML and the FT. Criteria used to identify when the PUY station was sampling in the ML or in the FT included mixing layer height estimates from LIDAR measurements, trace gas measurements, and air mass trajectories. Within the FT, we observed a gradual change in aerosol physical properties with increases in aerosol mass concentrations of up to 2 times the starting concentration, as well as increases in the number of larger particles (particle diameter >150 nm). Aerosol chemical properties showed increases in organic and nitrate particles. A series of linear fits were made through the data providing information on how different parameters change as a function of time. The impact of these changing aerosol properties are discussed in relation to the potential influence on aerosol direct and indirect effects. This work presents a unique combination of observations, and provide valuable data for future model validation.
Published: 2016

31. Solar irradiances measured using SPN1 radiometers: uncertainties and clues for development

Author: Laurent Vuilleumier, Dominique Demengel, Jordi Badosa, Martial Haeffelin, John Wood, Philippe Blanc, Charles N. Long, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Peak Design, Centre Observation, Impacts, Énergie (O.I.E.), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Simulation et Traitement de l'information pour l'Exploitation des systèmes de Production (EDF R&D STEP), EDF R&D (EDF R&D), EDF (EDF)-EDF (EDF), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Radiation measurement, 020209 energy, 02 engineering and technology, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, Thermopile, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, lcsh:TA170-171, Remote sensing, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Moving parts, Radiometer, lcsh:TA715-787, Photovoltaic system, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Thermodynamic system, lcsh:Environmental engineering, Environmental science, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: The fast development of solar radiation and energy applications, such as photovoltaic and solar thermodynamic systems, has increased the need for solar radiation measurement and monitoring, not only for the global component but also for the diffuse and direct. End users look for the best compromise between getting close to state-of-the-art measurements and keeping low capital, maintenance and operating costs. Among the existing commercial options, SPN1 is a relatively low cost solar radiometer that estimates global and diffuse solar irradiances from seven thermopile sensors under a shading mask and without moving parts. This work presents a comprehensive study of SPN1 accuracy and sources of uncertainty, which results from laboratory experiments, numerical modeling and comparison studies between measurements from this sensor and state-of-the art instruments for six diverse sites. Several clues are provided for improving the SPN1 accuracy and agreement with state-of-the art measurements.
Published: 2018

32. Multiple perspectives on the attribution of the extreme European summer of 2012 to climate change

Author: Gabi Hegerl, Pascal Yiou, Laura Wilcox, Geert Jan van Oldenborgh, Rowan Sutton, Ioana Colfescu, Mathias Hauser, Fraser C. Lott, Buwen Dong, Len Shaffrey, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute ( KNMI ), National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading ( UOR ) -University of Reading ( UOR ), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), University of Reading (UOR)-University of Reading (UOR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric circulation, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Attribution, Precipitation, Drought, Climate change, 02 engineering and technology, Forcing (mathematics), Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 020801 environmental engineering, Earth sciences, 13. Climate action, Climatology, ddc:550, [ SDU.ENVI ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Environmental science, Circulation (currency), [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Summer 2012 was very wet in northern Europe, and unusually dry and hot in southern Europe. We use multiple approaches to determine whether anthropogenic forcing made the extreme European summer of 2012 more likely. Using a number of observation- and model-based methods, we find that there was an anthropogenic contribution to the extremes in southern Europe, with a qualitative consensus across all methodologies. There was a consensus across the methodologies that there has been a significant increase in the risk of hot summers in southern Europe with climate change. Most approaches also suggested a slight drying, but none of the results were statistically significant. The unusually wet summer in northern Europe was made more likely by the observed atmospheric circulation pattern in 2012, but no evidence was found for a long-term trend in circulation. ISSN:0930-7575 ISSN:1432-0894
Published: 2018

33. Evaluation of the HadGEM3-A simulations in view of detection and attribution of human influence on extreme 2 events in Europe

Author: Vautard, Robert, Christidis, Nikolaos, Ciavarella, Andrew, Alvarez-Castro, M Carmen, Bellprat, Omar, Christiansen, Bo, Colfescu, Ioana, Cowan, Tim, Doblas-Reyes, Francisco, Eden, Jonathan, Hauser, Mathias, Hegerl, Gabriele, Hempelmann, Nils, Klehmet, Katharina, Lott, Fraser, Nangini, Cathy, Orth, René, Radanovics, Sabine, Seneviratne, Sonia I., van Oldenborgh, Geert Jan, Stott, Peter, Tett, Simon, Wilcox, Laura J., Yiou, Pascal, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Institut Català de Ciències del Clima, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), NCAS-Climate [Reading], Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR)-University of Reading (UOR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2018

34. Quality assessment and ground-based validation of Metop-A and Metop-B nadir ozone profile products

Author: Keppens, Arno, Lambert, Jean-Christopher, Granville, José, Hubert, Daan, Verhoelst, Tijl, Compernolle, Steven, Latter, Barry, Kerridge, Brian, Siddans, Richard, Boynard, Anne, Hadji-Lazaro, Juliette, Clerbaux, Cathy, Wespes, Catherine, Hurtmans, Daniel R., Coheur, Pierre-François, Peet, Jacob C. A. van, A, Ronald J. van der, Garane, Katerina, Koukouli, Maria Elissavet, Balis, Dimitris S., Delcloo, Andy, Kivi, Rigel, Stübi, René, Godin-Beekmann, Sophie, Roozendael, Michel Van, Zehner, Claus, Cardon, Catherine, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics [Thessaloniki], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] (IRM), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, STRATO - LATMOS, European Space Research Institute (ESRIN), and European Space Agency (ESA)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2018

35. A European aerosol phenomenology – 6: scattering properties of atmospheric aerosol particles from 28 ACTRIS sites

Author: M. Pandolfi, L. Alados-Arboledas, A. Alastuey, M. Andrade, C. Angelov, B. Artiñano, J. Backman, U. Baltensperger, P. Bonasoni, N. Bukowiecki, M. Collaud Coen, S. Conil, E. Coz, V. Crenn, V. Dudoitis, M. Ealo, K. Eleftheriadis, O. Favez, P. Fetfatzis, M. Fiebig, H. Flentje, P. Ginot, M. Gysel, B. Henzing, A. Hoffer, A. Holubova Smejkalova, I. Kalapov, N. Kalivitis, G. Kouvarakis, A. Kristensson, M. Kulmala, H. Lihavainen, C. Lunder, K. Luoma, H. Lyamani, A. Marinoni, N. Mihalopoulos, M. Moerman, J. Nicolas, C. O'Dowd, T. Petäjä, J.-E. Petit, J. M. Pichon, N. Prokopciuk, J.-P. Putaud, S. Rodríguez, J. Sciare, K. Sellegri, E. Swietlicki, G. Titos, T. Tuch, P. Tunved, V. Ulevicius, A. Vaishya, M. Vana, A. Virkkula, S. Vratolis, E. Weingartner, A. Wiedensohler, P. Laj, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Universidad de Granada = University of Granada (UGR), Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas [Madrid] (CIEMAT), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Observatoire Pérenne de l'Environnement, Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs (ANDRA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ADDAIR Sté (France), Center for Physical Sciences and Technology [Vilnius] (FTMC), National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Lund University [Lund], Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Vikram Sarabhai Space Ctr, European Commission, University of Granada [Granada], University of Helsinki, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), INAR Physics, and Department of Physics
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Angstrom exponent, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mass concentrations, Seasonal variation, NUMBER CONCENTRATIONS, Aerosol sources, radiative properties, 010501 environmental sciences, black carbon, western mediterranean basin, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, free troposphere, saharan dust, Factorization, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Positive matrix, Particle size, Particulates, lcsh:QC1-999, LIGHT-SCATTERING, optical-properties, in-situ, Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, MEDITERRANEAN BASIN, Phenomenology, Environment & Sustainability, Particle light scattering, Atmospheric aerosol, Scattering properties, Aerosol particle, Backscatter, Urbanisation, Mineral dust, Environment, 114 Physical sciences, Aerosol formation, medicine, Aerosol, 1172 Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, particulate matter, Scattering, Aerosol properties, integrating nephelometer, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Concentration (composition), lcsh:QD1-999, Arctic, 13. Climate action, regional background sites, Environmental science, Particulate matter, Aerosol property, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: This paper presents the light-scattering properties of atmospheric aerosol particles measured over the past decade at 28 ACTRIS observatories, which are located mainly in Europe. The data include particle light scattering (σsp) and hemispheric backscattering (σbsp) coefficients, scattering Ångström exponent (SAE), backscatter fraction (BF) and asymmetry parameter (g). An increasing gradient of σsp is observed when moving from remote environments (arctic/mountain) to regional and to urban environments. At a regional level in Europe, σsp also increases when moving from Nordic and Baltic countries and from western Europe to central/eastern Europe, whereas no clear spatial gradient is observed for other station environments. The SAE does not show a clear gradient as a function of the placement of the station. However, a west-to-east-increasing gradient is observed for both regional and mountain placements, suggesting a lower fraction of fine-mode particle in western/south-western Europe compared to central and eastern Europe, where the fine-mode particles dominate the scattering. The g does not show any clear gradient by station placement or geographical location reflecting the complex relationship of this parameter with the physical properties of the aerosol particles. Both the station placement and the geographical location are important factors affecting the intraannual variability. At mountain sites, higher σsp and SAE values are measured in the summer due to the enhanced boundary layer influence and/or new particle-formation episodes. Conversely, the lower horizontal and vertical dispersion during winter leads to higher σsp values at all low-altitude sites in central and eastern Europe compared to summer. These sites also show SAE maxima in the summer (with corresponding g minima). At all sites, both SAE and g show a strong variation with aerosol particle loading. The lowest values of g are always observed together with low σsp values, indicating a larger contribution from particles in the smaller accumulation mode. During periods of high σsp values, the variation of g is less pronounced, whereas the SAE increases or decreases, suggesting changes mostly in the coarse aerosol particle mode rather than in the fine mode. Statistically significant decreasing trends of σsp are observed at 5 out of the 13 stations included in the trend analyses. The total reductions of σsp are consistent with those reported for PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations over similar periods across Europe. © Author(s) 2018., Acknowledgements. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 654109, ACTRIS (project no. 262254), ACTRIS-PPP (project no. 739530). We thank the International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations JFJ (Jungfraujoch) and Gornergrat (HFSJG), which made it possible to carry out the experiments at the High Altitude Research JFJ Station and the support of MeteoSwiss within the Swiss programme of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) of the WMO. The MAD (Madrid) station is co-financed by the PROACLIM (CGL2014-52877-R) project. The SMR (Hyytiälä) station acknowledges BACCHUS (project no. 603445), CRAICC (project no. 26060) and the Academy of Finland (project no. 3073314). The UGR (Granada) station is co-financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through project CGL2016-81092-R. Measurements at MSY (Montseny) and MSA (Montsec) stations were supported by the MINECO (Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness) and FEDER funds under the PRISMA project (CGL2012-39623-C02/00) and under the HOUSE project (CGL2016-78594-R), by the MAGRAMA (Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment) and by the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2014 SGR33, AGAUR 2017 SGR41 and the DGQA). Measurements at IZO (Izaña) were supported by the AEROATLAN project (CGL2015-17 66229-P), co-funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund. Station KOS (Košetice) is supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic within the project to support the national research infrastructure ACTRIS – participation of the Czech Republic (ACTRIS-CZ – LM2015037). Measurements at PUY (Puy de Dôme) were partly supported by CNRS-INSU, University Clermont-Auvergne, OPGC and the french CLAP programme. The PAL (Pallas) station acknowledges KONE Foundation, Academy of Finland (project no. 269095 and no. 296302). CHC (Mt Chacaltaya) station received support from Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) under both Jeune Equipe programme attributed to LFA and support to ACTRIS-FR programme. CHC received grants from Labex OSUG@2020 (Investissements d’avenir – ANR10 LABX56). Marco Pandolfi is funded by a Ramón y Cajal Fellowship (RYC-2013-14036) awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. The authors would like to express their gratitude to David Carslaw and Karl Ropkins for providing the OpenAir software used in this paper (Carslaw and Ropkins, 2012; Carslaw, 2012). We also thank the co-editor Andreas Petzold and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.
Published: 2018

36. Sun exposure to the eyes: predicted UV protection effectiveness of various sunglasses

Author: Claudine Backes, Laurent Vuilleumier, Jean-Luc Bulliard, F. Behar-Cohen, Arianna Religi, Laurent Moccozet, David Vernez, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois [Lausanne] (CHUV), Centre Universitaire d'Informatique (CUI), University of Geneva [Switzerland], Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC (UMR_S_1138 / U1138)), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Sorbonne Université - Faculté de Médecine (SU FM), Sorbonne Université (SU), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Gestionnaire, Hal Sorbonne Université, Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), and Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL)
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Epidemiology, Sun protection, Environmental Exposure, Eye/radiation effects, Eye Protective Devices, Humans, Seasons, Sunlight, Eye, Toxicology, Solar ultraviolet radiation, Article, 030207 dermatology & venereal diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cornea, Ophthalmology, [SDV.EE.SANT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Medicine, [SDV.MHEP.OS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Sensory Organs, Uv protection, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, integumentary system, business.industry, fungi, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Pollution, Highly sensitive, medicine.anatomical_structure, [SDV.MHEP.OS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Sensory Organs, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Sun exposure, business
Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) doses received by the eyes in different exposure situations, and to predict the sun protection effectiveness provided by various styles of sunglasses at facial, periorbital, and ocular skin zones including the cornea and accounting for different head positions. A 3D numeric model was optimized to predict direct, diffuse and reflected erythemally weighted UVR doses received at various skin zones. Precisely defined facial, periorbital, and ocular skin zones, sunglasses (goggles, medium-, and large-sized sunglasses) and three head positions were modeled to simulate daily (08:00-17:00) and midday (12:00-14:00) UVR doses. The shading from sunglasses' frame and lenses' UVR transmission were used to calculate a predictive protection factor (PPF [%]). Highest ocular daily UVR doses were estimated at the uncovered cornea (1718.4 J/m 2 ). Least sun protection was provided by middle-sized sunglasses with highest midday dose at the white lateral (290.8 J/m 2 ) and lateral periorbital zones (390.9 J/m 2 ). Goggles reached almost 100% protection at all skin zones. Large-sized sunglasses were highly effective in winter; however, their effectiveness depended on diffuse UVR doses received. In "looking-up" head positions highest midday UVR doses were received at the unprotected cornea (908.1 J/m 2 ), totally protected when large-sized sunglasses are used. All tested sunglass lenses fully blocked UVR. Sunglasses' protection effectiveness is strongly influenced by geometry, wearing position, head positions, and exposure conditions. Sunglasses do not totally block UVR and should be combined with additional protection means. 3D modeling allows estimating UVR exposure of highly sensitive small skin zones, chronically exposed and rarely assessed.
Published: 2018

37. Was the Cold European Winter of 2009/10 Modified by Anthropogenic Climate Change? An Attribution Study

Author: Laura Wilcox, Nils Hempelmann, Rene Orth, Robert Vautard, Katharina Klehmet, Geert Jan van Oldenborgh, Cathy Nangini, Jonathan Eden, Carmen Alvarez-Castro, Nikolaos Christidis, Pascal Yiou, Fraser C. Lott, Mathias Hauser, Tim Cowan, Ioana Colfescu, Andrew Ciavarella, Bo Christiansen, Simon F. B. Tett, Peter A. Stott, Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], University of Leeds, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, ARCTIC SEA-ICE, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, CIRCULATION, Climate change, TIME-SERIES, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Surrogate data, REANALYSIS, EXTREME EVENTS, MIDLATITUDE WEATHER, [ SDU.ENVI ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Precipitation, TEMPERATURE, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Global warming, NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION, 13. Climate action, Skewness, North Atlantic oscillation, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, PRECIPITATION, Environmental science, Climate model, SURROGATE DATA, Quantile
Abstract: International audience; An attribution study has been performed to investigate the degree to which the unusually cold European winter of 2009/10 was modified by anthropogenic climate change. Two different methods have been included for the attribution: one based on large HadGEM3-A ensembles and one based on a statistical surrogate method. Both methods are evaluated by comparing simulated winter temperature means, trends, standard deviations, skewness, return periods, and 5% quantiles with observations. While the surrogate method performs well, HadGEM3-A in general underestimates the trend in winter by a factor of ⅔. It has a mean cold bias dominated by the mountainous regions and also underestimates the cold 5% quantile in many regions of Europe. Both methods show that the probability of experiencing a winter as cold as 2009/10 has been reduced by approximately a factor of 2 because of anthropogenic changes. The method based on HadGEM3-A ensembles gives somewhat larger changes than the surrogate method because of differences in the definition of the unperturbed climate. The results are based on two diagnostics: the coldest day in winter and the largest continuous area with temperatures colder than twice the local standard deviation. The results are not sensitive to the choice of bias correction except in the mountainous regions. Previous results regarding the behavior of the measures of the changed probability have been extended. The counterintuitive behavior for heavy-tailed distributions is found to hold for a range of measures and for events that become more rare in a changed climate
Published: 2018

38. Using NO2 Satellite Observations to Support Satellite-based CO2 Emission Estimates of Cities and Power Plants

Author: Oliver Fuhrer, Valentin Clément, Julia Marshal, Grégoire Broquet, Dominik Brunner, Armin Löscher, Yasjka Meijer, Gerrit Kuhlmann, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Power (physics), 13. Climate action, Digital image processing, Environmental science, Satellite, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Image resolution, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: We created synthetic CO2 and NO2 satellite observations and compared various methods for estimating anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The NO2 observations increased the number of detected CO2 plumes and reduced mean bias and scatter of the emission estimates making an NO2 instrument a valuable addition.
Published: 2018

39. Stochastic generation of multi-site daily precipitation focusing on extreme events

Author: Guillaume Evin, Anne-Catherine Favre, Benoit Hingray, Erosion torrentielle neige et avalanches (UR ETGR (ETNA)), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Swiss Federal Office for Environment (FOEN), Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate (ENSI), Federal Office for Civil Protection (FOCP), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, through the project EXAR ('Evaluation of extreme Flooding Events within the Aare-Rhine hydrological system in Switzerland'), Érosion torrentielle, neige et avalanches ( ETNA ), Irstea, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement ( IGE ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), and Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Stochastic modelling, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Magnitude (mathematics), 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Technology, lcsh:TD1-1066, [ SDE ] Environmental Sciences, Rare events, Precipitation, lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, Temporal scales, Representation (mathematics), stochastic models, TEMPERATURE, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, MODELE STOCHASTIQUE, lcsh:T, Tail dependence, lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, 020801 environmental engineering, lcsh:G, 13. Climate action, Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Focus (optics)
Abstract: Many multi-site stochastic models have been proposed for the generation of daily precipitation, but they generally focus on the reproduction of low to high precipitation amounts at the stations concerned. This paper proposes significant extensions to the multi-site daily precipitation model introduced by Wilks, with the aim of reproducing the statistical features of extremely rare events (in terms of frequency and magnitude) at different temporal and spatial scales. In particular, the first extended version integrates heavy-tailed distributions, spatial tail dependence, and temporal dependence in order to obtain a robust and appropriate representation of the most extreme precipitation fields. A second version enhances the first version using a disaggregation method. The performance of these models is compared at different temporal and spatial scales on a large region covering approximately half of Switzerland. While daily extremes are adequately reproduced at the stations by all models, including the benchmark Wilks version, extreme precipitation amounts at larger temporal scales (e.g., 3-day amounts) are clearly underestimated when temporal dependence is ignored.
Published: 2018

40. How much of the global aerosol optical depth is found in the boundary layer and free troposphere?

Author: Quentin Bourgeois, Annica M. L. Ekman, Jean-Baptiste Renard, Radovan Krejci, Abhay Devasthale, Frida A.-M. Bender, Ilona Riipinen, Gwenaël Berthet, Jason L. Tackett, Department of Meteorology [Stockholm] (MISU), Stockholm University, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry [Stockholm] (ACES), Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), and Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Hampton] (SSAI)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 13. Climate action, Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences, Meteorologi och atmosfärforskning, 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 020701 environmental engineering, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The global aerosol extinction from the CALIOP space lidar was used to compute aerosol optical depth (AOD) over a nine-year period (2007–2015) and partitioned between the boundary layer (BL) and the free troposphere (FT) using BL heights obtained from the ERA-Interim archive. The results show that the vertical distribution of AOD does not follow the diurnal cycle of the BL but remains similar between day and night highlighting the presence of a residual layer during night. The BL and FT contribute 69 % and 31 %, respectively, to the global tropospheric AOD during daytime in line with observations obtained using the Light Optical Aerosol Counter (LOAC) instrument. The FT AOD contribution is larger in the tropics than at mid-latitudes which indicates that convective transport largely controls the vertical profile of aerosols. Over oceans, the FT AOD contribution is mainly governed by long-range transport of aerosols from emission sources located within neighboring continents. According to the CALIOP aerosol classification, dust and smoke particles are the main aerosol types transported into the FT. Overall, the study shows that the fraction of AOD in the FT – and thus potentially located above low-level clouds – is substantial and deserves more attention when evaluating the radiative effect of aerosols in climate models. More generally, the results have implications for process determining the overall budgets, sources, sinks and transport of aerosol particles and their description in atmospheric models.
Published: 2018

41. On the Long-term Stability of Satellite and Ground-based Ozone Profile Records

Author: Hubert, Daan, Lambert, Jean-Christopher, Verhoelst, Tijl, Keppens, Arno, Granville, José, Bhartia, Pawan K., Bourassa, Adam E., Damadeo, Robert, Degenstein, Doug A., Froidevaux, Lucien, Godin-Beekmann, Sophie, Johnson, Bryan J., Kaempfer, Niklaus, Leblanc, Thierry, Lichtenberg, Günter, Murtagh, Donal P., Maillard Barras, Eliane, Nakane, Hideaki, Nedoluha, Gerald, Portafaix, Thierry, Querel, Richard, Raspollini, Piera, Russell, James-M., Salvador, J., Smit, Herman G. J., Sofieva, Viktoria, Stebel, Kerstin, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stübi, René, Swart, Daan P. J., Tarasick, David W., Thompson, Anne M., van Malderen, Roeland, von Clarmann, Thomas, von Der Gathen, Peter, Walker, Kaley A., Weber, Mark, Witte, Jacquelyn C., Elian, Wolfram, Zawodny, Joseph M., Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] (ISAS), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S)-University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, DLR Institut für Methodik der Fernerkundung / DLR Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' (IFAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Center for Atmospheric Sciences [Hampton] (CAS), Hampton University, Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones [Buenos Aires] (CEILAP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa (CITEDEF), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Payerne Aerological Station, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] - Royal Meteorological Institute (IRM), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), University of Toronto, University of Bremen, Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa (CITEDEF), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] (IRM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France, and Cardon, Catherine
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]
Abstract: International audience; In recent years, many analyses of space- and ground-based data records reported signs or evidence of increasing ozone concentrations in the extrapolar upper stratosphere since the late 1990s. However, the magnitude and significance of the trend estimates vary from one study to another, prompting the ozone research community to further investigate the causes of these differences. A broader consensus has emerged in the past year, placing the positive trend in the upper stratosphere on solid ground and heralding the start of an observation-based exploration of the recovery of stratospheric ozone. More accurate trend estimates are needed to identify the geophysical processes contributing to the recovery and their relative importance. Uncovering seasonal and spatial trend patterns will be key in reaching this objective, not just in the extrapolar upper stratosphere but elsewhere as well.However, at the moment, it remains unclear whether current ozone profile observing systems are able to provide this information. We address this question with an exploration of the capabilities and limitations of current data records in space (limb/occultation sounders) and on the ground (NDACC/GAW/SHADOZ-affiliated sonde, stratospheric lidar and microwave radiometer sites) to infer decadal trends and their vertical, latitudinal and seasonal patterns. We focus on long-term stability, one of the key drivers of the ability to detect trends. We present updated results of a comprehensive analysis that allowed us to quantify the drift of satellite data relative to the ground-based networks (Hubert et al., 2016). In a companion analysis we exploited the satellite data to uncover temporal and spatial inhomogeneities in the ground-based time series, some of which were traced to known changes occurring at different moments across the network. These changes add to the challenge to derive unbiased ozone trends from ground-based observations and they impede our ability to constrain satellite drift to the level required for current and future ozone trend assessments. We conclude that ongoing efforts to homogenise the ground-based data records are essential.
Published: 2017

42. Validation of an all-sky imager-based nowcasting System for industrial PV plants

Author: Thomas J. Schmidt, Pascal Moritz Kuhn, Nora Kozonek, Andreas Meyer, Lourdes Ramirez, Bijan Nouri, Robert Pitz-Paal, Luis F. Zarzalejo, Zeyad Yasser, Detlev Heinemann, Laurent Vuilleumier, Christoph Prahl, Philippe Blanc, Stefan Wilbert, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Hamburg University of Applied Sciences [Hamburg], TSK FLAGSOL, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas [Madrid] (CIEMAT), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Fachbereich Informatik - Oldenburg, Carl Von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Centre Observation, Impacts, Énergie (O.I.E.), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: grid integration, Mean squared error, Nowcasting, Meteorology, 020209 energy, Irradiance, 02 engineering and technology, Qualifizierung, 7. Clean energy, photovoltaic, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Solar Resource, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, All-sky imager, solar nowcasting, Remote sensing, nowcasting systems, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, Photovoltaic system, plant control, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Solar energy, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, all‐sky imager, Electricity generation, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, 0210 nano-technology, business, Lead time
Abstract: International audience; Because of the cloud-induced variability of the solar resource, the growing contributions of photovoltaic plants to the overall power generation challenges the stability of electricity grids. To avoid blackouts, administrations started to define maximum negative ramp rates. Storages can be used to reduce the occurring ramps. Their required capacity, durability, and costs can be optimized by nowcasting systems. Nowcasting systems use the input of upward-facing cameras to predict future irradiances. Previously, many nowcasting systems were developed and validated. However, these validations did not consider aggregation effects, which are present in industrial-sized power plants. In this paper, we present the validation of nowcasted global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and direct normal irradiance maps derived from an example system consisting of 4 all-sky cameras (“WobaS-4cam”). The WobaS-4cam system is operational at 2 solar energy research centers and at a commercial 50-MW solar power plant. Besides its validation on 30 days, the working principle is briefly explained. The forecasting deviations are investigated with a focus on temporal and spatial aggregation effects. The validation found that spatial and temporal aggregations significantly improve forecast accuracies: Spatial aggregation reduces the relative root mean square error (GHI) from 30.9% (considering field sizes of 25 m2) to 23.5% (considering a field size of 4 km2) on a day with variable conditions for 1 minute averages and a lead time of 15 minutes. Over 30 days of validation, a relative root mean square error (GHI) of 20.4% for the next 15 minutes is observed at pixel basis (25 m2). Although the deviations of nowcasting systems strongly depend on the validation period and the specific weather conditions, the WobaS-4cam system is considered to be at least state of the art.
Published: 2017

43. Shadow camera system for the generation of solar irradiance maps

Author: Philippe Blanc, Pascal Moritz Kuhn, Andreas Meyer, Christoph Prahl, Thomas Haase, Michael Wittmann, Laurent Vuilleumier, Stefan Wilbert, Luis F. Zarzalejo, David Schüler, Robert Pitz-Paal, Tobias Hirsch, Lourdes Ramirez, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas [Madrid] (CIEMAT), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Centre Observation, Impacts, Énergie (O.I.E.), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: Pyranometer, Nowcasting, Mean squared error, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, 020209 energy, Orthophoto, Irradiance, 02 engineering and technology, Qualifizierung, Solar irradiance, Integration of renewable energies, 7. Clean energy, [SPI.ENERG]Engineering Sciences [physics]/domain_spi.energ, Solar forecasting, Shadow, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Environmental science, General Materials Science, Shadow camera system, Pyrheliometer, Remote sensing
Abstract: International audience; Highly spatially and temporally resolved solar irradiance maps are of special interest for predicting ramp rates and for optimizing operations in solar power plants. Irradiance maps with lead times between 0 and up to 30 min can be generated using all-sky imager based nowcasting systems or with shadow camera systems. Shadow cameras provide photos of the ground taken from an elevated position below the clouds. In this publication, we present a shadow camera system, which provides spatially resolved Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI), Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) and Global Tilted Irradiance (GTI) maps. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a shadow camera system is achieved. Its generated irradiance maps have two purposes: (1) The shadow camera system is already used to derive spatial averages to benchmark all-sky imager based nowcasting systems. (2) Shadow camera systems can potentially provide spatial irradiance maps for plant operations and may act as nowcasting systems. The presented shadow camera system consists of six cameras taking photos from the top of an 87 m tower and is located at the Plataforma Solar de Almería in southern Spain. Out of six photos, an ortho-normalized image (orthoimage) is calculated. The orthoimage under evaluation is compared with two reference orthoimages. Out of the three orthoimages and one additional pyranometer and pyrheliometer, spatially resolved irradiance maps (DNI, GHI, GTI) are derived. In contrast to satellites, the shadow camera system uses shadows to obtain irradiance maps and achieves higher spatial and temporal resolutions. he preliminary validation of the shadow camera system, conducted in detail on two example days (2015-09-18, 2015-09-19) with 911 one-minute averages, shows deviations between 4.2% and 16.7% root mean squared errors (RMSE), 1.6% and 7.5% mean absolute errors (MAE) and standard deviations between 4.2% and 15.4% for DNI maps calculated with the derived approach. The GHI maps show deviations below 10% RMSE, between 2.1% and 7.1% MAE and standard deviations between 3.2% and 7.9%. Three more days (2016-05-11, 2016-09-01, 2016-12-09) are evaluated, briefly presented and show similar deviations. These deviations are similar or below all-sky imager based nowcasts for lead time zero minutes. The deviations are small for photometrically uncalibrated, low-cost and off-the-shelf surveillance cameras, which is achieved by a segmentation approach.
Published: 2017

44. Past changes in the vertical distribution of ozone – Part 3: Analysis and interpretation of trends

Author: Jean-Christopher Lambert, J. D. Wild, M. De Mazière, Birgit Hassler, Adam Bourassa, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, Andy Delcloo, Neil R. P. Harris, Richard Querel, Alan Parrish, Corinne Vigouroux, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Erkki Kyrölä, Amanda C. Maycock, P. K. Bhartia, C. D. Boone, Johannes Staehelin, Nicholas B. Jones, M. J. Kurylo, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Richard S. Stolarski, Stacey M. Frith, C. E. Sioris, Fiona Tummon, John Anderson, Greg Bodeker, H. J. Wang, B. Liley, D. A. Degenstein, Johanna Tamminen, Lucien Froidevaux, Karen H. Rosenlof, Chris Roth, Emmanuel Mahieu, Kaley A. Walker, Daan Hubert, Marko Laine, René Stübi, S T Leblanc, Joseph M. Zawodny, Sean M. Davis, Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Bodeker Scientific, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Hampton University, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Department of Chemistry [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] (ISAS), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S)-University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] (IRM), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Chemistry [Wollongong], University of Wollongong [Australia], Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Department of Astronomy [Amherst], University of Massachusetts [Amherst] (UMass Amherst), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS)-University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, University of Toronto, Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], NCEP Climate Prediction Center (CPC), NOAA National Weather Service (NWS), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Harris, Neil [0000-0003-1256-3006], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, and Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] - Royal Meteorological Institute (IRM)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, Ozone, business.industry, Equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine, Distribution (economics), Pinatubo eruption, Atmospheric sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Ozone layer, Environmental science, business, Stratosphere, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Trends in the vertical distribution of ozone are reported and compared for a number of new and recently revised data sets. The amount of ozone-depleting compounds in the stratosphere (as measured by equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine – EESC) was maximised in the second half of the 1990s. We examine the periods before and after the peak to see if any change in trend is discernible in the ozone record that might be attributable to a change in the EESC trend, though no attribution is attempted. Prior to 1998, trends in the upper stratosphere (~ 45 km, 4 hPa) are found to be −5 to −10 % per decade at mid-latitudes and closer to −5 % per decade in the tropics. No trends are found in the mid-stratosphere (28 km, 30 hPa). Negative trends are seen in the lower stratosphere at mid-latitudes in both hemispheres and in the deep tropics. However, it is hard to be categorical about the trends in the lower stratosphere for three reasons: (i) there are fewer measurements, (ii) the data quality is poorer, and (iii) the measurements in the 1990s are perturbed by aerosols from the Mt Pinatubo eruption in 1991. These findings are similar to those reported previously even though the measurements for the main satellite and ground-based records have been revised. There is no sign of a continued negative trend in the upper stratosphere since 1998: instead there is a hint of an average positive trend of ~ 2 % per decade in mid-latitudes and ~ 3 % per decade in the tropics. The significance of these upward trends is investigated using different assumptions of the independence of the trend estimates found from different data sets. The averaged upward trends are significant if the trends derived from various data sets are assumed to be independent (as in Pawson et al., 2014) but are generally not significant if the trends are not independent. This occurs because many of the underlying measurement records are used in more than one merged data set. At this point it is not possible to say which assumption is best. Including an estimate of the drift of the overall ozone observing system decreases the significance of the trends. The significance will become clearer as (i) more years are added to the observational record, (ii) further improvements are made to the historic ozone record (e.g. through algorithm development), and (iii) the data merging techniques are refined, particularly through a more rigorous treatment of uncertainties.
Published: 2015

45. Round-robin evaluation of nadir ozone profile retrievals: methodology and application to MetOp-A GOME-2

Author: A. Keppens, J.-C. Lambert, J. Granville, G. Miles, R. Siddans, J. C. A. van Peet, R. J. van der A, D. Hubert, T. Verhoelst, A. Delcloo, S. Godin-Beekmann, R. Kivi, R. Stübi, C. Zehner, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] (IRM), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, European Space Research Institute (ESRIN), European Space Agency (ESA), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] - Royal Meteorological Institute (IRM), and Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Optimal estimation, Meteorology, lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Reference data (financial markets), [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Climate change, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Environmental engineering, 010309 optics, Data set, Lidar, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, Nadir, Environmental science, Satellite, lcsh:TA170-171, Smoothing, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: A methodology for the round-robin evaluation and the geophysical validation of ozone profile data retrieved from nadir UV backscatter satellite measurements is detailed and discussed, consisting of data set content studies, information content studies, co-location studies, and comparisons with reference measurements. Within the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative on ozone (Ozone_cci project), the proposed round-robin procedure is applied to two nadir ozone profile data sets retrieved at the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL, United Kingdom), using their respective OPERA v1.26 and RAL v2.1 optimal estimation algorithms, from MetOp-A GOME-2 (i.e. the second generation Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment on the first Meteorological Operational Satellite) measurements taken in 2008. The ground-based comparisons use ozonesonde and lidar profiles as reference data, acquired by the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC), Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesonde programme (SHADOZ), and other stations of the World Meteorological Organisation's Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO GAW). This direct illustration highlights practical issues that inevitably emerge from discrepancies in e.g. profile representation and vertical smoothing, for which different recipes are investigated and discussed. Several approaches for information content quantification, vertical resolution estimation, and reference profile resampling are compared and applied as well. The paper concludes with compliance estimates of the two GOME-2 ozone profile data sets with user requirements from the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) and from climate modellers.
Published: 2015

46. Using the Optimal Estimation Method (OEM) for Retrieval of Stratospheric Ozone Profiles from DIAL lidar measurements

Author: Farhani, Ghazal, Sica, Robert, Godin-Beekmann, Sophie, Haefele, Alexander, Department of Physics and Astronomy [London, ON], University of Western Ontario (UWO), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, and Cardon, Catherine
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]
Abstract: International audience; The Optimal Estimation Method (OEM) is an inverse method that allows the retrieval of parameters based on measurements and a forward model of the measurement. A complete uncertainty budget on a profile to profile basis, plus the vertical resolution of the measurements as a function of height can be found by this method. We use OEM for the first time to retrieval ozone profiles from a DIAL ozone lidar. The retrievals will be used on measurements from the CANDAC Stratospheric Ozone Differential Absorption Lidar located in Eureka, Canada. We will show results for simulated measurements using one Rayleigh channel. The synthetic pro?les are similar to 3 hours of the real measurements. The ozone is retrieved at 900 m vertical resolution from 7 km to 55 km altitude. The averaging kernel shows essentially no contribution from the a priori below 40 km; above this altitude the response of the averaging kernel drops to 0.8 around 45 km; above which height the retrieval becomes less sensitive to the measurements. The percentage error between the true and retrieved profiles varies between 0.5% to 2% in the region where the retrieval is valid and is less than the statistical uncertainties. In this pilot study background counts are also retrieved. A constant background was used to make synthetic measurements, however, due to the Signal Induced Noise (SIN), the background counts are not constant. We will include the effect of SIN offset on the background counts in the near future. The retrieval is currently being extended to use both of the lidar data channels. Using the two channels, we are planning to retrieve the ozone density profile, the aerosol extinction coefficient, deadtime of the detectors, and the lidar constants. We will then validate the method using measurements of ozone from other instruments, as well as against the traditional DIAL ozone analysis.
Published: 2017

47. Validation of Copernicus Height-resolved Ozone data Products from Sentinel-5P TROPOMI using global sonde and lidar networks (CHEOPS-5P)

Author: Keppens, Arno, Lambert, Jean-Christopher, Hubert, Daan, Verhoelst, Tijl, Granville, José, Ancellet, Gérard, Balis, Dimitris, Delcloo, Andy, Duflot, Valentin, Godin-Beekmann, Sophie, Koukouli, Marilisa, Leblanc, Thierry, Stavrakou, Trissevgeni, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stübi, René, Thompson, Anne, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics [Thessaloniki], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] - Royal Meteorological Institute (IRM), Équipe Troposphère, Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)-Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), STRATO - LATMOS, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] (IRM), and Cardon, Catherine
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]
Abstract: International audience; Monitoring of and research on air quality, stratospheric ozone and climate change require global and long-term observation of the vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone, at ever-improving resolution and accuracy. Global tropospheric and stratospheric ozone profile measurement capabilities from space have therefore improved substantially over the last decades. Being a part of the space segment of the Copernicus Atmosphere and Climate Services that is currently under implementation, the upcoming Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) mission with its imaging spectrometer TROPOMI (Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument) is dedicated to the measurement of nadir atmospheric radiance and solar irradiance in the UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR spectral range. Ozone profile and tropospheric ozone column data will be retrieved from these measurements by use of several complementary retrieval methods. The geophysical validation of the enhanced height-resolved ozone data products, as well as support to the continuous evolution of the associated retrieval algorithms, is a key objective of the CHEOPS-5P project, a contributor to the ESA-led S5P Validation Team (S5PVT). This work describes the principles and implementation of the CHEOPS-5P quality assessment (QA) and validation system. The QA/validation methodology relies on the analysis of S5P retrieval diagnostics and on comparisons of S5P data with reference ozone profile measurements. The latter are collected from ozonesonde, stratospheric lidar and tropospheric lidar stations performing network operation in the context of WMO's Global Atmosphere Watch, including the NDACC global and SHADOZ tropical networks. After adaptation of the Multi-TASTE versatile satellite validation environment currently operational in the context of ESA's CCI, EUMETSAT O3M-SAF, and CEOS and SPARC initiatives, a list of S5P data Quality Indicators (QI) will be derived from complementary investigations: (1) data content and information content studies of the S5P data retrievals; (2) traceable preparation of the S5P data and correlative measurements in view of data comparisons (co-location studies, unit and representation conversions, handling of smoothing and sampling issues, independent estimate of tropopause altitude, (sub-)column integration...), with associated error propagation; (3) data comparisons leading to statistical estimates of the systematic bias and random difference between S5P and reference network data as a function of latitude, their cycles, their long-term evolution, and their dependences on influence quantities (e.g., clouds, solar zenith angle, and slant column density); (4) and finally the assessment of compliance with user requirements as formulated, e.g., by Copernicus Atmosphere and Climate services and by GCOS.
Published: 2017

48. Validation of spatially resolved all sky imager derived DNI nowcasts

Author: Thomas Haase, Tobias Hirsch, Jean Dubrana, Robert Pitz-Paal, Laurent Vuilleumier, Angela Meyer, Andreas Kazantzidis, David Schüler, Christoph Prahl, Stefan Wilbert, Pascal Moritz Kuhn, Luis F. Zarzalejo, Marion Schroedter-Homscheidt, Philippe Blanc, Lourdes Ramirez, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas [Madrid] (CIEMAT), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Centre Observation, Impacts, Énergie (O.I.E.), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), University of Patras, Department of physics, and University of Patras [Greece]
Subjects: Nowcasting, Meteorology, 020209 energy, media_common.quotation_subject, Direct normal irradiance, Irradiance, Qualifizierung, nowcasting, ASI, 02 engineering and technology, Normal irradiance, 7. Clean energy, [SPI.ENERG]Engineering Sciences [physics]/domain_spi.energ, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Plataforma Solar de Almería, Solar power, Remote sensing, media_common, business.industry, Spatially resolved, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Geography, 13. Climate action, Sky, Direct Normal Irradiance, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: International audience; Mainly due to clouds, Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) displays short-term local variabilities affecting the efficiency of concentrating solar power (CSP) plants. To enable efficient plant operation, DNI nowcasts in high spatial and temporal resolutions for 15 to 30 minutes ahead are required. Ground-based All Sky Imagers (ASI) can be used to detect, track and predict 3D positions of clouds possibly shading the plant. The accuracy and reliability of these ASI-derived DNI nowcasts must be known to allow its application in solar power plants. Within the framework of the European project DNICast, an ASI-based nowcasting system was developed and implemented at the Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA). Its validation methodology and validation results are presented in this work. The nowcasting system outperforms persistence forecasts for volatile irradiance situations.
Published: 2017

49. Measurements of precipitation in Dumont d'Urville, Adélie Land, East Antarctica

Author: Grazioli, Jacopo, Genthon, Christophe, Boudevillain, Brice, Duran-Alarcon, Claudio, Del Guasta, Massimo, Madeleine, Jean-Baptiste, Berne, Alexis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), MeteoSwiss, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology
Abstract: International audience; The first results of a campaign of intensive observation of precipitation in Dumont d'Urville, Antarctica, are presented. Several instruments collected data from November 2015 to February 2016 or longer, including a polarimetric radar (MXPol), a Micro Rain Radar (MRR), a weighing gauge (Pluvio2), and a Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera (MASC). These instruments collected the first ground-based measurements of precipitation in the region of Adélie Land (Terre Adélie), including precipitation microphysics. Microphysical observations during the austral summer 2015/2016 showed that, close to the ground level, aggregates are the dominant hydrometeor type, together with small ice particles (mostly originating from blowing snow), and that riming is a recurring process. Eleven percent of the measured particles were fully developed graupel, and aggregates had a mean riming degree of about 30 %. Spurious precipitation in the Pluvio2 measurements in windy conditions, leading to phantom accumulations, is observed and partly removed through synergistic use of MRR data. The yearly accumulated precipitation of snow (300 m above ground), obtained by means of a local conversion relation of MRR data, trained on the Pluvio2 measurement of the summer period, is estimated to be 815 mm of water equivalent, with a confidence interval ranging between 739.5 and 989 mm. Data obtained in previous research from satellite-borne radars, and the ERA-Interim reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) provide lower yearly totals: 655 mm for ERA-Interim and 679 mm for the climatological data over DDU. ERA-Interim overestimates the occurrence of low-intensity precipitation events especially in summer, but it compensates for them by underestimating the snowfall amounts carried by the most intense events. Overall, this paper provides insightful examples of the added values of precipitation monitoring in Antarctica with a synergistic use of in situ and remote sensing measurements.
Published: 2017

50. Validation of 10-year SAO OMI Ozone Profile (PROFOZ) product using ozonesonde observations

Author: Tristan J. Hall, Bertrand Calpini, Bogumil Kois, Roeland Van Malderen, René Stübi, Marion Marchand, Marc Allaart, Masatomo Fujiwara, Thierry Leblanc, Anne M. Thompson, M.B. Tully, Richard Querel, Everette Joseph, Françoise Posny, Ghassan Taha, Kai Yang, Zhaonan Cai, Giovanni Laneve, Michael J. Newchurch, Manvendra K. Dubey, Gary A. Morris, Hugo De Backer, Rinus Scheele, Xiong Liu, Jacquelyn C. Witte, Kenneth R. Minschwaner, Nozomu Ohkawara, Ankie Piters, Kelly Chance, Shin-Ya Ogino, Margarita Yela, Ninong Komala, Emilio Cuevas-Agulló, H. B. Selkirk, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Guanyu Huang, Manuel Cupeiro, Valérie Thouret, Holger Vömel, Russell C. Schnell, Gerrie Coetzee, Pawan K. Bhartia, Masato Shiotani, Gérard Ancellet, Otto Schrems, Bryan J. Johnson, Gert König-Langlo, Rigel Kivi, F. J. Schmidlin, Peter von der Gathen, P. Skrivankova, David W. Tarasick, Henry E. Fuelberg, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science [College Park] (AOSC), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Payerne Aerological Station, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, South African Weather Service (SAWS), Izaña Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMet), National Meteorological Service [Ushuaia], Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] (IRM), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science [Tallahassee] (FSU | EOAS), Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Faculty of Environmental Earth Science [Sapporo], Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], STRATO - LATMOS, ESRL Global Monitoring Laboratory [Boulder] (GML), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC), University at Albany [SUNY], State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute (IMGW - PIB), Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Earth Observation Satellite Images Applications Laboratory (EOSIAL), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Physics [Socorro], New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), St. Edward's University, Department of Atmospheric Science [Huntsville], University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), Department of Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Land Processes Research (DCOP), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Global Environment and Marine Department [Tokyo], Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de La Réunion (OSU-Réunion), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University [Kyoto], Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Australian Bureau of Meteorology [Melbourne] (BoM), Australian Government, Earth Observing Laboratory [Boulder] (EOL), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR)-University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] - Royal Meteorological Institute (IRM), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Kyoto University, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Cloud cover, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, Troposphere, Ozone layer, lcsh:TA170-171, Stratosphere, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, validation, Ozone Monitoring Instrument, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:TA715-787, Anomaly (natural sciences), OMI, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, ozone, lcsh:Environmental engineering, Trace gas, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science
Abstract: We validate the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) Ozone Profile (PROFOZ) product from October 2004 through December 2014 retrieved by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) algorithm against ozonesonde observations. We also evaluate the effects of OMI row anomaly (RA) on the retrieval by dividing the dataset into before and after the occurrence of serious OMI RA, i.e., pre-RA (2004–2008) and post-RA (2009–2014). The retrieval shows good agreement with ozonesondes in the tropics and midlatitudes and for pressure ∼ 50 hPa after applying OMI averaging kernels to ozonesonde data. The MBs of the stratospheric ozone column (SOC, the ozone column from the tropopause pressure to the ozonesonde burst pressure) are within 2 % with SDs of ∼ 50 hPa. The SOC MBs increase up to 3 % with SDs as great as 6 % and the TOC SDs increase up to 30 %. The comparison generally degrades at larger solar zenith angles (SZA) due to weaker signals and additional sources of error, leading to worse performance at high latitudes and during the midlatitude winter. Agreement also degrades with increasing cloudiness for pressure > ∼ 100 hPa and varies with cross-track position, especially with large MBs and SDs at extreme off-nadir positions. In the tropics and midlatitudes, the post-RA comparison is considerably worse with larger SDs reaching 2 % in the stratosphere and 8 % in the troposphere and up to 6 % in TOC. There are systematic differences that vary with latitude compared to the pre-RA comparison. The retrieval comparison demonstrates good long-term stability during the pre-RA period but exhibits a statistically significant trend of 0.14–0.7 % year−1 for pressure
Published: 2017

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