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This study aimed to synthesize α-Glycerol Monolaurate from protected glycerol (glycerol 1,2-acetonide) using Lipozym TL IM as a catalyst. In the first step, transesterification of methyl laurate and glycerol 1,2-acetonide with Lipozyme TL IM produced 1,2-acetonide-3-lauryl glycerol. In the second step, deprotection of 1,2-acetonide-3-lauryl glycerol with Amberlyst-15 produced α-Glycerol Monolaurate. Furthermore, the optimum yield (82.1%) of 1,2-acetonide-3-lauryl glycerol (light yellow liquid, purity of 92%) was achieved at a reactant mole ratio of 1, n-hexane (4 mL) with a reaction time of 12 hours, and total Lipozyme TL IM of 5% (w/w of the total weight of reactants) at a temperature of 35°C. Deprotection of 1,2-acetonide-3-lauryl glycerol with Amberlyst-15 was conducted at room temperature for 24 hours. At a melting point of 62.8°C, and purity of 100% α-Glycerol Monolaurate in the form of a white solid was obtained with a yield of 74.6% after the recrystallization of the crude product. This α-glycerol monolaurate synthesis reaction pathway can be referred to as a green α-monoacylglyceride synthesis method.

Fatty acid and monoglyceride are examples of lipid compounds that can be founded in vegetable oils. The fatty acid has an important role in the human diet, lubricants, detergents, cosmetics, plastics, coatings, and resin. Monoglyceride has a wide function in the food industry in particular as natural emulsifier, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, antioxidant, and antibacterial. Therefore, isolation and preparation of fatty acid and monoglyceride are the crucial step. This article focuses on providing the chemical reaction paths of isolation fatty acid and synthesis of monoglyceride from vegetable oils. Fatty acids could be isolated by Colgate-Emery steam hydrolysis, hydrolysis of vegetable oils using inorganic base catalyst or lipase, and base-catalyzed hydrolysis of pure fatty acid methyl ester. There are three steps in the synthesis of pure fatty acid methyl ester which are neutralization, transesterification, and fractional distillation. There are four reactions paths in preparing monoglyceride from vegetable oils. They are glycerolysis, ethanolysis using lipase enzyme (sn-1,3), esterification of fatty acid with glycerol in the presence of inorganic acid catalyst or lipase, transesterification of fatty acid methyl ester with glycerol, transesterification of fatty acid methyl ester with protected glycerol (1,2-O-isopropylidene glycerol), and deprotection using an acid resin (Amberlyst-15).

A research on modification of natural clay over acid activated and aniline intercalated under varied concentration 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8% submitting to lemongrass purification has been done. The research included clay preparation, H2SO4 1.2M activated and aniline intercalated. These modified clays was then characterized with FTIR, XRD, gravimetric surface acid and methylene blue surface area method following by purification of lemongrass oil yielded over vapors distillation. Activation and intercalation procesess over the natural, activated and aniline intercalation clay could be explained by CN stretching peak shiffted from 2337.72 cm−1 for the natural clay to 2368.59 cm−1 for the other clays and also the appearance of a peak at 910.40 cm−1 for the activated clay, at 918.12 cm−1, at 916 cm−1 for 0.5-4% and 8% aniline intercalated clay, respectively. Similar difractogram pattern found of all the clays indicated no structurally changes happened over the activation and intercalation process. The success of the activation and the intercalation process into the clays was indicated by the increasing of its basal spacing from 9.93073A for the natural clay to 10.24469A for the activated clays and about 10.23225–10.30168A for the rest of aniline intercalated clays. The aniline intercalation into the clays preceded by H2SO4 1.2M activation gave a significant increasing of acid surfaced from 0.2126 mmol/g for the natural clay to about 1.4276-1.7573 mmol/g for the activated and intercalated clays. This was consistent to the increasing of the surface area where the 4% anilin intercalated clays were the highest following by its 2, 1, 0.8 and 5% form and the natural as the lowest. According to the GC-MS, clays modified over activation and anilin intercalation process showed the decrease of the impurities i.e. myrcene, limonene, phellandral, trans-geraniol and geranyl acetate but increasing the major citral composition better than that of the natural clay otherwise.

An attempt of synthesis 2-monolaurin from lauric acid through trilaurin as an intermediate compound has been successfully conducted. Trilaurin has been afforded via esterification reaction of lauric acid and glycerol with yield and purity of 78 and 84% respectively. Ethanolysis reaction of trilaurin using Lipozyme TL IM enzyme resulted in the formation of 2-monolaurin in a yield of 60 % and purity of 97%.

Background Biofilm is one of the causes of antibiotic resistance. One of the biofilm-producing bacteria is Staphylococcus epidermidis which has been proven to infect long-term users of urinary catheters and implant devices. The 1-monolaurin compound has been known to have an antimicrobial effect. However, its effect on clinical isolates of S. epidermidis in producing biofilm has not been established. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of 1-monolaurin towards biofilm forming clinical isolates of S. epidermidis. Methods The experiment used micro broth dilution technique which consists of test group (1-monolaurin), positive control group (rifampicin), solvent group, negative control group (clinical isolate of S. epidermidis), and media group (TSB media). The Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) was determined by incubating bacteria added with 1-monolaurin (1000–1953 μg/mL) or rifampicin (250–0,488 μg/mL) for 24 h. The MIC was determined visually. After that, the incubated bacteria was cultured in TSA media to determine Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The assessment of Biofilm inhibitory Concentration (BIC) and Biofilm Eradication Concentration (BEC) was conducted with the same way, the difference was BIC intervened directly with compound meanwhile BEC was incubated for 24 h in 37 °C before the intervention. Then, the specimen was reincubated to grow biofilm at the microplate, washed with PBS and stained with 1% of crystal violet. The optical density (OD) was measured at a wavelength of 595 nm. The percentage of BIC and BEC then were calculated, continued to probit analysis regression to determine the BIC50, BIC80, BEC50, and BEC80. Results The MIC dan MBC of 1-monolaurin and rifampicin were > 1000 μg/mL, > 1000 μg/mL, ≤0.488 μg/mL, and 1.953 μg/mL respectively. BIC50 and BIC80 of 1-monolaurin and rifampicin were 26.669 μg/mL, 168.688 μg/mL, 0.079 μg/mL, and 0.974 μg/mL respectively. The BEC50 and BEC80 of 1-monolaurin and rifampicin were 322.504 μg/mL, 1338.681 μg/mL, 5.547 μg/mL, dan 17.910 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion The 1-monolaurin can inhibit growth and eradicate the biofilm formed by clinical isolates of S. epidermidis, however, it has neither inhibit nor kill planktonic cells of S. epidermidis.

The synthesis of 1-monoolein has been carried out through a two-step reaction: transesterification of ethyl oleate and 1,2-acetonide glycerol in the presence of sodium carbonate as a catalyst, and followed by deprotection using an Amberlyst-15 catalyst in ethanol. The transesterification reaction of ethyl oleate could produce 1,2-acetonide-3-oleoyl glycerol as a yellow liquid with a yield of 74%. Meanwhile, the deprotection of the intermediate compound could afford 1-monoolein as an unstable white soft solid in a yield of 59% and melting point at 35-37 °C.

A monoacylglycerol compound, 1-monoolein, was successfully synthesized by using green one-step synthesis through the ethanolysis reaction of Kabate Larva Oil. Kabate Larva Oil was reacted using dry ethanol with ratio of oil to ethanol for 1: 4 (w/w). The reaction using lipase enzyme TL IM (5% w/w of total weight of the reactant) as catalyst. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours and isolated through liquid-liquid extraction. The product was analyzed by using LC-MS-MS. The result showed that the product contains a high purity of 1-monoolein with purity of more than 85%. The 1-monoolein synthesis reaction takes place in one reaction step; using enzyme catalyst; takes place at room temperature and use natural product as raw material. Thus, the green one-step synthesis of 1-monoolein from Kabate Larva Oil was successfully conducted.

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang skrining fitokimia pada ekstrak daun flamboyan (Delonix regia. Raf). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui senyawa metabolit sekunder pada ekstrak daun flamboyan meliputi flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, tanin dan fenolik. Penelitian diawali dengan pembuatan ekstrak metanol, kloroform dan n-heksan daun flamboyan menggunakan metode maserasi. Masing-masing ekstrak selanjutnya dilakukan skrining fitokimia. Hasil skrining fitokimia menunjukkan semua ekstrak daun flamboyan mengandung flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin dan fenolik. Kandungan saponin tidak terdapat pada ekstrak kloroform dan n-heksan sedangkan hasil positif saponin terdapat pada ekstrak methanol daun flamboyan. Kata Kunci: Daun Flamboyan (delonix regia. Raf), Skrining Fitokimia, Metabolit Sekunder

Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mensintesis senyawa metil 9,10-epoksi stearat dari minyak jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas) asal Pulau Timor. Minyak jarak pagar dapat diekstrak dari biji jatropha menggunakan pelarut petroleum eter dengan rendemen 80,21% (b/b). Hasil transesterifikasi minyak jarak pagar dengan katalis basa Na- metoksida adalah metil linoleat (39,94%) dan metil oleat (33,52%). Epoksida hasil transesterifikasi minyak jarak pagar menggunakan pengoksidasi asam m-kloroperoksibenzoat menghasilkan campuran bentuk cis dan trans dari senyawa metil 9,10-epoksi stearat dengan masing-masing kemurnian 11,57% dan 21,13%.

Telah dilakukan sintesis lempung terinterkalasi anilin dan pemanfaatannya sebagai adsorben fenol. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik lempung terinterkalasi anilin dan kemampuannya dalam mengadsorpsi fenol. Penelitian meliputi preparasi lempung, pembuatan Na-Lempung dan sintesis lempung terinterkalasi anilin. Produk yang dihasilkan dikarakterisasi menggunakan spektroskopi Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR), difraksi sinar-X (XRD) dan luas permukaan menggunakan metode metilen biru. Selanjutnya produk tersebut digunakan untuk mengadsorpsi fenol. Hasil karakterisasi menggunakan FTIR menunjukkan serapan NH pada 3430,22 cm-1 , serapan CN pada 2358,01 cm-1 dan terdapat beberapa gugus yang tetap dipertahankan pasca interkalasi. Analisa XRD menunjukkan bahwa interkalasi anilin menurunkan basal spacing 4,81 Ǻ untuk lempung alam menjadi 4,47 Ǻ untuk lempung terinterkalasi anilin diikuti penurunan luas permukaan 816,46 m2 /g untuk lempung alam menjadi 789,63 m2 /g pada lempung terinterkalasi anilin. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa lempung terinterkalasi anilin dapat mengadsorpsi fenol dengan baik dibandingkan lempung alam. Hal ini sejalan dengan nilai kapasitas adsorpsi fenol oleh lempung terinterkalasi anilin yaitu 100,00 μmol/g yang lebih besar dari lempung alam (71,43 μmol/g).

Isolation of lauric acid from crude coconut oil (CCO) has been done. Neutralization of CCO using 30% Na2CO3 solution could decrease its acid value from 1.69 to 0.48. Transesterification reactions of neutral coconut oil with methanol and K2CO3 at 55 °C in 3 hours produced methyl laurate in 52% purity. Methyl laurate with 87% purity could be isolated by fractionatal distillation at 130-140 °C. Hydrolysis of methyl laurate with NaOH produced solid lauric acidin 84% yield. Lauric acid at 5% concentration could inhibit the growth of all bacteria tested but it is still lower than Ciprofloxacin.