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Researchers have repeatedly applied the same models/theories to predict consumer behaviour, whereas theories that have been extensively used to promote motivation are disregarded in marketing science. For instance, organismic integration theory (OIT) is a prominent theory of human motivation that provides a framework for categorizing customers’ regulatory styles into different forms of motivational regulations, which could be used in marketing as customers can be motivated to engage in behaviour for a diverse array of reasons. Therefore, we aim to enrich the field of marketing by reviewing extant knowledge on OIT, noting tensions and inconsistencies, and identifying important gaps with reference to how the constructs underpinned by OIT have been applied and what research themes, contexts, and methodologies have been carried out. With this aim in mind, we reviewed three decades of research between 1991 and 2020, outlined underdeveloped and emerging marketing issues, and set comprehensive research agendas (presented as testable propositions).

Asymptotic integration theory gives a collection of results which provide a thorough description of the asymptotic growth and zero distribution of solutions of (*) f ′ ′ + P ( z ) f = 0 , where P ( z ) is a polynomial. These results have been used by several authors to find interesting properties of solutions of (*). That said, many people have remarked that the proofs and discussion concerning asymptotic integration theory that are, for example, in E. Hille’s 1969 book Lectures on Ordinary Differential Equations are difficult to follow. The main purpose of this paper is to make this theory more understandable and accessible by giving complete explanations of the reasoning used to prove the theory and by writing full and clear statements of the results. A considerable part of the presentation and explanation of the material is different from that in Hille’s book.

This study presents an integrative sustainable e-waste model, drawing on organismic integration theory and gender schema theory. E-waste behavior has attracted considerable attention in the cleaner production literature in recent years. However, there is growing debate, and little research has been conducted in developing countries, especially Pakistan, to investigate the motivational factors influencing sustainable e-waste behavior. This study empirically examines the different effects of motivational (intrinsic, identified, introjected, and external) regulations on sustainable e-waste disposal behavior and identifies whether customer gender moderates these effects. To address this gap, we recruited 209 households, and structural equation modeling (SEM) and multi-group modeling (MGM) techniques were used to test the proposed hypotheses using AMOS. When assessing customers' habits and external, introjected, identified, and intrinsic motivations in terms of gender differences, the SEM results revealed that female has more motivational sentiments and compliance to social norms for disposing e-waste behavior. The MGM results revealed that the effect of intrinsic motivation on sustainable e-waste disposal behavior is important for male customers, while the impact of external motivation is important for female customers. Identified motivation appears to be a significant predictor both for male and female customers. Finally, we briefly discuss the study's implications for theory and practice and highlight priorities for future research.

Published online: 16 September 2021 What explains the creation of the EU corona recovery fund? Why did the Union agree on a large-scale financial response to the corona pandemic, despite member states' very different immediate reactions to the crisis and their opposing attitudes towards common debt? This article argues for the decisiveness of France and Germany's role within the Union and their tight bilateral political cooperation. The ‘embedded bilateralism’ approach to European integration and EU politics explains how and why France and Germany, starting from different poles, came together and established joint positions, paving the way for an overall European compromise. Focusing on these two countries' particular leadership role advances the theoretical debate about the actors most crucial for driving European integration, especially in times of severe crisis. This article was published Open Access with the support from the EUI Library through the CRUI - Wiley Transformative Agreement (2020-2023)

Previous studies have applied theories of European integration to interpret crisis-led policymaking processes and integration outcomes in the EU. However, there has been little attempt to appraise the analytical leverage offered by major integration theories as a function of different crisis pressures. We theorize that diverse combinations of crisis pressures generate four decision-making scenarios in the EU, each of which can be ascribed to different combinations of analytical insights from neofunctionalism, intergovernmentalism, postfunctionalism, and federalism. We illustrate the value of our framework in relation to four EU crises concerning the euro area, refugees, Brexit and Covid-19. Overall, the paper makes a theoretical contribution to advance the debate on crisis-led integration in the EU.

The design of visual interfaces plays a crucial role in ensuring swift and accurate information search for operators, who use procedures and information tables to cope with problems arising during emergencies. The primary cognitive mechanism involved in information search is visual attention. However, design of interfaces is seldom done through applying predictions of theories of attention. Conversely, theories of attention are seldom tested in applied contexts. Combining application and attention research thus stands to benefit both fields. Therefore, this study tested three theories of visual attention that are especially relevant for information processing in emergencies-Load Theory, Feature Integration Theory, and Dilution Theory-as well as predictions about attentional guidance and capture of color in a complex visual interface. Evidence was found for several predictions from theory, especially from Feature Integration Theory. Implications for design practice and attention research are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Community-based exercise classes may enhance health outcomes for older adults, but they tend to have high drop-out rates. Given age integration theory, structuring social support opportunities may ...

Transformative service initiatives (TSIs) refer to activities by organizations (public, private, nonprofit) or volunteers to serve people experiencing vulnerabilities, including long-term challenges (e.g., refugees, homeless people, undocumented immigrants, ex-convicts) and try to improve their well-being. To advance the concept of TSI, this study proposes a 3A (Awareness, Alignment, Access) Integration Process Framework that can facilitate empirical tests of whether participation in TSIs affects people’s access to critical services. The empirical evidence affirms a positive influence of TSI participation on two TSR outcomes (application and access to higher education), according to data from a longitudinal study of 2,068 refugees (Study 1) that relies on propensity score matching and regression analysis. Study 2 uses qualitative data from six focus groups and identifies 16 barriers to successful refugee integration; it also identifies four individual strategies to overcoming those integration barriers. From academic and public policy perspectives, the findings demonstrate that efforts to plan and implement TSIs should follow a stepwise process to achieve the intended transformative outcomes. These findings can help academic, public policy, and civil society actors design and implement TSIs in various contexts to benefit people experiencing vulnerability.

Defence integration is frequently in demand but hardly supplied. Sovereignty concerns and a desire for national control constrain integration of the core state power of arms production. The Europea...

Rivalitas dan kerja sama elite di Indonesia hadir akibat adanya kepentingan antar kelompok aktor yang saling bersinggungan satu sama lain di dalam berbagai aspek. Bahwa elite selalu berusaha untuk menciptakan konsensus melalui kerja sama atas perhitungan keuntungan sekalipun terdapat rivalitas di antara elite yang bersinggungan. Hal ini dapat terlihat dari pemilukada di Jawa Timur pada 2008, 2013, dan 2018. Pada Pemilukada Jawa Timur 2008 dan 2013, Soekarwo menjadi rival dari Khofifah. Namun, pada Pemilukada Jawa Timur 2018, Soekarwo beralih mendukung Khofifah dan memutuskan tidak mendukung wakilnya selama dua periode, yaitu Saifullah Yusuf. Penelitian ini ingin melihat faktor melatarbelakangi rivalitas dan kerja sama elit, khususnya dalam konteks Pemilukada Jawa Timur 2018. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menggunakan teori kerja sama Antagonistik, Teori Boundary Control, Party-led Transition, dan Teori Integrasi dan Lingkaran Elite. Hasil dari penelitian ini bahwa terdapat peran dari elite nasional, dalam konteks ini DPP Partai Demokrat dan adanya pengaruh presiden Joko Widodo dalam peralihan dukungan Soekarwo kepada Khofifah. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa terdapat hubungan saling ketergantungan antara Seokarwo dan Khofifah. Soekarwo berharap bahwa apa yang ia lakukan dapat diteruskan oleh Khofifah, sedangkan Khofifah bergantung dengan dukungan penuh dari Soekarwo sehingga ia dapat menang di wilayah yang ia tidak pernah menangkan sebelumnya.

Motivation is a key factor for enhancing psychological engagement among underserved youth. However, the abundance of motivational constructs complicates the translation of theory into practice by community-based youth development programs. This paper simplifies the translation process, presenting an actionable motivation model derived from Ryan and Deci’s (2000) self-determination theory (SDT) and its sub-construct, organismic integration theory (OIT). This model was developed by Youth Enrichment Services (YES), a Pittsburgh-based nonprofit that cultivates long-term relationships, academic and professional success, and community engagement among low-income, adolescent students of color. Although intrinsic motivation to learn is more positively associated with psychological engagement than extrinsic motivation, contemporary institutions are built around extrinsic incentives. Therefore, guided by OIT, this model cultivates the gradual internalization of motivational regulation by supporting youth’s psychological needs of relatedness, competences, and autonomy. As a practical application of self-determination theory, this model holds promise for adoption by other youth development programs.

The second across three experiments, this study will examine the impact of visual cues on large-scale foraging-like search. Psychological assays of human search behaviour have primarily focused on the visual search paradigm, where participants are required to detect the presence (or absence) of a target item, which is defined by its visual features and hidden amongst an array of distractor items (Eckstein, 2011; Smith & De Lillo, 2022). Although conducted on a 2D computer monitor, visual search has been argued to represent a simple and controlled model of three-dimensional naturalistic foraging behaviour (e.g. Klein & MacInnes, 1999; Wolfe, 1994). There have, however, been relatively few studies of whether properties of visual search behaviour do indeed transfer to foraging-like search, where participants are required to physically explore a three-dimensional space in search of a target. Those that have experimentally addressed large-scale search (e.g. Gilchrist et al., 2001; Jiang et al., 2014; Smith et al., 2008, 2010) report equivocal findings but, crucially, have not systematically examined how the visual cues utilised in visual search might inform the large-scale equivalent (with the slight exception of Smith et al., 2008). In order, therefore, to draw a clearer paradigmatic link between contexts, the present study will examine whether large-scale search is modulated by the visual features of target and distractor items in a manner that is comparable to visual search findings. In addition, the potential cognitive underpinnings of search efficiency will be explored by relating performance to standardised measures of cognitive ability. Not only has it been suggested that human cognitive control processes have their roots in foraging behaviour (Hills et al., 2010), but foraging efficiency has also been identified as a marker for age-related cognitive decline (Mata, 2009). By studying the relationship between foraging-like search and cognitive ability, we aim to test these theories in a context that is more ecologically valid than the two-dimensional monitor-based tasks that have previously been applied. Experiment 2 will further explore the question of whether large-scale search behaviour is informed by the distinction between single feature and conjunction search, described by Feature Integration Theory (Treisman & Gelade, 1980). It will follow Experiment 1 by examining whether foraging strategies, such as the trade-off between exploration and exploitation (Ianni et al., 2016), is present when targets are patchily distributed. If visually-defined search ‘templates’ play a role in large-scale foraging-like search, then we would expect search for items that are distinguished by a single feature (e.g. colour) to be more efficient than search for items defined by a conjunction of features (e.g. colour and shape). This has recently been demonstrated in immersive virtual reality (VR), where stationary standing participants used a ‘laser pointer’ to search objects presented in three dimensions (Kristjansson et al., 2020a). However, true foraging-like search also incorporates full body movements as participants explore the environment, as well as shifts of perspective as they rotate their viewpoint. These differences may impact upon the relationship between visual information and search efficiency (see, for example: Ruddle & Lessels, 2006) and so we will examine how performance differs according to the required template for targets. In addition, we will here assess how foraging efficiency (i.e. movement between patches of items) is modulated by visual features. Planning search movements around a large-scale space, and deciding to switch from one patch of items to another, likely require a greater degree of cognitive control than two-dimensional visual search. Additional standardised cognitive assessments will, therefore, enable us to examine the theorised relationship between search efficiencies and cognitive functions.

This is the third experiment (from a series of three) in a study that examines the impact of visual cues on large-scale foraging-like search. Psychological assays of human search behaviour have primarily focused on the visual search paradigm, where participants are required to detect the presence (or absence) of a target item, which is defined by its visual features and hidden amongst an array of distractor items (Eckstein, 2011; Smith & De Lillo, 2022). Although conducted on a 2D computer monitor, visual search has been argued to represent a simple and controlled model of three-dimensional naturalistic foraging behaviour (e.g. Klein & MacInnes, 1999; Wolfe, 1994). There have, however, been relatively few studies of whether properties of visual search behaviour do indeed transfer to foraging-like search, where participants are required to physically explore a three-dimensional space in search of a target. Those that have experimentally addressed large-scale search (e.g. Gilchrist et al., 2001; Jiang et al., 2014; Smith et al., 2008, 2010) report equivocal findings but, crucially, have not systematically examined how the visual cues utilised in visual search might inform the large-scale equivalent (with the slight exception of Smith et al., 2008). In order, therefore, to draw a clearer paradigmatic link between contexts, the present study will examine whether large-scale search is modulated by the visual features of target and distractor items in a manner that is comparable to visual search findings. In addition, the potential cognitive underpinnings of search efficiency will be explored by relating performance to standardised measures of cognitive ability. Not only has it been suggested that human cognitive control processes have their roots in foraging behaviour (Hills et al., 2010), but foraging efficiency has also been identified as a marker for age-related cognitive decline (Mata, 2009). By studying the relationship between foraging-like search and cognitive ability, we aim to test these theories in a context that is more ecologically valid than the two-dimensional monitor-based tasks that have previously been applied. Experiment 3 will further explore the question of whether large-scale search behaviour is informed by the distinction between single feature and conjunction search, described by Feature Integration Theory (Treisman & Gelade, 1980). It will follow Experiment 1 by examining whether foraging strategies, such as the trade-off between exploration and exploitation (Ianni et al., 2016), are present when search templates are not provided to participants in the instructions (i.e. they are simply asked to search for targets, as opposed to being provided with the featural cues associated with them). If visually-defined search ‘templates’ play a role in large-scale foraging-like search, then we would expect search for items that are distinguished by a single feature (e.g. colour) to be more efficient (and more rapidly acquired) than search for items defined by a conjunction of features (e.g. colour and shape). Some related findings have recently been reported in immersive virtual reality (VR), where stationary standing participants used a ‘laser pointer’ to search objects presented in three dimensions (Kristjansson et al., 2020a). However, true foraging-like search also incorporates full body movements as participants explore the environment, as well as shifts of perspective as they rotate their viewpoint. These differences may impact upon the relationship between visual information and search efficiency (see, for example: Ruddle & Lessels, 2006) and so we will examine how performance differs according to the required template for targets. In addition, we will here assess how foraging efficiency (i.e. movement between patches of items) is modulated by visual features. Planning search movements around a large-scale space, and deciding to switch from one patch of items to another, likely require a greater degree of cognitive control than two-dimensional visual search. Additional standardised cognitive assessments will, therefore, enable us to examine the theorised relationship between search efficiencies and cognitive functions.

This is the fourth experiment (derived from a series of three preceding experiments) that further examines the impact of visual cues on large-scale foraging-like search (see Experiment 3, “Visual templates in foraging-like large-scale search-Experiment 3”). Psychological assays of human search behaviour have primarily focused on the visual search paradigm, where participants are required to detect the presence (or absence) of a target item, which is defined by its visual features and hidden amongst an array of distractor items (Eckstein, 2011; Smith & De Lillo, 2022). Although conducted on a 2D computer monitor, visual search has been argued to represent a simple and controlled model of three-dimensional naturalistic foraging behaviour (e.g. Klein & MacInnes, 1999; Wolfe, 1994). There have, however, been relatively few studies of whether properties of visual search behaviour do indeed transfer to foraging-like search, where participants are required to physically explore a three-dimensional space in search of a target. Those that have experimentally addressed large-scale search (e.g. Gilchrist et al., 2001; Jiang et al., 2014; Smith et al., 2008, 2010) report equivocal findings but, crucially, have not systematically examined how the visual cues utilised in visual search might inform the large-scale equivalent (with the slight exception of Smith et al., 2008). In order, therefore, to draw a clearer paradigmatic link between contexts, the present study will examine whether large-scale search is modulated by the visual features of target and distractor items in a manner that is comparable to visual search findings. In addition, the potential cognitive underpinnings of search efficiency will be explored by relating performance to standardised measures of cognitive ability. Not only has it been suggested that human cognitive control processes have their roots in foraging behaviour (Hills et al., 2010), but foraging efficiency has also been identified as a marker for age-related cognitive decline (Mata, 2009). By studying the relationship between foraging-like search and cognitive ability, we aim to test these theories in a context that is more ecologically valid than the two-dimensional monitor-based tasks that have previously been applied. Experiment 4 will further explore the question of whether large-scale search behaviour is informed by the distinction between single feature and conjunction search, described by Feature Integration Theory (Treisman & Gelade, 1980). It will follow the first three experiments by examining whether foraging strategies, such as the trade-off between exploration and exploitation (Ianni et al., 2016), are present when search templates are not provided to participants in the instructions (i.e. they are simply asked to search for targets, as opposed to being provided with the featural cues associated with them). If visually-defined search ‘templates’ play a role in large-scale foraging-like search, then we would expect search for items that are distinguished by a single feature (e.g. colour) to be more efficient (and more rapidly acquired) than search for items defined by a conjunction of features (e.g. colour and shape). Some related findings have recently been reported in immersive virtual reality (VR), where stationary standing participants used a ‘laser pointer’ to search objects presented in three dimensions (Kristjansson et al., 2020a). However, true foraging-like search also incorporates full body movements as participants explore the environment, as well as shifts of perspective as they rotate their viewpoint. These differences may impact upon the relationship between visual information and search efficiency (see, for example: Ruddle & Lessels, 2006) and so we will examine how performance differs according to the required template for targets. In addition, we will here assess how foraging efficiency (i.e. movement between patches of items) is modulated by visual features. Planning search movements around a large-scale space, and deciding to switch from one patch of items to another, likely require a greater degree of cognitive control than two-dimensional visual search. Additional standardised cognitive assessments will, therefore, enable us to examine the theorised relationship between search efficiencies and cognitive functions.

Across three experiments, this study will examine the impact of visual cues on large-scale foraging-like search. Psychological assays of human search behaviour have primarily focused on the visual search paradigm, where participants are required to detect the presence (or absence) of a target item, which is defined by its visual features and hidden amongst an array of distractor items (Eckstein, 2011; Smith & De Lillo, 2022). Although conducted on a 2D computer monitor, visual search has been argued to represent a simple and controlled model of three-dimensional naturalistic foraging behaviour (e.g. Klein & MacInnes, 1999; Wolfe, 1994). There have, however, been relatively few studies of whether properties of visual search behaviour do indeed transfer to foraging-like search, where participants are required to physically explore a three-dimensional space in search of a target. Those that have experimentally addressed large-scale search (e.g. Gilchrist et al., 2001; Jiang et al., 2014; Smith et al., 2008, 2010) report equivocal findings but, crucially, have not systematically examined how the visual cues utilised in visual search might inform the large-scale equivalent (with the slight exception of Smith et al., 2008). In order, therefore, to draw a clearer paradigmatic link between contexts, the present study will examine whether large-scale search is modulated by the visual features of target and distractor items in a manner that is comparable to visual search findings. In addition, the potential cognitive underpinnings of search efficiency will be explored by relating performance to standardised measures of cognitive ability. Not only has it been suggested that human cognitive control processes have their roots in foraging behaviour (Hills et al., 2010), but foraging efficiency has also been identified as a marker for age-related cognitive decline (Mata, 2009). By studying the relationship between foraging-like search and cognitive ability, we aim to test these theories in a context that is more ecologically valid than the two-dimensional monitor-based tasks that have previously been applied. Experiment 1 will begin the study by exploring the basic question of whether large-scale search behaviour is informed by the distinction between single feature and conjunction search, described by Feature Integration Theory (Treisman & Gelade, 1980). If visually-defined search ‘templates’ play a role in large-scale foraging-like search, then we would expect search for items that are distinguished by a single feature (e.g. colour) to be more efficient than search for items defined by a conjunction of features (e.g. colour and shape). This has recently been demonstrated in immersive virtual reality (VR), where stationary standing participants used a ‘laser pointer’ to search objects presented in three dimensions (Kristjansson et al., 2020a). However, true foraging-like search also incorporates full body movements as participants explore the environment, as well as shifts of perspective as they rotate their viewpoint. These differences may impact upon the relationship between visual information and search efficiency (see, for example: Ruddle & Lessels, 2006) and so we will examine how performance differs according to the required template for targets. Planning search movements around a large-scale space, and deciding to switch from one patch of items to another, likely require a greater degree of cognitive control than two-dimensional visual search. Additional standardised cognitive assessments will, therefore, enable us to examine the theorised relationship between search efficiencies and cognitive functions.

In 2009, the Treaty of Lisbon empowered the EU to pursue an international investment policy and to conclude international investment agreements. The EU's first steps in this policy domain have attracted considerable public attention. Analysts depict competing societal interests as the main forces shaping EU policy in this domain. This article scrutinizes this widespread perception. It argues that competence struggles between the European Institutions and Member States, which still echo broad Member State opposition against the initial decision to empower the EU in this domain during the drafting of the Lisbon Treaty, play a similarly important role in shaping EU international investment policy. This article enhances our understanding of EU policy-making in a highly salient policy domain and theoretically contributes to research on European Integration in that it shows that it matters for policy-making ‘how’ the EU received an underlying competence.

Prevailing integration theories suffer from Eurocentrism and cannot be applied to developing regions, because they implicitly rely on intraregional economic inter-dependence as a driving force for regional integration. This article starts from the observation that intraregional economic interdependence is low and dependence on extra-regional economic relations is high in the Global South. The aim of regional integration in developing regions is not the liberalisation and regulation of intrare-gional trade, rather an effort to improve the regions’ competitiveness on the global market. Well-integrated developing regions may attract more extra-regional invest-ment inflows and negotiate better access to extra-regional export markets, but the regional member states also compete with each other for their respective shares in extra-regional investment and trade. Dominant regional powers may do better in this competition if they act unilaterally and strive for privileged economic relations with extra-regional partners. As a result, the respective member states defect and regional integration is stalled. Case studies of MERCOSUR and SADC confirm that Bra-zil and South Africa protected their privileged positions during the last 15 years. In contrast, ASEAN is not dominated by a regional power and economic integra-tion has proceeded due to the gains from extra-regional cooperation within the ASEAN + 3 framework.

Although many EU member states experienced large scale terrorist attacks and both national and EU policymakers have repeatedly acknowledged the need to tackle the apparent contradiction between borderless terrorism and national counterterrorism measures, a genuine supranational EU counterterrorism response has not emerged thus far. In this article, we explore why this has been the case. Via a set of proxy indicators, we operationalize and test three key variables derived from differentiated integration theory, which suggests that the lack of horizontal and vertical integration in the EU’s counterterrorism policy ought to be the result of high and asymmetric politicization, asymmetrical interdependence, and little preference convergence across EU member states. Our findings indicate that although all of these variables did influence integration in the first fifteen years of EU counterterrorism policy (2001–2016), only one variable (interdependence) acted exactly as expected by differentiated integration theory.

El propósito de este artí­culo es destacar la importancia de las estrategias de integración sensorial en el aula de clase, para favorecer las necesidades del desarrollo integral de niños y niñas y sus procesos neurológicos, los cuales le permiten asimilar, procesar e interpretar la información sensorial recibida para dar una respuesta adecuada. Para ello, se planteó la realización de talleres lúdicos, teniendo en cuenta conceptos y herramientas que se trabajan en la teorí­a de integración sensorial. La investigación se realizó con una población de 40 estudiantes, entre los 4 y 6 años, empleando una metodologí­a mixta "”tomando lo cuantitativo en la recogida de datos estadí­sticos y lo cualitativo en la observación realizada en los talleres"”. Se aplicó un pretest y un postest, correspondientes a la escala abreviada de desarrollo, y 10 talleres de intervención de integración sensorial, detectándose la necesidad de fortalecimiento en el desarrollo de los procesos sensoriales. Se concluye que los talleres fueron de gran motivación para los estudiantes, los cuales respondieron adecuadamente a los estí­mulos: en el sistema táctil con un 95%, en el sistema propioceptivo con un 80 %, y en el sistema vestibular con un 89%. De igual manera, se detectaron dificultades en algunos estudiantes, a los cuales se seguirá prestando apoyo.

Theoretical approaches to European integration often downplay and sometimes ignore the role of external actors. But the regime complex through which the euro crisis of 2010-2015 was prosecuted inv...

This study aims to describe the implementation of techniques or steps in learning Arabic rules (Nahwu science) based on Integration theory (Unity theory), namely that learning Arabic rules is presented in full by teaching four Arabic language skills and three language elements. The purpose of this study is also to offer solutions in the learning of integral and holistic Nahwu science.The research method is a library method with descriptive qualitative research type. The results of this study indicate that there are six steps (techniques) of teaching Arabic rules (Nahwu science) on Integration theory (Unity theory) that combines learning Arabic rules, Arabic language skills, and elements language elements in one integrated discussion material.

This article comprises a study of the negotiation of the Commission’s proposal for amending Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 on the coordination of social security systems and Regulation (EC) No 987/2009 in the context of EU integration theories. This analysis is used to argue that the current integration stage in the coordination of social security is a complex phenomenon which displays elements of intergovernmentalism, neo-functionalism and post-functionalism. The negotiation process highlights the disagreements between the key players which may have important consequences for the future of EU regulation in the area of coordination of social security. The article concludes that the signs of intergovernmentalism are prevalent, as evident in the attention the Commission has given to the concerns of the Member States, the negotiating position of the Council, and the vote of the European Parliament which failed to approve the proposal at the first reading. This prevalence has led to a pause in the reform of the coordination regulations and may eventually lead to compromises that will weaken the progress of integration in the future. At the same time, the article argues that the theory of post-functionalism is important in explaining the phenomenon of Brexit with regard to the UK’s position in the negotiation of the Commission’s proposal and its future relevance for UK and EU citizens affected by the UK’s departure from the EU. The article concludes that disintegration along the lines of post-functionalism should not prevent the reintegration of the UK into the EU coordination of social security schemes, but may reinforce the prevalence of intergovernmentalism.

Aiming at revealing the co-integration under structural change in the long-run relationship between rainfall and runoff time series at Tangnaihai Hydrological Station in the source area of the Yellow River, and improving the accuracy of annual runoff prediction, co-integration theory and structure change co-integration theory are introduced respectively. The error correction models of rainfall and runoff in these two cases are constructed. The results show that reservoir construction and climate change can cause structure change in the long-run relationship between rainfall and runoff in the source area of the Yellow River. The breakpoints appeared in 1989 and 2002, in which the breakpoint in 1989 is mainly effected by reservoir construction while in 2002 it is effected by rainfall changes. Meanwhile, the error correction model with structural change shows that the impact of rainfall on runoff decreases from 1989 but increases from 2002. Finally, for the prediction of runoff in the next five years, the mean absolute percentage errors of the prediction models without and with breakpoints are 11.04% and 7.08% respectively, and this shows that the error correction model with structural change has the higher runoff prediction accuracy.

This article discusses the pattern of integration of religion and science in the book series Tafsir Ilmi “Kisah Nabi Pra-Ibrahim dalam Perspektif Al-Qur’an dan Sains. ” This descriptive-qualitative research uses the quantum integration theory Nidhal Guessoum (2011) through library research. The results of this study show that there are three patterns of integration that are strictly applied in the work. First, the pattern of integration of the story of the Qur'an and science emphasizes the principle that there is no contradiction between the Qur'an and science, both in terms of source, purpose, method, and content. Second, it can be seen that the application of multiple layered interpretation patterns in the work confirms that there is no single truth in explaining the historical information of human civilization. Third, the theological falsification pattern proves the existence of methodological and metaphysical aspects. The methodological aspect shows that there is a valid presentation of scientific data. The metaphysical aspect of the Qur'anic story advocates the internalization of moral-spiritual values for the reader.

The indiscriminate use of terms related to sensory integration theory fosters confusion among casual readers. This short chapter presents a conceptual model that organizes terms utilized in the literature, including sensory integration therapy (SIT), sensory Integration theory, sensory-based therapies, sensory processing interventions, sensory diets, and Ayres Sensory Integration,® among others. All terms are defined and their relationships illustrated in a conceptual model.

Hereunder, I describe some contributions of Washek F. Pfeffer and his collaborators, to integration theory, starting from his remarkable paper “The Gauss-Green Theorem,” published in 1991.

The conditional distributivity of aggregation operations, that is distributivity observed under additional condition imposed on the domain of aggregation operations, is an important property that is highly useful in various areas, such as the decision making theory and the integration theory. Therefore, the topic of this paper is this relaxed form of distributivity for continuous semi-t-operators with respect to disjunctive uninorms with continuous underlying t-norms and t-conorms.

In this age of data visualization, it is important to understand our perception of the symbols that are used. For example, does the perceived size of a disc correspond most closely to its area, diameter, circumference, or some other measure? When multiple items are present, this becomes a question of ensemble perception. Here, we compare observers' performance across three different tasks: judgments of (i) the mean diameter, (ii) the total diameter, or (iii) the total area of (N = 1, 2, 3, or 7) test circles compared with a single reference circle. We draw a parallel between Anne Treisman's feature integration theory and Daniel Kahneman's cognitive systems, comparing the preattentive stage to System 1, and the focused attention stage to System 2. In accordance with Kahneman's prediction, average size (diameter) of the geometric figures can be judged with considerable accuracy, but the total diameter of the same figures cannot. Like the total length, the cumulative area covered by circles was also judged considerably less accurately than the mean diameter. Differences in efficiency between these three tasks illustrate powerful constraints upon visual processing: The visual system is well adapted for the perception of the mean size while there are no analogous mechanisms for the accurate perception of the total length or cumulative area. Thus, in visualizing data, using bubble charts proportional to area may be misleading as our visual system seems better adapted to perceive disc size by the radius rather than the area.

It is known that one can develop Riemann integration theory via Darboux approach. Themain idea in the Darboux approach is to define an integral using upper and lower Riemannsums. In this study we look at how -integration can be develop via Darboux approach.Here is a brief discussion of the methodology. We define an equivalence relation on the set of-divisions of , - such that for - divisions *(, - )+ and *(, - )+ wesay that if and only if the intervals in are exactly the intervals in . Given agauge on , - and a -fine division *(, - )+ of , -, we set, - * + Given a function on , -, and a -fine - division , we define the upper and lowersums (respectively) in the following manner( ) , -( ) ( )( ) and ( ) , -( ) ( )( )provided these values exists. We were able to show that a function on , - is -ntegrable if and only if the following exists and are equal:() ∫̅̅̅̅̅ ( ) and () ∫ ( ) In this approach we were able to prove the basic properties of the -integral. It is our nextgoal to extend -integration to other spaces via Darboux approach.

Feature integration theory proposes that visual features, such as shape and color, can only be combined into a unified object when spatial attention is directed to their location in retinotopic maps. Eye movements cause dramatic changes on our retinae, and are associated with obligatory shifts in spatial attention. In two experiments, we measured the prevalence of conjunction errors (that is, reporting an object as having an attribute that belonged to another object), for brief stimulus presentation before, during, and after a saccade. Planning and executing a saccade did not itself disrupt feature integration. Motion did disrupt feature integration, leading to an increase in conjunction errors. However, retinal motion of an equal extent but caused by saccadic eye movements is spared this disruption, and showed similar rates of conjunction errors as a condition with static stimuli presented to a static eye. The results suggest that extra-retinal signals are able to compensate for the motion caused by saccadic eye movements, thereby preserving the integrity of objects across saccades and preventing their features from mixing or mis-binding. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.3758/s13414-019-01873-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

In this article I defend pluralist theory against various objections. First, I argue that although traditional theories may also account for multiple ways to achieve social understanding, they still put some emphasis on one particular epistemic strategy (e.g., theory or simulation). Pluralist theory, in contrast, rejects the so-called ‘default assumption’ that there is any primary or default method in social understanding. Second, I illustrate that pluralist theory needs to be distinguished from integration theory. On one hand, integration theory faces the difficulty of trying to combine traditional theories of social understanding that have contradictory background assumptions. On the other hand, pluralist theory goes beyond integrating traditional theories by accounting for a variety of factors that may play a role in social understanding but have been (widely) neglected in such theories, including stereotype activation, social and personal relationships, contextual features, individual moods, perceptions, and so on. Third, I argue that if the default assumption is rejected, pluralist theorists need to provide another positive account of why particular cognitive processes are more likely to come into play in a specific instance of social understanding than others in order to provide a genuine alternative to traditional theories. I discuss three versions of pluralist theory that meet this challenge by pointing to normativity, fluency, and interaction.

Indonesia is one of the archipelagic states in the world that has a very important role for international shipping, so there is a need for security controls to maintain the sovereignty of the territorial waters of the Republic of Indonesia by providing 3 shipping lines that can be passed by ships from other countries to be able to cross through the archipelagic sea lane. One of them is ALKI-I which crosses the Natuna Sea, Karimata Strait, Java Sea, and Sunda Strait. One of the joint operations carried out by the TNI to anticipate all forms of violations and threats in ALKI-I is the ALKI-I Security Operation. The main theory used in the discussion of this research is the Interoperability theory, supported by several theories including integration theory, system theory, theory coordination, and security theory. This research uses an explanative qualitative approach using Nvivo Software for processing data obtained from in-depth interviews with operations executors. The results of the analysis conducted using the Miles, Huberman and Saldana models found that the impact caused by the problem was that the operation was not yet effective and efficient.Keywords: ALKI-I Security Operation, Interoperability Theory, Miles Huberman and Saldana models analysis, NVivo Software, The Doctrine Of Joint Operations

In some information system with order features, when users consider “greater than” or “less than” relations to a certain degree rather than in the full sense, using traditional methods may face great limitations. In light of natural connections among concept lattice, inclusion degree, order relations, and the feasibility of mutual integration among the three (concept lattice is essentially a type of data analysis tool using binary relations as research objects, while inclusion degree is a type of powerful tool for measuring uncertain order relations), the paper attempts to analyze uncertain order relations quantitatively within the framework of integration theory of concept lattice and inclusion degree. By which, the research scope of order relations undergoes an expansion-to-contraction process. Namely, certain order relations are first expanded to fuzzy or uncertain relations, and then the fuzzy or uncertain relations are allowed to contract to a degree of certainty by setting threshold parameters. Clearly, by properly widening the research scope of order relations, the model not only has good robustness and generalization ability, but also can meet actual needs flexibly. On this basis, solutions for algebraic structure, reduction, core, dependency, et al. are further studied deeply in ordered information systems. In short, the paper, as a meaningful try and exploration, is conducive to the integration of theories, and may offer some new and feasible ways for the study of order relations and ordered information systems.

The issue of distributivity is crucial for many different theoretical areas such as the utility theory and the integration theory. Also, this problem is of high interest for modelling some practical situations from, e.g., fields of economics and social sciences. Thus, recently, the distributivity equations have been studied for different classes of aggregation operators by a significant number of researchers. The focus of this paper in particular is on solving the left and the right distributivity equations between semi-t-operators.

While the literature on the eurozone crisis has focused on the increasing primacy of intergovernmental decision-making, the transformation in the role played by the European Central Bank (E...