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The main direction of agriculture is the search for effective methods of production to provide the population with the provision and to ensure the food independence of the Russian Federation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of feed yeast produced in Russia and abroad on the growth of calves up to six months of age. The scientific and production experiment was carried out on the dairy farm of "Gigant" Agricultural Production Cooperative Collective Farm of the Stavropol Territory. Four groups of ten heads of black-and-white calves were formed according to the principle of analogues. The animals were ten days old. Together with the main diet the calves of the 1st experimental group received I-SAK1026 drug in the amount of 11 g per animal per day, the animals of the second experimental group were fed with "Levisil SC+" drug in the amount of 5 g per animal per day, and the calves of the third experimental group received "Optisaf" drug in the amount of 15 g per animal per day. Changes of linear measurements of growth rate with age were different. The animals of the third experimental group had an advantage in most of the measurements. Compared to the control, they showed more significant results. Based on the results of the study, the following was established. Calves of the third experimental group that received "Optisaf" probiotic were characterized by more significant activity of metabolic processes. The calves of this group were ahead of the control calves in terms of development and growth.

Purpose: to evaluate the effectiveness of combined surgical treatment in patients with proliferative stage of diabetic retinopathy. Material and Methods. 52 patients with advanced stage of proliferative diabetic retinopathy who were divided into 2 groups were examined. Group 1 consisted of 30 patients with a preliminary intravitreal injection of ranibi-zumab, followed by vitrectomy In group 2, 22 patients underwent vitrectomy without anti-VEGF therapy. Visual acuity in the 1st group before treatment was 0.04±0.02, in the second 0.05±0.03. The thickness of the retina in the foveolar zone of the 1st group was 358±34 urn, in the second 378±44 urn. Height of the complex "PHM with fibro-glial proliferation — retina" 670±38 and 710±30, respectively. Results. The visual acuity after treatment increased 4.2 times (group 1), in comparison with the results of the second group by 2.5 times. In patients of the 1st group intraoperative hemor-rhagic manifestations were observed in 36.6% of cases, in the 2nd group in all patients. An increase in the height of the complex "PHM with fibro-glial proliferation — retina" was noted in 83.3% in patients of the 1st group one month after the injection. The height of the complex increased on average to 153±25 urn, which in 76.6% increased the traction effect on the retina. The neovascularization regression occurred 4-8 days after ranibizumab injection in group 1 patients. The retinal thickness of the central zone 10 months after vitrectomy decreased to 220±10 urn in the 1st group and to 273±14 urn in the 2nd group, respectively. Conclusion. The use of inhibitors of angiogenesis, in particular ranibizumab, as a preoperative preparation of patients with proliferative stage of diabetic retinopathy reduces the risk of intra- and postoperative hemorrhagic complications, which facilitates the implementation of vitrectomy, avoids additional vitreo-retinal interventions, in connection with which a positive functional result remains.

ABSTRACT Background: Systematization of characteristics and morphological changes in the retina, and understanding its role in occlusive diseases involving retinal vessels can contribute to research on the dynamic of the pathological process and to improved understanding of disease treatment. Objective: To research the basic morphometric and structural indicators of the macular region of the retina in patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Settings and Design: Ufa Eye Research Institute, retrospective case series. Methods: The basic morphometric and structural indices of the macular region of the retina in 15 patients with CRVO were studied using the optical coherence tomography. Patients with CRVO (15 eyes) were included in Group I (study), and 10 patients with no retinal pathology (10 eyes) were included in Group II (control). Statistical analysis used: For the statistical analysis, the Statistica 6.1 program was used with a parametric method, the Student's test.To consider the probability of statistically significant differences, values beginning with up to p

This article describes the scientific and production experience conducted in the Druzhba LLC, of the Buinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. The purpose of the scientific and production experiment is to study the effect of extruded feed, with the preliminary germination of rapeseed in a 0.05 % nicotinic acid solution, on the cicatricial digestion of calves and dairy cows. During the experiment, it is found that feeding calves and dairy cows with extruded feed with preliminary germination of rapeseed in a 0.05 % nicotinic acid solution had a positive effect on cicatricial digestion, contributing to an increase in ammonia to 8.7 and 7.9 %, acetic acid – 12, 6 and 11.5 % and propionic – 13.4 and 12.6 % acids, with a decrease in butyric acid – 12.8 and 10.4 %, an increase in the total microbial number – 8 4.0 and 16.3 %, in including cellulolytic bacteria – 11.6 and 14.3 %, ciliates – 13.4 and 12.9 %, as well as the enzymatic activity of cicatricial microflora, respectively accordingly, in comparison with the control and the group where the grain feed is subjected to only one extrusion. Thus, the use of extruded feed with pre-germinated rapeseed in feeding calves and dairy cows improved the underlying indices of cicatricial digestion compared with the control group of animals fed with non-extruded feed and the group of animals fed with extruded feed.

The article presents comparative studies of the meat productivity of geese of the Lindovskaya breed when zeolite and nanostructured zeolite feed additives are introduced into their diets. It was shown that the use of zeolite contributed to an increase in the live weight of geese by 4.0 %, the use of different doses of nanostructured zeolite led to an increase by 6.2–10.2 % (P≤0.05), in comparison with control analogues. When using zeolite in meat, the content of zinc and copper salts decreased by 28.0 and 13.1 %. The introduction of nanostructured zeolite into the diet led to a decrease in zinc content by 27.5–31.3 % and that of copper by 27.1–48.6 % compared with the control. The meat of birds of all groups corresponded to hygienic quality requirements for the content of chemical elements.

The purpose of research and production experiment in the conditions of Akhmetov farm located in the Vysokogorsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan was to study a new sanitary litter material and the effect on the indoor environment, production, viability and feed input required to rear gosling broilers. The experiment found that the new sanitary litter material, made of thermochemically and biotechnologically processed woodworking waste, over the entire period of research was characterized by higher qualities compared to raw sawdust. Accordingly, in the end, the moisture of the said material was lower by 28.5 %, the total microbial count and numbers of microscopic fungi were less by 13.3 % and 19.9 %, respectively. The said litter material helped to improve the environment in the poultry house, which reduced harmful gases (carbon dioxide – 0.11 % and ammonia – 0.33 mg/m3), dust – 0.9 mg/m3 and microorganisms – 8.9 thousand bwt/m3. Ultimately, this contributed to a higher daily live weight gain by 7.51 % and livestock viability by 1.80 %, and, sequentially reduced feed input per 1 kg of live weight gain by 4.98 %, as compared with the control.

The purpose of research and production experiment in the conditions of Akhmetov farm located in the Vysokogorsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan was to study the harmlessness of new sanitary bedding material and the effect on gosling broilers. The experiment evidenced that a new sanitary bedding material made of woodworking waste, thermochemically and biotechnologically treated, does not have an irritating effect on the skin and mucous membranes of the eye, nor does it provoke allergic reactions in rabbits, but, on the contrary, improves certain morphobiochemical and immunological factors of gosling blood. Ultimately, this resulted in accelerated red blood cells by 6.94 %, hemoglobin – 5.20 %, total protein – 6.30 %, γ-globulin – 9.38 %, total calcium – 6.14 %, inorganic phosphorus – 5.31 %, glucose – 5.38 %, increased phagocytic activity by 2.24 %, phagocytic number – 4.37 %, and increased number of S. Marcescens-stimulated cells through the NBT test by 5.17 % compared with the control, respectively. The data obtained are consistent with the advanced livestock viability in the experiment by 1.8 %, as compared with the control.

Diabetic vitreopapillary traction syndrome (VPT) is a variant of diabetic retinopathy (DR) that can lead to vision loss in advanced stages. This review reports on the biomechanics of the vitreous in the pathogenesis of proliferative DR, in particular diabetic VPT. The article analyzes and summarizes literature data, presents the views of different authors on this problem, and provides the results of Russian and foreign scientific research on this pathology. It is concluded that further research in this area can lead to a significant improvement in the results of therapy, timely diagnosis, and preservation of vision in patients with DR.

The emergence of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) has presented public health professionals with new challenges in the diagnosis of the disease and treatment of patients. Nowadays, the epidemiology, clinical features, prevention and treatment of the disease are studied poorly due to continuous mutation of the pathogen. One of the consequences of the new coronavirus infection could be changes in the immune system of the human population. A detailed analysis of the immunological status of different racial groups under the influence of the new coronavirus infection is currently studied insufficiently, making this work of particular relevance. There is also a reluctance among some Russian residents to be vaccinated, including the population of Perm Krai, due to a lack of research on possible deviations in cellular immunity due to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. At the start of the third wave caused by the new coronavirus infection, only 40% of the Russian population had been vaccinated, which was insufficient to acquire collective immunity. In the autumn of 2021, a QR code measure was introduced for vaccinated residents, which resulted in exceeding the necessary barrier for acquiring collective immunity. Due to the high growth and severity of the disease, we analysed the immunograms of children and adolescents, aged from 5 months to 17 years, in Perm Krai during the pandemic years 2020-2021. The patients' immunological status results were divided into three categories. Laboratory diagnosis of the human immune system was carried out using serological and flow cytophotometric analyses. A total of 247 samples were analysed. The aim of this work was to investigate changes in the immune system of children and adolescents during the pandemic caused by the new coronavirus infection. The methodology was based on the analysis of immunograms, including biochemical studies, immune status and flow cytophotometric analysis. The immunograms were pre-sorted by IgA, IgM, IgG immunoglobulin status into four categories: absence of disease- k 1 in which IgA, IgM, IgG immunoglobulin values were within the reference interval, active disease stage- k 2 in which IgA, IgM immunoglobulins had gone beyond the reference interval, passive disease stage- k 3 characterised by IgG and IgM immunoglobulin status, and patient recovery process- k 4 . In the immunograms, three immune status indicators were selected for further investigation: phagocytosis absolute value, phagocytic number and phagocytic index and five flow cytometry indices: leukocytes, lymphocytes, NK cells (CD16+CD56+), T helpers (CD3+CD4+) and CD4+/CD8+ immunoregulation index. A quantitative analysis of the deviations of these indicators from the reference intervals was performed in the three studied age groups of children and adolescents living in Perm Krai of the Russian Federation during the pandemic of 2020-2021.

Despite the improvement of the surgical technique of vitreoretinal interventions, the number of recurrences of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) remains quite high., Purpose: Evaluation of the effectiveness of episcleral circular buckling (ECB) in the treatment of recurrent RRD after vitrectomy due to progression of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR)., Material and Methods: The study analyzed the results of surgical treatment of 21 patients (21 eyes) with recurrent RRD after primary vitrectomy. All patients underwent standard preoperative examination including visometry, tonometry, ophthalmobiomicroscopy, and additionally, optical coherence tomography was performed to assess the involvement of the macular area; the presence of anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy was determined by ultrasound biomicroscopy, axial eye length was measured with an optical biometer. All patients underwent ECB, in some cases combined with repeated vitreoretinal surgery., Results: Preliminary results of the study showed high efficiency of ECB exclusively, as well as ECB combined with revision of the vitreal cavity in case of RRD recurrence after primary vitreoretinal surgery, which amounted to 95% after one additional operation and removal of silicone oil., Conclusions: Episcleral circular buckling in the treatment of recurrent RRD after vitreoretinal surgery is a multifunctional and safe method that allows achieving favorable functional and anatomical outcomes.

Age-related macular degeneration complicated by submacular hemorrhage if not treated timely leads to permanent loss of central vision. The basis of effective therapy is its early start, dislocation of blood from central parts of the retina and blockage of neovascularization. This review examines the current methods of treatment of submacular hemorrhages, anatomical and functional outcomes, risks of postoperative complications, as well as trends in the use of combined methods of surgical intervention.

The problem associated with the prevalence of retinal diseases, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in particular, is undoubtedly relevant. This aspect is based on steadily growing statistics on morbidity, a high number of randomized controlled trials (RCT) and published real world data (RWD). The analysis of RCT results being published by researchers on 15.05.19 showed 2915 studies were registered on the subject of retinal diseases; that exceeds the number of studies on glaucoma by approximately 1.38 times (2118 studies) and conjunctival lesions by 2.37 times (1230 studies). AMD is one of the leading causes of irreversible vision loss and blindness; its neovascular form leads to blindness in 80-90% of all cases. Even though the topic of nAMD therapy is widely highlighted in modern ophthalmology, today there are many aspects that require targeted solutions. The main controversial issues that determine the complexity of therapy and patient management include discrepancies in determination of reference points (disease activity criteria) for implementation of anti-VEGF dosing regimens, patients' compliance, prioritization issues in treatment, its continuity with potential for the increase of intervals between injections and monitoring visits.

Purpose: To draw attention to characteristic features of the clinical manifestations of vitreopapillary traction syndrome (VPTS) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), to determine the role of the biomechanical factor in pathophysiology of this syndrome, and to evaluate the results of surgical treatment., Material and Methods: The features of clinical manifestations of VPTS of 50 patients with PDR who were treated at the ophthalmology center of the National Medical and Surgical Center named after N.I. Pirogov in the period from 2014 to 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. The preoperative study included standard ophthalmological examination methods, as well as ultrasound B-scan, computer perimetry, optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescence angiography (FA) in the first two years of observation. The comparison group consisted of 45 patients with PDR without signs of VPTS, who were treated in the center during the same period of time., Results: The obtained results suggest that the pathophysiology of VPTS in diabetes mellitus has distinctive features and is determined by the topography of the peripapillary zone, as well as choroidal vascularization of the optic nerve head; biomechanical factor plays an important role in the formation of a fibrovascular stem (FVS) in VPTS., Conclusion: The results indicate that patients with VPTS have a worse prognosis for achieving best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after surgery than patients without signs of VPTS. Correct and timely diagnosis, early treatment by vitreoretinal surgery give a greater chance of achieving higher BCVA in the postoperative period in this category of patients.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most severe complications of diabetes mellitus, its treatment involves specialists of different areas - endocrinologists, diabetes specialists, therapists, cardiologists, surgeons, anesthesiologists etc. For ophthalmologists the objective is to diagnose ocular pathological changes associated with diabetes mellitus, and to prescribe required treatment in a timely manner. Treatment methods used in DR can be divided into three main groups: laser coagulation of the retina, intravitreal injection of medications - inhibitors of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glucocorticoids, as well as surgical treatment. The present literature review addresses the use of anti-VEGF drugs in the therapy of DR, specifically the latest medications, the most important studies on the treatment of DR and diabetic macular edema (DME), as well as post hoc analysis of such studies, the role of these medications in the therapy of refractory DME and proliferative stage DR. The review also addresses the upcoming strategies for therapy, as well as the importance of medications in prevention of DR and DME.

Purpose: To compare the changes of the macular morphological and functional parameters in the postoperative period in patients with silicone oil tamponade after successful surgery of the macula-on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD)., Material and Methods: The study included 20 eyes operated on for macula-on RRD, which made up the first group, and the control group (20 eyes) for comparison. All patients of the study group underwent vitrectomy using silicone oil tamponade. Standard ophthalmological examination was performed on the 3rd day (early postoperative period) and the 14th day (late postoperative period), including OCT and OCT-A that were used to assess morphological and functional changes., Results: A significant decrease in visual acuity was seen on the 3rd day after surgery involving the use of silicone oil tamponade, in comparison with the 14th day ( p =0.0237) and the control group ( p =0.0001). A decrease in the FD parameter ( p =0.045), a decrease in vascular density in the fovea ( p =0.020) and parafovea ( p =0.024) in SCP were found on the 3rd day in comparison with control. On the 14th day of postoperative observation, a tendency was detected for choroidal perfusion to restore, as well as significant increase in FD ( p =0.016), and an increase in vascular density in parafovea ( p =0.01) compared with the early postoperative period. No statistically significant changes were seen in the FAZ area and vessel density DCP ( p >0.05).

Vitreoretinal surgery (VRS) is the «gold standard» for surgical treatment of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). However, the timing for the removal of primary cataract in this category of patients remains uncertain., Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of multistage surgical treatment of patients with advanced PDR complicated with primary cataract., Material and Methods: The study involved 94 cases of surgical treatment of patients with PDR and complicated primary cataract. These patients were divided into two groups depending on the treatment tactics. In the first group, patients were subjected to a two-step surgical procedure: VRS with silicone oil tamponade performed as the first step in their treatment followed by phacoemulsification, silicone oil removal, and IOL implantation, respectively, as the second step. In subgroup 1a - VRS was performed with standard pharmacological support. In subgroup 1b - intravitreal injection of angiogenesis inhibitors preceded VRS. In the second group, the first step was phacoemulsification performed simultaneously with vitreoretinal surgery with silicone oil tamponade; the second step consisted of removing silicone oil from the vitreous cavity. Subgroup 2a - surgical treatment was performed with standard pharmacological support (similar to subgroup 1a). Subgroup 2b - intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs preceded VRS., Results: Visual functions improved in 88.8% and 83.4% of cases in subgroups 1a and 1b, and in 51.3% and 66.7% in subgroups 2a and 2b, respectively., Conclusions: The study confirms the effectiveness of staged (multi-step) surgical treatment of patients with advanced proliferative diabetic retinopathy and complicated primary cataract. Conducting phacoemulsification sometime later along with silicone oil removal in PDR patients with preoperative intravitreal injection of angiogenesis inhibitors is a gentler approach for the anatomic structures of the eye during the first stage (VRS) and contributes to the reduction in the number of intraoperative and postoperative complications.

Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) is the most common known risk factor for secondary glaucoma and a major cause of blindness worldwide. Variants in two genes, LOXL1 and CACNA1A, have previously been associated with XFS. To further elucidate the genetic basis of XFS, we collected a global sample of XFS cases to refine the association at LOXL1, which previously showed inconsistent results across populations, and to identify new variants associated with XFS. We identified a rare protective allele at LOXL1 (p.Phe407, odds ratio (OR) = 25, P = 2.9 × 10 -14 ) through deep resequencing of XFS cases and controls from nine countries. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of XFS cases and controls from 24 countries followed by replication in 18 countries identified seven genome-wide significant loci (P < 5 × 10 -8 ). We identified association signals at 13q12 (POMP), 11q23.3 (TMEM136), 6p21 (AGPAT1), 3p24 (RBMS3) and 5q23 (near SEMA6A). These findings provide biological insights into the pathology of XFS and highlight a potential role for naturally occurring rare LOXL1 variants in disease biology.