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Behaving adaptively requires selection of relevant memories and sensations and suppression of competing ones. We hypothesized that these mechanisms are linked, such that hippocampal computations that resolve competition in memory also shape the precision of sensory representations to guide selective attention. We leveraged f MRI-based pattern similarity, receptive field modeling, and eye tracking to test this hypothesis in humans performing a memory-dependent visual search task. In the hippocampus, differentiation of competing memories predicted the precision of memory-guided eye movements. In visual cortex, preparatory coding of remembered target locations predicted search successes, whereas preparatory coding of competing locations predicted search failures due to interference. These effects were linked: stronger hippocampal memory differentiation was associated with lower competitor activation in visual cortex, yielding more precise preparatory representations. These results demonstrate a role for memory differentiation in shaping the precision of sensory representations, highlighting links between mechanisms that overcome competition in memory and perception.

El presente documento tiene por objetivo realizar una caracterización sobre la gastronomía tradicional lacustre entre los habitantes de lo que fueron, y todavía quedan, reminiscencias de la zona lacustre de la cuenca del Alto Lerma, en particular de la laguna del Chimaliapan en el Valle de Toluca. Utiliza el estudio etnográfico que explora la memoria de estos habitantes sobre el conocimiento local de su gastronomía y la importancia que tiene como patrimonio cultural. Se realizaron una serie de entrevistas abiertas y a profundidad para la caracterización de la gastronomía tradicional lacustre de esta localidad. Por último, la información obtenida permitió conocer la manera de clasificar culturalmente la gastronomía lacustre y su importancia como patrimonio cultural intangible.

La orden franciscana en Nueva España publicó libros para las prácticas misioneras en los siglos XVII y XVIII que incluían mensajes moralizantes dirigidos tanto a los indígenas de habla hispana como a los católicos españoles. Incluían letras de varias canciones penitenciales, así como versos llamados saetas. Las canciones abreviaban los mensajes predicados por los frailes que iban de pueblo en pueblo cantando estas canciones y predicando sermones que llamaban a la gente a confesar sus pecados. Este artículo ofrece una primera transcripción y análisis de estas canciones, hasta ahora no estudiadas, sosteniendo que son esencial para el proceso misionero y sacramental a través de su vocalización y vocalidad.

Objectives: To analyze the gene variants of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and determine their association with the severity and outcome of COVID-19. Methods: A total of 104 patients were included in the study: 34 asymptomatic patients with COVID-19 as controls and 70 symptomatic patients as cases. The genetic variants ACE rs4343, ACE2 rs2074192, AGTR1 rs5182, and AGT rs4762 were identified using TaqMan genotyping tests. Results: Patients with the T/T genotype of AGTR1 rs5182 have a higher probability of developing symptomatic COVID-19 (odds ratio [OR] 12.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34-111.9, P ≤0.001) and a higher risk of hospitalization because of disease (OR 14.00, 95% CI 1.53-128.49, P = 0.012). The haplotype CTG (AGTR1 rs5182, ACE2 rs2074192, ACE rs4343) decreased the odds of death related to COVID-19 in the study population (OR 0.03, 95% CI 0.0-0.06, P = 0.026). Conclusions: The T/T genotype of the AGTR1 rs5182 variant increased the probability of symptomatic COVID-19 and hospitalization, whereas the haplotype CTG (consisting of AGTR1 rs5182, ACE2 rs2074192, and ACE rs4343) decreased the odds of death related to COVID-19 by 97% in the hospitalized patients with COVID-19. These results support the participation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system gene variants as modifiers of the severity of symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and the outcome of COVID-19.

Abstract Dung removal by macrofauna such as dung beetles is an important process for nutrient cycling in pasturelands. Intensification of farming practices generally reduces species and functional diversity of terrestrial invertebrates, which may negatively affect ecosystem services. Here, we investigate the effects of cattle-grazing intensification on dung removal by dung beetles in field experiments replicated in 38 pastures around the world. Within each study site, we measured dung removal in pastures managed with low- and high-intensity regimes to assess between-regime differences in dung beetle diversity and dung removal, whilst also considering climate and regional variations. The impacts of intensification were heterogeneous, either diminishing or increasing dung beetle species richness, functional diversity, and dung removal rates. The effects of beetle diversity on dung removal were more variable across sites than within sites. Dung removal increased with species richness across sites, while functional diversity consistently enhanced dung removal within sites, independently of cattle grazing intensity or climate. Our findings indicate that, despite intensified cattle stocking rates, ecosystem services related to decomposition and nutrient cycling can be maintained when a functionally diverse dung beetle community inhabits the human-modified landscape.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: To evaluate the occurrence of plasmid-mediated fos genes among fosfomycin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates collected from patients in Lisbon, Portugal, and characterize the fos-positive strains. Methods: A total of 19 186 E. coli isolates were prospectively collected between April 2022 and January 2023 from inpatients and outpatients at a private laboratory in Lisbon. Fosfomycin resistance was initially assessed by semi-automated systems and further confirmed by the disc diffusion method. Resistant isolates were investigated for plasmid-mediated fos genes (fosA1-fosA10, fosC and fosL1-fosL2) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) by PCR and sequencing. Multilocus sequence typing was performed to evaluate the clonal relationship among fos-carrying isolates. Results: Out of the 19 186 E. coli isolates, 100 were fosfomycin-resistant (0.5%), out of which 15 carried a fosA-like gene (15%). The most prevalent fosfomycin-resistant determinant was fosA3 (n = 11), followed by fosA4 (n = 4). Among the 15 FosA-producing isolates, 10 co-produced an ESBL (67%), being either of CTX-M-15 (n = 8) or CTX-M-14 (n = 2) types. The fosA3 gene was carried on IncFIIA-, IncFIB-, and IncY-type plasmids, whereas fosA4 was always located on IncFIB-type plasmids. Most FosA4-producing isolates belonged to a single sequence type ST2161, whereas isolates carrying the fosA3 gene were distributed into nine distinct genetic backgrounds. Conclusion: The prevalence of fosfomycin-resistant E. coli isolates is still low in Portugal. Notably, 15% of fosfomycin-resistant isolates harbour a transferable fosA gene, among which there is a high rate of ESBL producers, turning traditional empirical therapeutical options used in Portugal (fosfomycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid) ineffective.

To examine the experience of parents, therapists, and physiatrists on direct-to-home tele-physiatry visits with the goal of informing future use of telemedicine for children with special healthcare needs.

El presente estudio tiene por objetivo calcular el Índice de Autosuficiencia Alimentaria (IAA) para un conjunto de nueve de los cultivos estratégicos básicos señalados por la Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural del Gobierno de México, siendo los seleccionados el arroz, la avena, el cacao, el café, el frijol, la manzana, la soya, el sorgo y el trigo, para el periodo 2011-2020. El IAA ayuda a medir el estado y evolución de la capacidad nacional para satisfacer el abasto interno de un determinado bien. Valores bajos del IAA indican que el abasto de dicho producto es altamente dependiente de las condiciones que imperen en los mercados internacionales del mismo. Para el caso mexicano, los valores más bajos del IAA se encontraron en la soya, el arroz y la avena. Los productos que mostraron las condiciones más favorables fueron el café, el frijol, la manzana y el sorgo.

Desde una perspectiva antropológica, el presente artículo tiene por objeto analizar la experiencia turística entendida como un drama social observado a partir del encuentro entre turistas y locales, proceso inarmónico que genera conflictos entre los actores involucrados, dado que cada grupo asigna una trama simbólica a su actuación durante dicho proceso. En lo referente a la metodología, el trabajo surgió del estudio teórico-discursivo de la antropología de la experiencia de Victor Turner, por medio de una revisión narrativa y bibliográfica de trabajos previos sobre el tema, para reflexio­nar acerca del enfoque propuesto por otros autores. El resultado del análisis efectuado permite establecer que el encuentro entre turistas y locales se interpreta como una experiencia turística insatisfactoria en la que se advierte un mecanismo de encubri­miento mutuo, pues cada grupo elige del universo del otro una serie de símbolos que comunican por medio de una relación desigual, conflictiva y de evitación mutua debido al choque cultural propiciado por la interacción social de las partes implicadas.

Moreira-Muñoz, A., Pina Ravest, Valeria C. de y Mansilla-Quiñones, P. (Eds.: 2023). Geohumanidades. Arte y naturaleza del Antropoceno. Chile: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. 344 pp. ISBN 978-956-17-1055-9

Gut bacteria help dung beetles metabolize nutrients contained and synthesize those unavailable in their food, depending on the ecological scenario in which they develop. However, less is known about the influence of environmental and behavioral factors on the taxonomic composition of bacterial gut communities in Scarabaeinae beetles. To address this research topic, we analyzed 13 tropical dung beetle species in the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Mexico, to understand how the beetle tribe, habitat, food preference, food relocation, and parental care influence the composition of gut bacterial communities. We found that the beetle tribe is the primary factor impacting the taxonomic composition of gut bacterial communities. Among them, Deltochilini displayed the highest variability in diversity due to the different combinations of habitat and food preferences among its species. On the other hand, the other tribes studied did not exhibit such variable combinations. Habitat emerged as the second most influential factor, with forest-dwelling beetles displaying higher diversity. This can be attributed to the heterogeneous environments within tropical forests, which offer a greater diversity of food resources. In contrast, grassland beetles, living in more homogeneous environments and relying on cow feces as their main food source, exhibited lower diversity. Our findings suggest a correlation between bacterial diversity and food resource availability in complex habitats, such as tropical forests, which offer a wider array of food sources compared to simpler environments like grasslands.

Neural activity from perception is thought to be reactivated during memory recall. Here, the authors show that memory reactivation in visual cortex exhibits different tuning properties from those observed during perception.

A través de los años, el estudio de la desigualdad educativa ha ocupado el interés de diferentes disciplinas sociales por su importancia para dar seguimiento a los avances educativos regionales y su utilidad como instrumento para valorar la acción pública al respecto. El grado de desigualdad educativa en una región da cuenta de la manera en la que la sociedad puede proveer de oportunidades educativas equitativas a la población y hacer efectivo el derecho a aprender de las niñas, niños y jóvenes. El presente estudio, con alcance descriptivo, tuvo por objetivo medir la desigualdad educativa, a través de la distribución de la escolaridad, para el caso de los municipios del estado de Michoacán, México, con datos para el año 2020. Para realizar lo anterior se utilizó una adaptación del coeficiente de Gini. Los resultados sugieren que las condiciones de mayor desigualdad se ubicaron en los municipios del sur del estado tales como Tumbiscatío, Tiquicheo, Carácuaro, Aguililla y Turicato. En contraste, las condiciones más igualitarias se encontraron en la capital del estado, Morelia, y los municipios de Tarímbaro, Briseñas, Nuevo Parangaricutiro, Purépero y Angangueo.

The relationship between dung beetles and arboreal mammals has been scarcely studied, and many of the reports refer to observations without a standardized methodology. The accelerated loss of tropical forests urges us to understand this mutualistic association. Using our studies on arboreal dung beetles in the Palenque Archaeological Zone-National Park, Mexico, as a baseline, we analyzed the information on arboreal dung beetles in Neotropical forests in Mexico and around the world. Canthon euryscelis Bates, 1867, Canthon angustatus Harold, 1867, Canthon subhyalinus Harold, 1867, and Canthon femoralis (Chevrolat, 1834) are the main species collected in trees of Palenque, Onthophagus maya Zunino, 1981 and other non-Scarabaeinae species were occasionally collected from trees in Palenque. The small Canthon species are skilled fliers strongly relationship with monkeys in Palenque and other tropical regions of Mexico and Central America. In South America, arboreal dung beetles are more diverse and include these and other dung beetle species associated with monkeys. Several dung beetle species of the genus Onthophagus have been reported in association with African monkeys. In India, several studies report a wide variety of dung beetle species associated with monkeys. In Australia and New Guinea, only some species of Macropocopris are described as being associated with arboreal marsupials, but in Borneo, several dung beetle species have been observed associated with arboreal marsupials, mostly in managed forests. In Madagascar, Arachnoides gandi is the only beetle species reported in trees. We need to formulate a systematic and comparative methodology to understand better how arboreal beetles search for food, where the food is located, and how brood balls are made, how male-female pairs meet and nest, and how they contribute to arboreal dung recycling.

Rubial García, A. y Ramírez Méndez, J. (2023). Ciudad anfibia. México Tenochtitlán en el siglo XVI. (Serie Históricas Comunicación Pública, 2. Colección Historia en Breve). México: Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 100 pp. ISBN: 978-607-30-7256-4

Background Land use is a major factor determining stream water physicochemistry. However, most streams move from one land use type to another as they drain their watersheds. Here, we studied three land use scenarios in a tropical cloud forest zone in Mexico. We addressed three main goals, to: (1) assess how land use scenarios generate different patterns in stream physicochemical characteristics; (2) explore how seasonality (i.e., dry, dry-to-wet transition, and wet seasons) might result in changes to those patterns over the year; and (3) explore whether physicochemical patterns in different scenarios resulted in effects on biotic components (e.g., algal biomass). Methods We studied Tropical Mountain Cloud Forest streams in La Antigua watershed, Mexico. Streams drained different three scenarios, streams with (1) an upstream section draining forest followed by a pasture section (F-P), (2) an upstream section in pasture followed by a forest section (P-F), and (3) an upstream forest section followed by coffee plantation (F-C). Physicochemistry was determined at the upstream and downstream sections, and at the boundary between land uses. Measurements were seasonal, including temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and pH. Water was analyzed for suspended solids, alkalinity, silica, chloride, sulfate, magnesium, sodium, and potassium. Nutrients included ammonium, nitrate, and phosphorus. We measured benthic and suspended organic matter and chlorophyll. Results Streams presented strong seasonality, with the highest discharge and suspended solids during the wet season. Scenarios and streams within each scenario had distinct physicochemical signatures. All three streams within each scenario clustered together in ordination space and remained close to each other during all seasons. There were significant scenario-season interactions on conductivity (F = 9.5, P < 0.001), discharge (F = 56.7, P < 0.001), pH (F = 4.5, P = 0.011), Cl− (F = 12.2, P < 0.001), SO42− (F = 8.8, P < 0.001) and NH4+ (F = 5.4, P = 0.005). Patterns within individual scenarios were associated with stream identity instead of land use. Both P-F and F-C scenarios had significantly different physicochemical patterns from those in F-P in all seasons (Procrustes analysis, m12 = 0.05–0.25; R = 0.86–0.97; P < 0.05). Chlorophyll was significantly different among scenarios and seasons (F = 5.36, P = 0.015, F = 3.81, P = 0.42, respectively). Concentrations were related to physicochemical variables more strongly during the transition season. Conclusion Overall, land use scenarios resulted in distinctive water physicochemical signatures highlighting the complex effects that anthropogenic activities have on tropical cloud forest streams. Studies assessing the effect of land use on tropical streams will benefit from assessing scenarios, rather than focusing on individual land use types. We also found evidence of the importance that forest fragments play in maintaining or restoring stream water physicochemistry.

Méndez Gómez, D. (2022). El Mapa de Atenco-Mixquiahuala: análisis toponímico y cartográfico. México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México. 430 pp., ISBN INAH 978-607-539-647-3, ISBN INEHRM 978-607-549-348-0. Edición en formato electrónico disponible en https://www.inehrm.gob.mx/recursos/Libros/El_mapa_de_Atenco_Mixquihuala.pdf

This article provides an overview of the development of spatial humanities in Mexico, focusing specifically on the Bishopric of Michoacán. This ecclesiastical and jurisdictional unit, established during the Viceroyalty of New Spain, has recently been examined through the lens of spatial humanities. Our review identifies that this approach, when combined with traditional historical methods, can be highly effective in advancing research on territorial reconfiguration processes involving both Spanish and Indigenous actors. Furthermore, we present two examples of geographical text analysis (GTA) applied to the Relaciones Geográficas of Michoacán. Building on this review and the examples, we aim to encourage researchers interested in Mexico's past to enhance the potential of early historical sources by extracting valuable information intertwined with the spatial data contained in these documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]