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In rural and isolated areas, there are limited clean and fresh water sources, which could be an issue for the people living in those areas. The use of solar distillation is used to treat the wastewater as an alternative to the fresh water sources. Thus, this study will determine the water quality of two different wastewater using solar water distiller and evaluates whether the treated water comply to the standard limit of drinking water from the Ministry of Health, Malaysia (MOH). The stormwater and greywater were used as water samples for the study. The physical properties investigated were temperature, colour, and odour while the chemical properties were total dissolved solids (TDS), ammonia, chlorine, hardness and pH value. The performance of solar water distiller was examined by considering the quality as well as the quantity of treated water. The relationship between the surrounding temperature, humidity and the volume of water collected was observed and recorded. The physicochemical parameters of the water after the treatment lies within the standard of MOH. Thus, the results demonstrated that the solar water distiller has potential as an alternative sustainable water treatment method.

Characterization of hydrologic processes of a catchment in relation to water resources structures design requires estimation of time-response characteristics which is used in hydrologic models. The time of concentration (Tc) is an essential component in hydrological modelling which is used in predicting the response time of a catchment to a storm event. There are many approaches in the estimation of time of concentration from literature. At gauged watersheds, Tc can be estimated using rainfall and a runoff hydrograph, while for ungauged catchments, empirical equations are used. In this study, variability of empirical methodologies and hydrograph separation method for evaluating Tc using data from past study on Sungai Kerayong, Kuala Lumpur is presented. Results of the study showed Gundlach, Carter and NAASRA methods are suitable for estimating Tc in the study area while Bransby-Williams and Ventura methods were the poorest in estimation of Tc in the study.

Water quality is always affected by a wide range of human and natural factors which is commonly a result of mismanagement of land, dumping of rubbish and unintentional introduction of chemical material into the river. The rivers in Kuala Selangor and Sabak Bernam districts which lie in active agriculture and aquaculture activities are also not spared from pollution. This study focused on water quality investigation and source of pollution identification in seven rivers in Kuala Selangor and Sabak Bernam. The water quality parameters investigated were Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Suspended Solids (SS), pH and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN). Water Quality Index (WQI) was then calculated based on Department of Environmental guidelines. Based on the WQI results, Sungai Selangor and Sungai Tengi were classified as Class III showing slightly polluted, while Sungai Buloh, Sungai Nibong, Sungai Haji Dorani, Sungai Besar (Bagan Cina), Sungai Besar (Parit Timur) and Sungai Bernam were classified as Class IV or polluted. The industrial, residential, agricultural activities in the surrounding area of the rivers that were suspected of being sources of river pollution were also identified.

Rapid urbanisation has caused an increased in peak discharge that conventional drainage systems cannot adequately handle. Low Impact Development (LID) practices are becoming a new approach in helping to better mimic the pre-development discharges. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of LID and Best Management Practices (BMP) under different rainfall conditions. Vegetative swale and detention pond were selected to represent LID and BMP. Simulations of four main scenarios namely, base case, LID, BMP, and combined LID-BMP were performed using Stormwater Management Model (SWMM). Results show that among the scenarios simulated, the combined LID-BMP is most effective with average peak flow reduction of 54%. This is followed by BMP that achieved 37% in average peak flow reduction as compared to 27% peak flow reduction by LID. The findings indicate the need for integrated strategy when dealing with stormwater management measures.

This study was conducted to measure and compare the existing concentration of heavy metals in groundwater at riverbank. This study was also carried out to determine the effectiveness of activated durian rind which serves as powdered activated carbon (PAC) as an adsorption agent to remove heavy metals such as iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in groundwater. The initial concentration of Fe and Mn from all groundwater samples have exceeded the allowable standard. The process of removing iron and manganese was done by using 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.3g and 0.4g of activated durian rind. The results has shown a promising success with the percentage of removal with activated durian rind for iron ranging from 93.06% to 98.39%, while removal percentage for manganese ranging from 93.42% to 98.57%.

The composting is an alternative solution that can be used to this environmental problem to control the increase in waste generation. The unused leachate waste and municipal sewage sludge could be treated and reused it into compost that can be used for any beneficial purpose such as bio-fertilizer for plant growth. The objectives of this study were to analyze the trend of microbial growth and heavy metal concentration in compost from municipal sewage sludge and leachate sludge. The correlation between both parameters also was identified to determine the relationship between both parameters. Four design ratios were prepared to determine which ratio of compost has the most efficient compost in term of microbial growth and heavy metals concentration. The result showed that mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria population were increases in ratio 1, 2 and 3. The compost of ratio 2 and ratio 3 were found to meet the Malaysian standard of organic fertilizer in terms of the heavy metal concentration. There is correlation between bacteria population and heavy metal concentration in both composts. This composting method could be developed and practised by any institutions or treatment plant so that the amount of sludge waste generated could be reduced and help decreased the environmental pollution crisis in this country.

Project-Based Learning (PBL) is a teaching method in which a student gains knowledge and skills by working for an extended period of time to investigate and respond to an authentic project, engaging in complex questions, problems, or challenges. The PBL for sustainability management course was designed to achieve the student learning outcomes and to help develop skills such as critical thinking, problem solving, communication, collaboration, and self-management. The project features a real-problem in an Orang Asli Settlement at Pos Kuala Mu, Perak. The challenge for the students is to propose sustainable eco-tourism activities and at the same time conserve and uphold the traditional knowledge and Orang Asli heritage. The target of this project is to increase the income of the Orang Asli and thus improve their economic sustainability. Students were engaged in a rigorous, extended process of asking questions, finding resources, applying their knowledge and gathering information. The project was successfully implemented and can be concluded that implementation of PBL in sustainability management course for postgraduate students achieved the course outcomes and the programmes outcomes. Keywords: Project-based Learning (PBL), Sustainability Management, Postgraduate

The Riverbank filtration (RBF) study in Jenderam Hilir, Selangor is a pilot project to develop a better and sustainable source of water and will provide a good platform to introduce this method in Malaysia. This study has been carried out to identify the soil characteristics of the riverbank soil of the monitoring well and resistivity at the riverbank of Langat River. Soil samples taken from adjacent monitoring wells namely Monitoring Well 1, Monitoring Well 3 and Monitoring Well 4 were initially examined for the Particle Size Distribution (PSD) according to British Standard 1377: Part 2:1990. PSD of the soils was obtained from sieve analysis and hydrometer method. Sieve analyses of the soil were performed to support of geological bore logs while the hydrometer method is used to determine the distribution of finer particles. Resistivity, which uses current to measure the resistivity of the subsurface, was used during this project. Resistivity was measured through an ABEM SAS 4000 Terrameter by using a Wenner-Schlumberger array. 2 resistivity lines were executed by using a 1.5m spacing of electrode. The resistivity data were then processed and interpreted using the RES2DINV software. Results from both tests shown that at MW3 which is located at the top of the surface layer which is 0 to 4 meter can be classified as sandy silt with a resistivity value of 11-60Ωm. While for MW1 and MW4 the resistivity value shows 60 - 200 Ω which is classified as silty sand type. From the results, it has revealed that the study about the process of losing or gaining of river water passing through riverbank material towards a production well is carried out.The Riverbank filtration (RBF) study in Jenderam Hilir, Selangor is a pilot project to develop a better and sustainable source of water and will provide a good platform to introduce this method in Malaysia. This study has been carried out to identify the soil characteristics of the riverbank soil of the monitoring well and resistivity at the riverbank of Langat River. Soil samples taken from adjacent monitoring wells namely Monitoring Well 1, Monitoring Well 3 and Monitoring Well 4 were initially examined for the Particle Size Distribution (PSD) according to British Standard 1377: Part 2:1990. PSD of the soils was obtained from sieve analysis and hydrometer method. Sieve analyses of the soil were performed to support of geological bore logs while the hydrometer method is used to determine the distribution of finer particles. Resistivity, which uses current to measure the resistivity of the subsurface, was used during this project. Resistivity was measured through an ABEM SAS 4000 Terrameter by using a Wen...

Detection of fungal disease is the major issues in agricultural management and production. This disease would attack the plantation area and damaging the based root or the stem tissue of the trees. In oil palm industry, Basal Stem Rot (BSR) is the major disease in Malaysia that caused by a fungal named Ganoderma Boninense species. Since agricultural areas in Malaysia are the great factors that contribute in the economic sector, therefore the prevention and controlling this disease situation are needed to reduce the extent of the infection. These plant diseases are mostly being caused by the inflectional disease form such as viruses, viroids, bacteria, protozoa and even parasitic plants. It also could included mites and vertebrate or small insects that consume the plant tissues. Studies focused more on the breeding and relationship of the disease in the stumps, roots and soil system if oil palm trees by identifying the heavy metal; Phosphorus, copper, Iron, Manganese, Potassium and Zinc characteristic. Samples were taken from various types of physical appearance of the trees. It shows the relationship of the fungal disease breeding between oil palm trees and the heavy metals does affect the tree's system.

This study was conducted to measure and compare the concentration of iron, manganese and hardness of the river and groundwater and to determine the effectiveness of iron and manganese removal by using natural biosorbent which is banana peels. The samples of river and groundwater were collected at riverbank filtration site at Jenderam Hilir, Dengkil. Based on the water quality investigation, the concentration of iron and manganese in the samples of groundwater have exceeded the drinking water quality standard which are 0.3 mg/L for iron and 0.1 mg/L for manganese. The removal process of the iron and manganese in the groundwater was done by using 2, 4 and 8 grams of banana peels activated carbon. It is found that with higher amount of activated banana peels, the removal of iron and manganese is more effective. The ranges of percentage of iron and manganese removal are between 82.25% to 90.84% and 98.79% to 99.43% respectively. From the result, banana peels activated carbon can be concluded as a one of the most effective low-cost adsorbent for groundwater treatment.

Riverbank failure is a common issue whereby almost every year riverbanks are prone with problems, such as erosion, breaching or retirements. Among the major causes are due to the use of geotechnical unstable materials, seepage and sliding of soil. Therefore, the main issue to be tackled is to evaluate riverbank soil properties. Soil properties evaluation is significant for riverbank assessment and this paper gives better justification for problem arise. This study focuses on the characterization of soil properties and the identification of the physical and mechanical soil properties of undisturbed soil sample. This is seen as an opportunity to overcome any issues related to the riverbank failure. The location of this study is located at Damansara River, Seksyen 13, Shah Alam, Selangor. Laboratory experiments that have been conducted are Moisture Content Test, Specific Gravity Test, Atterberg Limit Test, Particle Distribution Test, Compaction Test, Permeability Test and also Shear Strength Test. The soil at Damansara River riverbank is classified as well graded silty sand. Moisture content for both samples is 33 and 39 %. The specific gravity for both samples recorded as 2.27 and 2.61. Furthermore, plastic limit for each sample is 31 and 35 % while liquid limit is 42 and 50 %. Dry density for Sample 1 is 1.85 Mg/m3 while Sample 2 is 1.70 Mg/m3. The permeability of the soil is range of 10−3 to 10−5. The strength of riverbank soil is low due to the condition of soil properties which is sand where the value of cohesion, c′, recorded is 8 kPa while internal friction, O, value is 20.4°.

This paper presents findings on the soft soil stabilization using waste paper sludge ash (WPSA). A laboratories testing was conducted to determine the compressive strength, total shear strength and effective shear strength on soft soil subgrade stabilized using WPSA mixtures. Instead, the microstructure of soft soil and stabilized soft soil was investigated to evaluate the role of WPSA to the strength of stabilized soft soil. The soft soil subgrade sample, categorized as slightly sandy CLAY of intermediate plasticity used in this study was stabilized using Class-C of WPSA. The first objective is to determine the maximum compressive strength and optimum percentages of WPSA mixtures. The second objective is to determine the total shear strength and effective shear strength of soft soil stabilized with optimum percentage of WPSA. The third objective is to investigate the effect of WPSA to the strength of stabilized soft soil by microstructure testing by scanning electron microscopic test (SEM). This study involved three main testing. First testing was unconfined compression test to determine the compressive strength. Second testing was consolidated undrained test to determine the total shear strength and third testing was consolidated drained test to determine the effective shear strength. Third testing was microstructure testing by scanning electron microscopic test (SEM). The result shows, the addition of 10 % WPSA were giving the highest compressive strength about 737 kPa and improved the total strength and effective strength to stabilize the soft soil due to the crystal formation from the pozzolanic reaction.

The rapid growth of shrimp farm activities began since last 40 years. It is due to high demands and can generate economy to the country. In Malaysia, thousands tonnes of shrimp were produced every year for local demand and export as well. However high demand in this industry, causes problem of water pollution in shrimp ponds which subsequently contaminated discharge from the pond due to presence of bacteria. In this study, it was found that shrimp farm water and effluent containing pathogenic bacteria which is resistant to certain antibiotic. These antibiotic resistance bacteria could be harmful to human. Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Shigella flexneri and E. coli were detected in the water and effluent from the shrimp farm. Total of Vibrio in 3 and 6 months pond were higher than allowable limit, which is 1625 and 2650 cfu/ml, respectively. E. coli in this study was recorded at low concentration, however dramatically increased in 4 months pond (438 cfu/ml) before plunging to 13 cfu/ml in 6 months pond. It can be concluded that the higher number of pathogenic bacteria (>1000 cfu/ml of Vibrio) were detected in shrimp pond water and effluent can cause illness to human health.

Riverbank Filtration System (RBF) is regarded as the pre-treatment technology to treat surface water and ground water resources. RBF technology is used for pre-treatment existing raw surface water supplies but also develop sustainable water supplies for demand. However, riverbank filtration system needs to be maintained regularly because filter media is being clogged as the solids are trapped. When the solid particles are trapped, the water will not be able to flow easily. The clogging may decrease the sustainability of ground water abstraction. The results of this effect, it will charge of additional costs of monitoring, replacement and rehabilitation of wells. The location of this study is located at Damansara River, Seksyen 13, Shah Alam. The river are primarily comes from Klang River which most of its water comes from the industrial activities that discharged into the river. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of hydraulic conductivity (K) due soil clogging. Besides that, the study also intended to identify whether the vibration method is an effective method for clogging dispersion in soil. Throughout the study, tests that have been conducted are Falling Head test and vibration method by using sieve shaker. The average of hydraulic conductivity before vibration is 0.000319 cm/s while after vibration is 0.000201 cm/s. The frequency of vibration for soil sample is 50 Hz for 10 min. The duration of study was conducted within 2 months.

Baseflow is the portion of streamflow that comes from “the sum of deep subsurface flow and delayed shallow subsurface flow”. Baseflow separation is often used to determine the portion of a stremflow hydrograph occurs from baseflow, and the portion occurs from overland flow. Many methods for baseflow separation exist, but for this study only the Lyne and Hollick filter method is used. The location for this study is Sungai Bernam at Tanjung Malim. In this study, the type of data used is daily streamflow data. The data collected are obtained from DID. Next, the data will be analyzed based on different durations; which are for a month, for a year and for 5 years. The results show that there is no fixed pattern for the value of baseflow index (BFI). All the values range between 0.6 and 0.8 and this vary over space and time based on regional climate, topography, landscape and geological characteristics.