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Advancement in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are revolutionizing Development Journalism (DJ) into an effective strategy for building competitive economies globally. However, many countries in Africa including Tanzania are slow in tapping potentials of ICT for development journalism. Digital penetration in the form of the Internet and social media are changing the way in which journalists are mobilizing and engaging communities in journalism practises, a key strategy for a competitive digitalised economy. This paper was guided by Development Communication Theory and Diffusion of Innovation Theory to explore the use of online social media by journalists in Tanzania to practice development journalism. Combining quantitative and qualitative methods, this paper analyses risks and benefits of online social media platforms in contributing to national development goals. A total of 15 social media journalists and managers from Mwananchi Digital, Ayo TV and Azam TV gave their insights in this paper. Use of online social media platforms for development news is still in its infancy stage, key findings show that out of 270 (100%) studied news items, only 66 (24%) manifested development news practice. Non-development news accounted for 204 (76%) of news items analysed. There were only four (4) (27%) journalists who use social media as a source of information, and platform for disseminating development news in Ayo TV compared to 3 (20%) in Mwananchi Digital and 5 (33%) in Azam TV. Results call upon some intensive national efforts to empower journalists in the use of ICT and mobilize audience in the changing communication patterns.

Advancement in technology has led teaching and learning to improve from traditional to electronic learning (E-Learning). E-learning consists of different multimedia including videos which facilitate learning much easier. Unfortunately, videos accessed on e-learning platform suffer in Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE). The aim of this paper is to evaluate QoS in terms of jitter, delay and packet loss, also to evaluate and compare objective and subjective QoE of e-learning video transmitted via Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) network. A model of UMTS network was developed by using Network Simulator 2 (NS2) and EvalVid framework. The developed model was used for e-learning video streaming. The streamed video was objectively and subjectively evaluated for its QoE, also jitter, delay and packet loss were used as the parameters for QoS. The obtained results has shown that e-learning video streaming delivered through 3G/UMTS suffers packet losses that exceeds the accepted value of 1%, hence poor video streaming QoS. Subjective QoE turned out to be much worse than objective QoE. Therefore, this paper recommends preference in using subjective QoE, because it gives real feelings of users with regards to QoS. Results suggest that UMTS is not suitable for e-learning video streaming.

Electrical Faults have become the leading causes of power disruptions in the Secondary Distribution Power Network (SDPN). They are caused by the distributed nature of the electrical equipment, lack of protection and lack of automation systems like those deployed in the primary distribution network, transmission and generation. However, the prediction of faults before their occurrence, would lead to a pro-active action to mitigate the potential faults which in turn reduces number of faults that would have occurred at the SDPN. This study proposes a secures hybrid, hierarchical communication architecture to predict faults in the SDPN. Fault predictions require a vast amount of data to be collected from different points in the SDPN by using sensors. When analysis of data collected is done, proper command data must be sent to electrical equipment through deployed actuators in the field. To support this data transmission between system components, a hybrid communication network is required to facilitate data transferred from sensors to the control center and command signals sent from the control center to the actuators in the field. The hybrid network proposed is using Wi-Fi to an edge and fog layer, high data transmission technologies like microwave and fiber optics are used between the fog and cloud layer. However, the introduction of intelligence in the SDPN for fault prediction renders it vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Therefore, security aspects have also be proposed to reduce all possible security threats

A significant work has been done by electric power utility companies, in Tanzania and worldwide, to implement automated protection and control in their electric power grids. The automation is mainly implemented in generation, transmission and primary distribution parts of the grid, in order to guarantee quality of service to customers. However, for secondary distribution part of the grid in Tanzania, there is no much automation that has been put in place, as a result, defects and faults in the secondary distribution power grid are reported mainly by customers or through visual inspection (physical visits) by utility company personnel. This makes the entire process from faults occurrence, reporting and faults clearance be time consuming and costly. Automation in fault detection and clearance can be addressed by implementing a smart grid. The smart grid is facilitated by the presence of a well dimensioned communication architecture that can allow inputs from sensors to be conveyed to control elements in the control center, which will generate control messages for transmission to various points in the smart grid for appropriate actions. In the current setup, Tanzania's electric grid does not have a communication architecture to support two-way communication between secondary distribution network and control center for automation. In this paper, secondary distribution network architectures and communication technologies are surveyed. Thereafter, through Challenge Driven Education (CDE), a hybrid communication architecture with appropriate technologies convenient for Tanzania Electric Power Utility (TANESCO) to facilitate automatic faults detection and clearance is proposed. A prototype of the architecture was piloted and results obtained show that the communication architecture made up of distributed processing and hybrid communication technologies was capable to facilitate automatic faults detection and clearance in the scattered secondary distribution network.

Tanzania is among the African developing countries that has embraced egovernment in recent years. The continual rises of wireless mobile technology bring an attention to enhance e-government systems by extending some of the services to be accessed and delivered via a mobile phone. Due to lack of standard extension procedures each government institutions extends according to developer’s technical knowledge. The main objective of this paper is to develop extension procedures for enhancing web based e-government systems with a mobile service. In this study both exploratory and prototyping methods were used. Exploratory method was used during data collection. Prototyping was used during design and development of mgovernment service prototype. Web based e-Government systems in fourteen (14) Government departments, Ministries and Agencies were analyzed to identify a system for enhancement. Wananchi portal, under the Ministry of information, culture art and sports was selected. The selection criteria were the system that has direct interaction with citizens. During design and development of m-service prototype, several extension procedures and their interactions were observed and recorded; six (6) procedures were found relevant. Therefore, this paper proposes a six steps extension procedures from web based e-government to m-government. Clear understanding of the extension process will reduce development time and cost. Extending web based system with mobile services means extra services and hence more revenue to network and service providers. To the government, it means an added/alternative channel to service her citizens, and to the citizens, means readily accessible and responsive Government

Utilization is a key aspect in the management of any societal resource not only when it is scarce but in all cases to allow for optimum benefits to be accrued to everyone in the society. Internet bandwidth, which is a rare commodity especially in rural areas is hardly available where needed at the same cost and quality due to various reasons. Tanzania as a case study is among countries that have invested much in international, national and metro backbone networks, but still, there are areas without or with inadequate internet access services implying a significant utilization problem. In this paper, we present as a case study, the status of broadband connectivity in selected rural areas in Tanzania (Arusha) and the status is used to make recommendations for optimized utilization of installed capacity. open access

Digital broadcasting has been an area of active research, development, innovation and business models development in recent years. This paper presents a survey on the characteristics of the digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB) standards, and implementation status of DTTB worldwide showing the standards adopted. It is clear that only the developed countries and some in the developing ones shall be able to beat the ITU set analogue to digital broadcasting migration deadline because of the challenges that these countries faces in digitizing their terrestrial broadcasting. The challenges to keep on track the DTTB migration plan are also discussed in this paper. They include financial, technology gap, policies alignment with DTTB technology, etc. The reported performance comparisons for the different standards are also presented. The interesting part is that the results for many comparative studies depends to a large extent on the objective behind such studies, hence counter claims are common., {"references":["ATSC, \"A/53: ATSC Digital Television Standard Parts 1-6\", A/53 Part\n1-6 ATSC Document, 3 Jan. 2007.","ATSC, \"Standard for Coding 25/50 Hz Video\", A/63 ATSC Document,\n7th May 1997.","ATSC, \"ATSC Standard: Video System Characteristics of AVC in the\nATSC Digital Television System\", A/72 Part 1 ATSC Document, 29 Jul.\n2008.","ATSC, \"A/72 Part 2: AVC Video Transport Subsystem Characteristics\nATSC Standard: AVC Video Transport Subsystem Characteristics\",\nA/72 Part 2 ATSC Document, 29 July 2008.","M.R. Chari, F. Ling, A. Mantravadi, R. Krishnamoorthi, R. Vijayan,\nG.K. Walker, R. 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Most rural areas of the developing countries lack Information and Communication (ICT) infrastructures such as access network (last mile connectivity) to deliver ICT services. The lack of connectivity is due to high cost associated with implementing ICT infrastructures. Wireless technologies are envisioned as candidates for rural connectivity. They are not only easier and faster to deploy but also cheaper than the wired technologies. This paper presents a techno-economic analysis of two wireless mobile technologies in Tanzania called third generation (3G) implemented at 900MHz and at 2100MHz frequency bands. Objectives of techno-economic analysis are to investigate economic feasibility and to determine a cost effective option between the two connectivity options. Results show that 3G at 900HMz is a feasible and cost effective connectivity technology in Tanzania. These results can be generalized to other developing countries, since their rural areas pose similar characteristics with regard to ICT infrastructure development.