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Fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated, and their metabolites (eicosanoids) play many pivotal roles in human body, influencing various physiological and pathological processes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with edible oils diverse in terms of fatty acid composition on fatty acid contents, activities of converting their enzymes, and on lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic and linoleic acids (eicosanoids) in rat serum. Female Sprague-Dawley rats divided into seven groups were used in the study. Animals from six groups were fed one of oils daily (carotino oil, made up by combining of red palm oil and canola oil, linseed oil, olive oil, rice oil, sesame oil, or sunflower oil). One group received a standard diet only. Fatty acids were determined using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Eicosanoids-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE) and hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODE) were extracted using a solid-phase extraction method and analyzed with HPLC. Vegetable oils given daily to rats caused significant changes in serum fatty acid profile and eicosanoid concentrations. Significant differences were also found in desaturases' activity, with the linseed and olive oil supplemented groups characterized by the highest D6D and D5D activity. These findings may play a significant role in various pathological states., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Background: Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs; e.g., acetate, propionate, and butyrate) are produced by microbial fermentation of fiber in the colon. Evidence is lacking on how high-fiber diets that differ in macronutrient composition affect circulating SCFAs., Objectives: We aimed to compare the effects of 3 high-fiber isocaloric diets differing in %kcal of carbohydrate, protein, or unsaturated fat on circulating SCFAs. Based on previous literature, we hypothesized that serum acetate, the main SCFA in circulation, increases on all high-fiber diets, but differently by macronutrient composition of the diet., Methods: OmniHeart is a randomized crossover trial of 164 men and women (≥30 y old); 163 participants with SCFA data were included in this analysis. We provided participants 3 isocaloric high-fiber (∼30 g/2100 kcal) diets, each for 6 wk, in random order: a carbohydrate-rich (Carb) diet, a protein-rich (Prot) diet (protein predominantly from plant sources), and an unsaturated fat-rich (Unsat) diet. We used LC-MS to quantify SCFA concentrations in fasting serum, collected at baseline and the end of each diet period. We fitted linear regression models with generalized estimating equations to examine change in ln-transformed SCFAs from baseline to the end of each diet; differences between diets; and associations of changes in SCFAs with cardiometabolic parameters., Results: From baseline, serum acetate concentrations were increased by the Prot (β: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.35), Unsat (β: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.33), and Carb (β: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.24) diets; between diets, only Prot compared with Carb was significant (P = 0.02). Propionate was decreased by the Carb (β: -0.10; 95% CI: -0.16, -0.03) and Unsat (β: -0.10; 95% CI: -0.16, -0.04) diets, not the Prot diet; between diet comparisons of Carb vs. Prot (P = 0.006) and Unsat vs. Prot (P = 0.002) were significant. The Prot diet increased butyrate (β: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.09) compared with baseline, but not compared with the other diets. Increases in acetate were associated with decreases in insulin and glucose; increases in propionate with increases in leptin, LDL cholesterol, and blood pressure; and increases in butyrate with increases in insulin and glucose, and decreases in HDL cholesterol and ghrelin (Ps < 0.05)., Conclusions: Macronutrient composition of high-fiber diets affects circulating SCFAs, which are associated with measures of appetite and cardiometabolic health. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00051350., (Copyright © The Author(s) 2020.)

This work describes the economic feasibility of hydroprocessed diesel fuel production via catalytic decarboxylation of rubber seed oil in Malaysia. A comprehensive techno-economic assessment is developed using Aspen HYSYS V8.0 software for process modelling and economic cost estimates. The profitability profile and minimum fuels selling price of this synthetic fuels production using rubber seed oil as biomass feedstock are assessed under a set of assumptions for what can be plausibly be achieved in 10-years framework. In this study, renewable diesel processing facility is modelled to be capable of processing 65,000 L of inedible oil per day and producing a total of 20 million litre of renewable diesel product per annual with assumed annual operational days of 347. With the forecasted renewable diesel retail price of 3.64 RM per kg, the pioneering renewable diesel project investment offers an assuring return of investment of 12.1% and net return as high as 1.35 million RM. Sensitivity analysis conducted showed that renewable diesel production cost is most sensitive to rubber seed oil price and hydrogen gas price, reflecting on the relative importance of feedstock prices in the overall profitability profile., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The antioxidant activity of ethyl and octyl hydroxytyrosyl ethers toward lipids was determined using the Rancimat and open cup methods at high temperatures and 50 °C, respectively. The effect of the unsaturation of the matrix was evaluated using sunflower, soya, and fish refined oils. The antioxidant activities of alkyl hydroxytyrosyl ethers (HTy ethers), hydroxytyrosyl esters, and free hydroxytyrosol are similar, and are much higher than that of α-tocopherol at the same millimolar concentration. The relationship between the induction period and the concentration of the HTy ethers is a sigmoidal curve; an accurate concentration of HTy ethers is necessary to achieve maximum activity, as it increases with the level of matrix unsaturation. The presence of tocopherols in commercial oils affects the antioxidant effect of HTy ethers. Thus, the addition of a low concentration of HTy ethers results in a positive effect, whereas the effect of the addition of high amounts of ethers is slightly less than that of the phenol alone. The addition of HTy ethers to commercial refined oils increases the stability of the oils and preserves tocopherols and polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidation, enabling the oils to maintain their nutritional properties for longer periods of time.

Rationale: Unsaturated lipids play a crucial role in cellular processes as signaling factors, membrane building blocks or energy storage molecules. However, adequate mass spectrometry imaging of this diverse group of molecules remains challenging. In this study we implemented silver cationization for direct analysis by infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) to enhance the ion abundances for olefinic lipids and facilitate peak assignment., Methods: Trace amounts of silver nitrate were doped into the electrospray solvent of an IR-MALDESI imaging source coupled to an Orbitrap mass analyzer. Calcifediol was examined as a model compound to demonstrate the effect of silver dopants on sensitivity and assay robustness. Dried human serum spots were subsequently analyzed to compare Ag-doped solvents with previously described solvent compositions. Mass differences as well as ion abundance ratio filters were employed to interpret results based on the characteristic isotopic pattern of silver., Results: Olefinic lipids were readily observed as silver adducts in IR-MALDESI analyses. Silver cationization decreased the limit of detection for calcifediol by at least one order of magnitude and was not affected in complex biological matrices. The ion abundance ratio and mass difference of [M + (107) Ag(+)](+) and [M + (109) Ag(+)](+) were successfully applied to facilitate the spectral assignment of silver adducts. Overall, silver cationization increased the analyte coverage in human serum by 43% compared with a standard IR-MALDESI approach., Conclusions: Silver cationization has been shown to enhance IR-MALDESI sensitivity and selectivity for unsaturated lipids, even when applied to complex samples. Increased compound coverage, enhanced robustness as well as the developed tools for peak assignment and mapping of isotopic patterns will clearly benefit future mass spectrometry imaging studies., (Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

We have demonstrated the potential of visible Raman spectroscopy in combination with chemometric analysis as a fast and simple tool for the determination of the unsaturation level of milk fat. The Raman measurements have been performed directly on liquid milk and on fat extracted from liquid milk. The Raman spectra taken from the extracted fat showed a higher resolution. The spectra directly obtained from the milk samples had some fluorescence background but nevertheless yielded the desired information. For calibration purposes, the iodine value (IV) was determined in all cases in order to evaluate the unsaturation level of the investigated samples. Two separate calibration models have been constructed; one for the milk samples and the second one for the extracted fat. The accuracy of these calibration models was estimated using the root mean square error of calibration and validation (RMSE) and the coefficient of determination (R(2)) between actual and predicted values.

Deep-fat frying produces desirable or undesirable flavor compounds and changes the flavor stability and quality of the oil by hydrolysis, oxidation, and polymerization. Tocopherols, essential amino acids, and fatty acids in foods are degraded during deep-fat frying. The reactions in deep-fat frying depend on factors such as replenishment of fresh oil, frying conditions, original quality of frying oil, food materials, type of fryer, antioxidants, and oxygen concentration. High frying temperature, the number of fryings, the contents of free fatty acids, polyvalent metals, and unsaturated fatty acids of oil decrease the oxidative stability and flavor quality of oil. Antioxidant decreases the frying oil oxidation, but the effectiveness of antioxidant decreases with high frying temperature. Lignan compounds in sesame oil are effective antioxidants in deep-fat frying.

Most studies reported until now on the magnetically alignable system formed by the binary mixtures of long- and short-chain lipids were based on the mixture of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (D14PC) and 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (D6PC) lipids. We have recently shown that a large part of the phase diagrams of this lipid mixture could be understood by taking into account the partial miscibility between the long-chain lipids and the short-chain lipids when the sample was heated above the melting transition temperature (Tm) of the long-chain lipids. In this work, we show by modifying the chain length of either one of the two lipids that it is possible to control their miscibility and thus the intervals of temperature and composition where spontaneous alignment is observed in a magnetic field. By using 31P NMR, we demonstrate that the very special properties of such binary lipid mixtures are correlated with the propensity for short-chain lipids to diffuse into the bilayer regions. We also show that lipid mixtures with comparable properties can be formed with unsaturated lipids such as 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC).

Coordination ionspray mass spectrometry (CIS-MS) is a useful tool in the detection and identification of cholesterol ester and phospholipid hydroperoxides and diacyl peroxides. Extensive studies of a series of cholesterol esters using CIS-MS revealed the following: (1) Cholesterol esters with equal number of double bonds as the internal standard showed a linear relative response in the mass spectrometer while compounds with non-equal numbers of double bonds gave a nonlinear relative response. (2) Complex adducts containing cholesterol ester, silver ion, AgF, AgBF(4), and 2-propanoxide form when silver is in molar excess of cholesterol esters, reducing the [M + Ag](+) signal. (3) In a mixture of cholesterol esters where silver is limiting, Ch22:6 and Ch20:4 bind to silver at the expense of Ch18:2 and have a higher signal in the mass spectrometer. (4) In a mixture of cholesterol esters where silver concentration is twofold greater than total cholesterol ester concentration, Ch22:6 and Ch20:4 form large complex adducts more frequently than Ch18:2 and have a lower signal in the mass spectrometer.

The quality of three vegetable fats (cocoa butter and two commercial fats) and three roasted nut oils (almond, hazelnut and peanut) used as raw material in the chocolate products manufacturing was studied. The hydroperoxide content, oxidative stability and fatty acid composition were determined and its health repercussion by atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes. Two commercial fats and cocoa butter showed higher oxidative stability, atherogenic and thrombogenic properties than oils because of its different fatty acid profiles. Peroxide value was a low reliability parameter of raw material shelf live. Rancimat presented a good correlation with the unsaturation index of different fats and oils, it was a better index than peroxide value. In the chocolate products manufacturing it would be advisable a good raw material selection and formulation in order to get a balance between technological properties, organoleptic qualities and the influence on the health. Those raw material with less primary oxidation and higher oxidative stability were also those of higher atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes.

The unsaturation of plasma and red blood cell lipids and their total content of blood were determined in 212 donors. There was a significant individual variability of double binds in human blood lipids. A correlation was found between the magnitude of lipid unsaturation and the total blood lipid levels. The levels of double binds and total lipids did not depend upon the donors' sex and age. There were seasonal variations in the levels of double binds and lipid in plasma and red blood cells.

Broiler chicks at 2 wk of age were fed the following fats and oils at 4% in a corn-wheat-soybean basal diet: palm oil (PO); tallow (T1 and T2); tallow + soybean oil (50:50, TSO); tallow+acidulated soybean oil soapstock (50:50, TASO); soybean oil (SO); and linseed oil (LO). All of these, with the exception of T1, contained 5% soybean lecithin. The apparent fat availability (AFA) and AME of added fats ranged from 78.8 to 96.0% and from 7.32 to 8.95 kcal/g, respectively. Three fat sources (TSO, SO, and LO) resulted in the highest values for these two measurements, whereas PO, T1, T2, and TASO showed the lowest values. There was no difference for AME of diets among fat-supplemented treatments, regardless of the difference in the nutritive values of the fats and oils tested. The apparent availability of each fatty acid (AAFA) for C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3 was calculated from the analysis of the diets and excreta collected over a 4-d period. The results of the present study indicated that 2-wk-old chicks utilize TSO, SO, and LO more efficiently than PO, T1, T2, and TASO.

A method has been developed for the histochemical demonstration of unsaturated lipids in light microscopy. It is a peracetic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver protein sequence followed by a physical development procedure. In the present study on paraffin and cryostat sections of liver, brain and ovary, unsaturated lipids were visualized as distinct reaction products coloured various shades of brown and black. The reaction products are easier to see and the method is more efficient than the peracetic acid-Schiff method.

A food's hypercholesterolaemic-atherogenic potential lies in its cholesterol and saturated-fat content. To help understand the contribution of these two factors a cholesterol/saturated-fat index (CSI) has been calculated. This index is based on a modification of a regression equation computed from metabolic studies designed to lower plasma lipids. A low CSI indicates low saturated fat and cholesterol content and low atherogenicity. The CSI may be used to compare different foods and recipes and to evaluate daily intake quickly and easily.

Four diets, varying in kind and amount of fat, were calculated to meet the needs of adult men. Commonly available U.S.A. food were used. Fourteen days of menus, each with five caloric levels varying from 2,400 to 4,000 kcal, were calculated. Chemical analyses of composites were carried out to determine proximate composition, food energy, selected vitamins and minerals, sugars, fatty acids, and sterols. The diets were used in a controlled study of the effects of fat level and P:S on blood pressure, blood lipids, platelet aggregation, and other variables. In general, good agreement was found between calculated and analyzed nutrient contents. However, analyzed values for fiber, iron, cholesterol, and vitamin C showed larger than desirable differences from calculated values.

Twenty-five young couples consumed either a saturated or polyunsaturated fat diet for a 20-week period. The polyunsaturated beef, lamb and dairy products, high in linoleic acid, were produced by feeding ruminant animals "protected lipid" feeds which prevent hydrogenation of fats in the rumen. The experimental design provided for four dietary groups: A) saturated diet for 20 weeks; B) polyunsaturated diet for 20 weeks; C) saturated diet for 10 weeks then polyunsaturated diet for 10 weeks; and D) polyunsaturated for 10 weeks then saturated diet for 10 weeks. Polyunsaturated-to-saturated ratios (linoleic: total saturated fatty acids) for the diets were: prestudy, 0.43-0.56; saturated 0.11-0.14; polyunsaturated, 0.56-0.62. Factors other than diet that appeared to affect cholesterol responses were carefully considered. During the initial 3 weeks (regimentation period) plasma cholesterol concentration decreased in all groups irrespective of diet. This was followed by two experimental periods in which the effects of the prescribed diets were readily apparent (response periods I and II). The final 4 weeks of the study were characterized by diminishing compliance with the dietary discipline (abatement period). Subjects in each group (A,B,C,D) were subdivided into high and low on a basis of each group's initial median cholesterol level. Those in the high subgroups were very responsive to dietary changes whereas those in the low subgroups were not. Combined responses of high subjects were: polyunsaturated diet, -10.7 mg/dl (P less than 0.025), saturated diet, d8 mg/dl (P less than 0.05). Combined difference between saturated and polyunsaturated diets was 18.5 mg/dl or approximately a 10% cholesterol difference between the experimental polyunsaturated and saturated diets.

Two hundred and twenty-nine adolescent male pupils, attending two boarding schools, participated in a study, under free-living dietary conditions, designed to assess the effects on plasma lipids of altering only the type and not the amount of dietary fat. The students were monitored for 6 weeks on three different diets. During the first study period, dietary changes comprised substituting a polyunsaturated dried "filled" milk and products derived therefrom for conventional dairy products (diet A). The second dietary phase involved replacing all meat and dairy products with equivalent polyunsaturated ruminant fat products (diet B). The third period consisted of a control diet of conventional dairy and meat products. During both polyunsaturated diets a 14% reduction in plasma cholesterol was achieved compared with control levels. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was similarly suppressed. A greater decrease in plasma cholesterol of 19-21% was recorded in those pupils with initial cholesterol levels greater than 230 mg/dl. There was no significant difference in plasma triglycerides between diet A and the control diet whereas the triglyceride levels were 16.5% lower during diet B. The fall in plasma cholesterol coincided with an increase in plasma triglyceride linoleate from 8% to 19% of total triglyceride fatty acids. Dietary analysis of the pupils' diet indicated an increase in the ratio of polyunsaturates to saturates from 0.27 during the control period to 1.08 on the dried filled milk and 0.90 on the polyunsaturated ruminant fat products. A palatability survey showed that both the dried filled milk and the polyunsaturated ruminant fat products were as well accepted by the pupils as the conventional products. The results suggest that such products could, if introduced to the general population, play an important part in plasma cholesterol suppression in the hope that this would significantly reduce the incidence of coronary artery disease.

The apparent consumption of dietary fat in Australia is 115 g/person/day, of which two-thirds is contributed by ruminant-derived foods. Consequently, the polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio of the Australian diet is low, approximately 0.2. Recently a process has been developed which allows modification of the fatty acid composition of ruminant body fat, and a range of foodstuffs (fat-modified foods) which have a substantially higher polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio than their conventional counterparts has been produced and marketed. In the clinical trials in which there was complete substitution of fat-modified ruminant foods for conventional ruminant products the fall in serum cholesterol was approximately 10%. In the trial in which there was only partial substitution the fall in serum cholesterol was insignificant. Using the equation developed by Keys, the predicted fall in serum cholesterol resulting from varying degrees of substitution of fat-modified ruminant meats for their conventional counterparts in the Australian diet is shown to be negligible. The fat-modified products were marketed at approximately twice the price of their conventional counterparts and it is claimed that this will limit the degree of substitution. It is concluded that the public health significance of fat-modified foods is limited.

New methods of feeding low-birth-weight infants have been developed as a result of improved knowledge concerning the nutritional requirements of the premature infant. Breast milk may offer certain nutritional and non-nutritional advantages for immature babies. Preterm milk is theoretically more appropriate than term or pooled mature breast milk. However, some nutrients may be inadequate to support intrauterine rates of growth in small premature infants. New formulas specifically designed for preterm babies appear to be safe and to promote improved weight gain, fat absorption, bone mineralization, and nitrogen retention. Nutritional needs of growing preterm infants are better met by preamture formulas than by formulas designed for term babies.

Nonpathological fattening of a bird occurs when the amount of energy consumed exceeds its requirements for maintenance and growth. Dietary energy and protein levels, particularly the ratio of these two, are the main dietary factors affecting fatness. Consumption of diets low in protein results in excess energy intake and an increased hepatic lipogenesis. Excess protein has the opposite effect. It also increases the energy expenditure required to dispose of excess amino acids in the body. Severe deficiency of a specific amino acid does not increase fattening. The degree of fattening, particularly of the liver, induced by corticosterone injection is greater in birds fed diets containing a wide energy-to-protein ratio in comparison to a narrow ratio. The content of dietary fat per se does not affect carcass fat concentration although it alters the rate of liver fatty acid synthesis. The dietary fatty acid composition affects the composition of tissue fatty acids. Consumption of diets containing vegetable oils or high in protein increases the degree of unsaturation of tissue fat and thereby its susceptibility to oxidation. Dietary dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate increases the stability of the lipids of adipose and muscle tissue of chicks with relatively saturated body fat, but the dietary effectiveness of this vitamin in improving the stability of tissues of birds having relatively unsaturated fat is limited.

This paper summarizes representative values for the fatty acid composition of unprocessed vegetable fats, vegetable oils, and animal fats. The data for these unprocessed fats and oils are identical with those of the processed, but unhydrogenated fats and oils. Calculations to convert the fatty acid methyl ester data to grams fatty acid per 100 gm. food are discussed, and the converted data are presented in tabular form. Climatic and cultivar effects on the fatty acid composition of some of these oils are reviewed.

The lipid composition of an egg substitute and fresh eggs was conpared. The total lipid was divided into fractions on a silicic acid column. Thin-layer-chromatographic analysis demonstrated that the egg substitute was practically void of cholesteryl esters. Gas-liquid-chromatographic analysis were used to ascertain the fatty acid composition of the various fractions. Eggs contained considerably higher concentrations of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids than did the substitute. The polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration in the substitute was approximately three times that of eggs. In all fractions, the eggs contained several more individual fatty acids than did the egg substitute.

Highly purified preparations of mitochondria from bovine heart, liver, and kidney were isolated and characterized by electron microscopy, oxidative phosphorylation ability, cytochrome c reductase activity, and cytochrome content. Components of lipid extracts of the preparations were determined by thin-layer chromatography, diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column chromatography, and spectrophotometric procedures. The major phospholipids were identified by their chromatographic behavior, IR spectrometry, and paper chromatography of their hydrolysis products. The lipid content of the mitochondria paralleled that of the components of the electron transfer chain, heart mitochondria being richest and liver mitochondria poorest in lipid. Heart mitochondria contain equal concentrations of coenzyme Q and cholesterol (1%); the highest cholesterol content (4.7%) was found in mitochondria from kidney. The phospholipids of mitochondria from the three organs were qualitatively and quantitatively very similar. The major polar lipid components (cardiolipin, choline glycerophosphatides, and ethanolamine glycerophosphatides) were present in a molar ratio of 1:4:4. It is suggested that mitochondria from different sources contain characteristic lipids, mainly phospholipids, of which cardiolipin is particularly diagnostic of the source of the mitochondria.

The fatty acid composition of two thermophilic anaerobes was determined, and the results were compared with those from a mesophilic and a psychrophilic anaerobe. Notable differences were that the thermophiles contained a higher content of saturated straight- and branched-chain fatty acids, and, of the latter, iso C(15) was the predominant type. The mesophile and psychrophile were characterized by having a higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids. An unidentified fatty acid, present in all of the organisms, was purified from the psychrophile. By physical and chemical analysis the structure of the unknown acid was resolved and found to be the unsaturated cyclopropane fatty acid, 12,13-methylene-9-tetradecenoic acid.

A detailed study of the cultural characteristics and cellular fatty acid composition of 27 isolates of Corynebacterium acnes was performed to establish the properties by which this organism may be identified and characterized. The fatty acids were extracted directly from whole cells and examined as methyl esters by gas-liquid chromatography. Each strain possessed a similar fatty acid profile which was characterized by a large percentage of C15 branched-chain acid. Uniformity in certain biochemical reactions and cultural characteristics was also observed. All strains were catalase-positive, nonmotile, and urease-negative, reduced nitrate, liquefied gelatin, failed to hydrolyze esculin and starch, and gave a positive methyl red test. Glucose, fructose, and glycerol were fermented, but not lactose, salicin, sucrose, maltose, xylose, or arabinose. Production of hydrogen sulfide and indole, fermentation of mannitol, and hemolytic activity were variable characteristics. Two species of the genus Propionibacterium were also tested and found to be similar to C. acnes both in cultural characteristics and fatty acid composition. The results strengthen previous suggestions that C. acnes should be classified in the genus Propionibacterium.