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Introduction: Nutritional supplements and controlling exercise intensity are essential to increasing muscle mass. However, the effects of such manipulations on the health of athletes may not be apparent. The present study aimed to compare the effects of combined training (resistance-aerobic) with different intensities and the short-term supplementation of coenzyme Q10 on oxidative stress and muscle damage biomarkers. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 45 male bodybuilders who were divided into three groups of low-, moderate-, and high-intensity combined training (15 per each). Research stages included initial blood sampling, 14 days of Q10 supplementation (400 mg/day), a second blood sampling, a single bout of combined physical activity, and the final blood sampling. In each group, resistance training was initially performed with different intensities (55%, 70%, and 85% 1-RM), followed by aerobic training to consume 300 kilocalories at speeds of 8, 9.6, and 11.2 km/h. Results: Q10 supplementation had no significant effect on the baseline levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) (P=0.05). After performing low-, moderate-, and high-intensity combined activities, a significant increase was observed in the levels of MDA, SOD, LDH, and CK (P=0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, oxidative stress and muscle damage biomarkers increased in response to training intensity, while the increase was not significant at different intensities and fixed times. The performance of the participants may have influenced the obtained results. Given the lower aerobic capacity of male bodybuilders, exercise volume is the primary factor to increase exercise pressure. Supplementation may also be effective over long periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: As a high-energy demanding tissue, the heart is exposed to a high level of ROS molecules such as H2O2, leading to cardiovascular disorders through damaging macromolecules such as DNA and disrupting ATP production. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the simultaneous effect of aerobic exercise (Ae) and Linum Usitatissimum (Lu) supplementation on DNA damage and ATP synthesis in heart and aorta endothelial tissues in rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Material and Methods: 56 male Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into 7 groups, including HC (Healthy Control), TC (Toxicated Control), Lu1 (Received 5 mg/kg of Lu), Lu2 (Received 10 mg/kg of Lu), Ae (Received only Aerobic Exercise), Ae Lu1, and Ae Lu2. Then, all groups got poisoned by H2O2 except HC. Next, they received Linum Usitatissimum (Lu) supplementation and Low-Intensity Interval Training (LIIT). Finally, 24h after the last treatment session, the level of 6-methylguanine (6MG) and ATP were measured via the ELISA technique in cardiovascular tissue. Results: The findings determined that Lu supplementation and Ae significantly diminish the 6-methyl guanine level in endothelial (F=111.3, P=0.0008, η=0.9823) and heart cells (F=147.9, P=0.0005, η=0.9867). Also, the ATP level was increased significantly in endothelial (F=342.6, P=0.0003, η=0.9942) and heart cells (F=135.1, P=0.0013, η=0.9854). However, no considerable changes were found for both factors in groups who received Ae or Lu singularly. Conclusion: The study showed that concurrent administration of Lu and Ae could exert dynamic cardio protective properties through their antioxidant effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As one of the most life-threatening illnesses, cardiovascular diseases are often discerned with a high apoptosis rate because of exposure to the high level of oxidative stresses. The present study has investigated the interaction of the Linum Usitatissimum (Lu) and aerobic exercise (Ae) on apoptosis of aortic endothelial and heart tissue in rats intoxicated by H2O2. Methods: 56 male Albino Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups, included HC (Healthy Control), TC (Toxic-Control), Toxic-Lu1 (Received Lu, 5 mg/kg), Toxic-Lu2 (Received Lu, 10 mg/kg), Toxic-Ae (Received Aerobic Exercise), Toxic-Ae+Lu1, and Toxic-Ae+Lu2. Finally, the rats were sacrificed ethically, and the apoptotic biomarkers were measured in isolated aortic endothelial and heart tissues. Results: The interactive comparisons showed that the Ae and Lu had a significant interactive change on pro-apoptosis biomarkers. The BAX in aortic endothelial (P=0.0011) and heart (P=0.0007), caspase- 3 in aortic endothelial (P=0.0006) and heart (P=0.0016), and Bcl-2 in aortic endothelial (P=0.0018) and heart (P=0.0016) have significant interactive changes. No significant independent effect was observed. Post hoc test showed that group Toxic-Ae+Lu2 have the most significant improvement compared to the TC group (P=0.05). Conclusions: The simultaneous effect of Ae and Lu supplementation most effectively improved the apoptosis biomarkers and displayed potent cardioprotective effects compared to the singular administration of each intervention. Probably, the short rehabilitation period has caused nonsignificant independent changes. However, the interaction of Ae and Lu has shortened the treatment period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetes are the most common diseases in the world and is related to nutritional status and lifestyle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the simultaneous effect of resistance training and vitamin D supplementation on plasma CRP and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) levels in overweight healthy women. Method: The participants were randomly divided into four groups including: (1) placebo, (2) resistance training (RT), (3) vitamin D, and (4) RT + vitamin D. Interventions were performed for 8 weeks (3 days per week), consisting of resistance training protocol (60% 1-RM) and taking vitamin D (1000 IU/day). Fasting blood samples were collected 48 hours before and after the interventions. Result: A significant decrease in CRP was reported among the studied groups (p=0.001, F=11.4). These changes showed a difference between RT+ vitamin D compared to other groups. The CRP values of the RTand vitamin D groups were also significantly lower than the placebo group (p=0.03). TNF-a was significantly decreased among the studied groups (p=0.003, F = 5.4). These changes showed a difference between the RT + vitamin D group compared to other groups. TNF-a was significantly lower in the RTand vitamin D groups than in the placebo group (p=0.03). Conclusion: The findings of this study confirm that adaptation to resistance training, if combined with vitamin D intake, has significant effects on decreasing inflammatory biomarkers at rest. In addition, TNF-a alteration appears to be less effective than resistance training, which may be due to eccentric contractions caused by resistance training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the effects of coffee and caffeine, in particular, a review study is needed to investigate associations between the caffeine consumption and its health-linked effects. Furthermore, effects of coffee on sport performance have not fully been elucidated. Based on the increased popularity of the cold-brew coffee, this study has provided a comprehensive overview of the effects of cold-brew coffee on health and exercise performance. Databases (PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar) were searched for articles on human models. Totally, 2805 articles were identified from 2000 to 2020. Keywords included coffee, caffeine, cold brew, exercise, training and sports performance. Studies involving caffeinesuppressing drugs and animal studies and cases with physical limitations were excluded and thus 84 articles were identified. Results showed that consumption of 3 to 4 cups of coffee (300-400 mg/day) was associated with decreased risk factors of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and Alzheimer disease. It is noteworthy that caffeine intake in specific groups, particularly in women, needs special consideration. However, health benefits of the cold-brew coffee seem to be greater due to the drink low acidity and high antioxidant activity. In this study, the most important factor included decreases in chlorogenic acid. Moreover, consumption of cold-brew coffee in warm weather prevented hyperthermia. In fact, 3-9 mg/kg of caffeine improved physical performance in resistance and endurance exercises. Caffeine consumption could increase lipid oxidation in aerobic exercises as well as stimulate sympathetic nerves in anaerobic exercises. However, investigation of the acute and chronic effects of consuming coffee in various contexts to achieve integrated results needs further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: One of the important issues in the context of exercise physiology is apply the best recovery methods completely after intense physical activities. Recovery methods will decrease the risk of muscle damage and subsequent inflammation. The aim of this study is to investigate the recovery procedures on changes of creatine kinase (CK) and C-reactive protein (CRP) after an exercise session simulated in professional football players. Methods: Thirty Iran's Azadegan League football players were participated in this research (age: 22.4 ± 2.38, height: 179.1 ± 2.63 cm, weight: 68.5 ± 4.82 kg, body mass index: 21.5 ± 2.10 kg/m²). After exercise protocol, simulation team randomly divided the participants into three groups (n = 10) under an active recovery on land, floating in the cold water (10°C), and passive recovery for 12 min. The levels of serum CK and CRP were collected immediately, 24 h, and 48 h after the exercise protocol. Findings: The results showed a significant decrease in CK and CRP after training in cold-water immersion method comparing to the other methods (P < 0.05). In addition, the level of CRP was significantly less than passive recovery 48 h postexercise recovery (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The finding of this study shows that if recovery in cold water was used immediately after exercise, much better results are obtained in future periods. This means that immersion method in cold water probably leads to decreased signs of muscle soreness and inflammatory responses in male football players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the absence of insulin, regular physical activity facilitates the glucose entry into the cell via affecting several signaling pathways. Moreover, regular exercise improves the lipid profile and increases the paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity. PON-1 interacts with Highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) and, in the presence of calcium, hydrolyzes free radicals, prevents low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, maintains homocysteine structure in the blood, and inhibits hemoglobin glycation. These factors explain one of the beneficial effects of regular exercise on prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In addition, there is a positive relationship between decreased PON-1 activity and the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, renal failure, gastric cancer, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and even Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of physical activity on the PON-1 activity and lipid profile. Regular physical activity increased HDL and PON-1 activity in patients with metabolic syndrome. Since PON-1 binds to HDL and increased HDL probably increases the PON-1 activity as well. This finding suggests that regular exercise decreases the effect of one bout exercise on PON-1 response. In addition, in order to improve metabolic syndromes, it is advised to perform aerobic exercise for 150 minutes per week with an intensity of 40-60% of the heart rate reserve (HRR). The exercises should be preferably performed in 3-5 sessions per week according to the intensity. Based on the disease progression, type of consumed drugs, and certain considerations in each group of patients, aerobic, resistance, and flexibility exercises can be performed by using large muscle groups in a continuous training mode. However, in dyslipidemia, continuous aerobic exercises are preferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]