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This systematic review aimed to establish the effectiveness of exercise interventions, alone or in combination with dietary modifications, on working memory (WM) in individuals living with overweight and obesity. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the Scopus, PubMed, Springer‐Link, RefSeek, and Cochrane Library databases to identify relevant publications up to January 18, 2024. Data on participants' characteristics, intervention settings, and key outcomes related to WM were extracted. The quality of the studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. A total of 15 articles met pre‐established inclusion criteria, involving participants across nine countries with a range of 12–125 individuals and ages spanning from 6 to 80 years old. Among the studies analyzed, 10 exclusively investigated exercise interventions, whereas five explored the combined effects. Notably, 70% of the exercise interventions (7 out of 10) exhibited positive improvements in WM. Likewise, 60% of the combined interventions (3 out of 5) demonstrated favorable enhancements in WM. No differences were found between the two protocols. Common features between the protocols were identified and described. Both protocols showed favorable and promising effects on WM in this clinical population. Nonetheless, the limited evidence addressing the combination of exercise and diet in the same research approach reduces the generalizability of the findings. This review offers valuable insights for future clinical and research applications in people with overweight and obesity. Highlights: Seventy percent of exercise intervention‐alone groups demonstrated significant improvement in working memory (WM).Sixty percent of the studies found that combining exercise with dietary management may synergistically enhance WM improvement.High heterogeneity in exercise prescription characteristics hampers dose‐effectiveness understanding.Limited evidence hinders a comprehensive understanding of combined exercise and dietary interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To determine the effect of a 16-week fitness program (strength vs. aerobic) on different indicators of body composition and components of health-related physical fitness in youths with Down syndrome. Methods and procedures outcomes: Fifty adolescents (19 girls and 31 boys; average age, 18.33 ± 1.42 years) with Down syndrome were recruited and randomized to two groups (strength group vs. aerobic group). Adolescents allocated in the aerobic group carried out a physical activity program three times a week for 16 weeks meanwhile adolescents allocated in the strength group performed a fitness program three times a week for 16 weeks. Results: The exercise group had significant improvements in all health-related physical fitness variables (p <.05) but not on body composition. Conclusions and implications: A sixteen week fitness program consisting of three sessions of 60 min is able to increase levels of health-related physical fitness but not on body composition in youths with Down syndrome. The aerobic program does not seem to show significant differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the association between meal duration and obesity indicators among Spanish adolescents. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the Eating Healthy and Daily Life Activities (EHDLA) project involving 755 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (54.8% girls) from three secondary schools in the Valle de Ricote Region of Murcia, Spain. To evaluate overall meal duration, participants were asked how long (on average) breakfast, morning snacks, lunch, afternoon snacks, and dinner typically last. Subsequently, global meal duration was measured, and the participants were categorized into tertiles. Obesity-related indicators, including body mass index (BMI) z score, waist circumference (WC), and skinfold thickness, were assessed. The analyses were adjusted for potential confounders such as sex, age, socioeconomic status, physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet quality, and energy intake. Results: Concerning meal duration status, adolescents with long meal durations had the lowest estimated marginal means of BMI z score, WC, and body fat percentage (using the sum of triceps and calf skinfolds). However, significant differences between adolescents with a long meal duration and those with a short meal duration were observed only for BMI z score (p = 0.008), and WC (p = 0.020). Furthermore, significant differences in BMI z score (p = 0.017) between adolescents with a long meal duration and those with a moderate meal duration were identified. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of promoting slower eating habits as part of obesity prevention strategies. Future studies should explore the causality of this association and its potential for behavioral interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike the fat body of Iros, παχύς bodies in Homeric poetry are powerful, attractive, and consistent with a non-gender- specific conception of the erotic. In Odyssey 18, Iros' bulk belies his lack of strength, but Odysseus' large frame, elsewhere described as παχύς, both promises and delivers effective action. A threat of castration distances Iros from the erotic; Odysseus enjoys sexual intimacy with several characters. Penelope exercises seductive charms over the suitors in book 18, shortly after being described as παχύς; the description of her "παχύς hand" at 21.6 suggests both bulk and strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the Sinai–Ruelle–Bowen (SRB) measures of generalized horseshoe maps. We prove that under the conditions of transversality and fatness, the SRB measure is indeed absolutely continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hulu original comedy Shrill is a communicative text for understanding fat women’s subjectivity in line with discourses of neoliberalism and postfeminism. Based on interviews with twenty-five women who watch the series, I argue that Shrill offers an avenue through which audiences reckon with expectations of the female body and celebrate resistance to those expectations; in a media landscape that has routinely erased fat women completely or made their bodies a site of comic relief, Shrill engages with rhetorics of body positivity and self-acceptance. While it pushes back against neoliberal, postfeminist discourses of the disciplined female subject, it simultaneously reifies notions of the “right” kind of fat femininity, one that is marked by class (middle- to upper-class) and race (white). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of biological sex, independent of differences in aerobic fitness and body fatness, on the change in gastrointestinal temperature (ΔTgi) and whole body sweat rate (WBSR) of children exercising under uncompensable heat stress. Seventeen boys (means ± SD; 13.7 ± 1.3 yr) and 18 girls (13.7 ± 1.4 yr) walked for 45 min at a fixed rate of metabolic heat production per kg body mass (8 W·kg−1) in 40°C and 30% relative humidity. Sex and peak oxygen consumption (V̇ o 2peak) were entered into a Bayesian hierarchical general additive model (HGAM) for Tgi. Sex, V̇ o 2peak, and the evaporative requirement for heat balance (Ereq) were entered into a Bayesian hierarchical linear regression for WBSR. For 26 (12 M and 14 F) of the 35 children with measured body composition, body fat percentage was entered in a separate HGAM and hierarchical linear regression for Tgi and WBSR, respectively. Conditional on sex-specific mean V̇ o 2peak, ΔTgi was 1.00°C [90% credible intervals (Crl): 0.84, 1.16] for boys and 1.17°C [1.01, 1.33] for girls, with a difference of 0.17°C [−0.39, 0.06]. When sex differences in V̇ o 2peak were accounted for, the difference in ΔTgi between boys and girls was 0.01°C [−0.25, 0.22]. The difference in WBSR between boys and girls was 0.03 L·h−1 [−0.02, 0.07], when isolated from differences in Ereq. The difference in ΔTgi between boys and girls was −0.10°C [−0.38, 0.17] when sex differences in body fat (%) were accounted for. Biological sex did not independently influence the ΔTgi and WBSR of children exercising under uncompensable heat stress. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: Limited studies have investigated the thermoregulatory responses of boys and girls exercising under uncompensable heat stress. Boys and girls often differ in physiological characteristics other than biological sex, such as aerobic fitness and body fat percentage, which may confound interpretations. We investigated the influence of biological sex on exercise thermoregulation in children, independent of differences in aerobic fitness and body fatness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate whether physical activity and the level of body fat are factors reducing the level of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in people with T1DM. Twenty‐five men (27.8 ± 9.4 years old; 178.9 ± 6.9 cm; 80.6 ± 12 kg) and 18 women (28.1 ± 12.5 years old; 162.4 ± 5.5; 63.1 ± 9.9 kg) were divided into four groups based on body fat percentage and level of physical activity (AN—active people with normal body fat; IAN—inactive people with normal body fat; AO—active people with excessive body fat, IAO—inactive people with excessive body fat). The level of cytokines in the blood serum was assessed. The level of IL‐8 was higher (measurable) in inactive men, regardless of adiposity degree and in women, only in the inactive group with normal body fat. IL‐6 was found only in active men with excessive adiposity. In conclusion, the findings from this study allow to indicate that moderate level of physical activity may contribute to a reduction in the development of systemic low‐grade inflammation in patients with T1DM, and thus, may reduce the risk of CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Japan, Korea, the USA, and Australia, the area of the “muscle eye” (cross-section of the M. longissimus dorsi during the division of the half-carcass between the 12th and 13th rib into the front and rear parts) is used to assess the quality of cattle carcasses. The correlation between this feature and the slaughter and quality characteristics of carcasses in 20-22-month-old crossbred bulls (Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy × Holstein) has been studied. The area of the “muscle eye” in bulls was determined before slaughter by an ultrasound analyzer Emperor 860. After slaughter, it was calculated by the length and depth of the "muscle eye". The colour of muscle and adipose tissue, carcass conformation, development, and subcutaneous fat thickness have been examined. The correlation between the size of the "muscle eye" and carcasses' quantitative and qualitative characteristics has been determined. The area of the "muscle eye" has a positive relationship (r = 0.612; p >0.999) with live weight after fasting, carcass weight (r = 0.598; p >0.999), flesh weight (r = 0.498; p >0.99), including the highest (r = 0.745; p >0.999), and first grade (r = 0.662; p >0.99), the amount of adipose tissue (r = 0.491; p >0.99) and tendons and ligaments (r = 0.435; p >0.99). With its increase, there is a tendency to an inverse relationship with the content of second-grade flesh in the carcass (r = 0.303), carcass conformation (r = 0.147), fat-irrigation thickness (r = 0.125), and marbling (r = 0.340). The area of the "muscle eye" is inversely correlated with the development of subcutaneous fat (r = -0.389; p >0.95) and the saturated colour of muscle tissue (r = -0.309). The correlation coefficients between the area of the "muscle eye" determined by ultrasound and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of carcasses are significantly higher than those obtained by post-slaughter calculation of the area of the muscle eye by measuring the length and depth. The data's practical significance is obtaining knowledge that allows beef to be sorted based on the correlation between the muscle eye area and the quality of carcasses and beef.

Pig gastrointestinal tracts harbor a heterogeneous and dynamic ecosystem populated with trillions of microbes, enhancing the ability of the host to harvest energy from dietary carbohydrates and contributing to host adipogenesis and fatness. However, the microbial community structure and related mechanisms responsible for the differences between the fatty phenotypes and the lean phenotypes of the pigs remained to be comprehensively elucidated. Herein, we first found significant differences in microbial composition and potential functional capacity among different gut locations in Jinhua pigs with distinct fatness phenotypes. Second, we identified that Jinhua pigs with lower fatness exhibited higher levels of short‐chain fatty acids in the colon, highlighting their enhanced carbohydrate fermentation capacity. Third, we explored the differences in expressed carbohydrate‐active enzyme (CAZyme) in pigs, indicating their involvement in modulating fat storage. Notably, Clostridium butyricum might be a representative bacterial species from Jinhua pigs with lower fatness, and a significantly higher percentage of its genome was dedicated to CAZyme glycoside hydrolase family 13 (GH13). Finally, a subsequent mouse intervention study substantiated the beneficial effects of C. butyricum isolated from experimental pigs, suggesting that it may possess characteristics that promote the utilization of carbohydrates and hinder fat accumulation. Remarkably, when Jinhua pigs were administered C. butyricum, similar alterations in the gut microbiome and host fatness traits were observed, further supporting the potential role of C. butyricum in modulating fatness. Taken together, our findings reveal previously overlooked links between C. butyricum and CAZyme function, providing insight into the basic mechanisms that connect gut microbiome functions to host fatness. Highlight: Significant differences in microbial composition and potential functional capacity among different gut locations were found in Jinhua pigs with distinct fatness phenotypes.Jinhua pigs with lower fatness exhibited higher levels of short‐chain fatty acids in the colon, highlighting their enhanced carbohydrate fermentation capacity.Clostridium butyricum might be a representative bacterial species from Jinhua pigs with lower fatness, and a significantly higher percentage of its genome was dedicated to CAZyme glycoside hydrolase family 13 (GH13).Isolated C. butyricum alleviated fat accumulation and increased the enrichment of GH13 in obese mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)2) is commonly used to measure general adiposity. However, evidence of its appropriateness for males and females remains inconsistent. We aimed to identify the most appropriate sex-specific power value that height should be raised to in the formula and the value that would make it achieve height independency and body fatness dependency. We randomly assigned UK Biobank participants recruited in the United Kingdom between 2006 and 2010 (n  = 489,873; mean age = 56.5 years; 94.2% White) to training and testing sets (80%:20%). Using height raised to the power of −50.00 to 50.00, we identified the optimal power value that either minimized correlation with height or maximized correlation with body fat percentage, using age-adjusted correlations. The optimal power values for height were 1.77 for males and 1.39 for females. The new formulas resulted in 4.5% of females and 2.4% of males being reclassified into a different BMI category. The formulas did not show significant improvement (in terms of area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity) in identifying individuals with excessive body fat percentage or in predicting risk of all-cause mortality. Therefore, the conventional BMI formula is still valuable in research and disease screening for both sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Special Issue of the journal focuses on the intricate relationship between justice and the fashion system, presenting a collection of groundbreaking research articles and reviews. The aim is to highlight the importance of intersectional and advocacy-based research in fashion studies, with a focus on historically marginalized identities. The articles employ diverse research methods, including literature reviews, material culture analysis, interviews and historical investigations. The articles cover a range of topics that examine justice within the fashion industry. One article critically analyses scholarship on Black women and fashion, highlighting the dominance of research centred on resistance, oppression and Eurocentric beauty standards. Another article explores the representation and experiences of Muslim women in modest fashion brands, examining the intersection of oppression, agency and capitalist practices. Additionally, the issue includes articles centred on fatness and fashion, discussing transgressive dress on YouTube, resistance against weight stigma on Instagram, and the historical development of sizing systems for fat bodies. Two reviews featured in the Special Issue provide insights into the relationship between fashion and intersectional feminism in American society, as well as the historical significance of Bomba attire in Puerto Rico. Overall, this collection of articles and reviews offers a comprehensive exploration of fashion studies through the lens of historically marginalized identities, shedding light on the industry's potential to challenge discrimination and promote inclusivity. The issue calls for continued engagement with intersectional and advocacy-based research to drive the growth and evolution of the discipline, ultimately working towards a more equitable and inclusive fashion industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has both implicitly and explicitly discussed, and partly shown, that fatness can be viewed as an ordering issue. In Western countries, fat bodies are constructed as deviant and as disorder, while thin bodies are constructed as normal and in order. In line with Mary Douglas's and Judith Butler's theorisation around separating and purifying/subsuming processes, this article develops previous theorisations around fatness and social order. Two analytical concepts for understanding processes for ordering people based on body size are suggested. Both processes aim at preserving the social order but differ in how this is achieved. The first, maintaining order, refers to the processes that maintain separation between thinness and fatness and preserve social order. The second, putting in order, refers to the processes aiming to subsume fat bodies into social order and covers various activities for weight loss. Together, these concepts allow analysis of fatness as an ordering issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate whether physical activity and the level of body fat are factors reducing the level of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in people with T1DM. Twenty‐five men (27.8 ± 9.4 years old; 178.9 ± 6.9 cm; 80.6 ± 12 kg) and 18 women (28.1 ± 12.5 years old; 162.4 ± 5.5; 63.1 ± 9.9 kg) were divided into four groups based on body fat percentage and level of physical activity (AN—active people with normal body fat; IAN—inactive people with normal body fat; AO—active people with excessive body fat, IAO—inactive people with excessive body fat). The level of cytokines in the blood serum was assessed. The level of IL‐8 was higher (measurable) in inactive men, regardless of adiposity degree and in women, only in the inactive group with normal body fat. IL‐6 was found only in active men with excessive adiposity. In conclusion, the findings from this study allow to indicate that moderate level of physical activity may contribute to a reduction in the development of systemic low‐grade inflammation in patients with T1DM, and thus, may reduce the risk of CVD.

Abstract Background Emerging evidence suggests that children’s fatness increases and fitness declines at a greater rate during the summer holiday period, compared with the school year. The aim of this study was to compare rates of change in fitness and fatness over the in-term and summer holiday periods among Australian schoolchildren. A secondary aim was to explore whether rates of change differed according to the child’s sex, socio-economic status (SES), pubertal status and weight status. Methods Children (n = 381) initially in Grade 4 (age 9) were recruited for this 2-year longitudinal study. Fatness (% body fat, BMI z-score, waist-to-height ratio) and fitness (20-m shuttle run and standing broad jump) were measured at the start and end of two consecutive years. Rates of change were calculated for the two in-school periods (Grades 4 and 5) and for the summer holiday period. Rates of change in fatness and fitness between in-school and holiday periods were compared, and differences in rates of change according to sex, socio-economic status, and weight status were explored. Results During the holidays, percentage body fat increased at a greater rate (annualised rate of change [RoC]: +3.9 vs. Grade 4 and + 4.7 vs. Grade 5), and aerobic fitness declined at a greater rate (RoC − 4.7 vs. Grade 4 and − 4.4 vs. Grade 5), than during the in-school periods. There were no differences in rates of change for BMI z-score, waist-to-height ratio or standing broad jump. Body fatness increased faster in the holidays (relative to the in-school period) in children who are overweight and from low-SES families. Aerobic fitness declined more rapidly in the holidays in children who are overweight. Conclusion This study highlights that during the summer holiday period, children experience greater increases in fatness and declines in fitness, with children who live with low-SES families and are overweight being more affected. The findings suggest the need for targeted interventions during this period to address these negative health trends. Trial registration Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, identifier ACTRN12618002008202. Retrospectively registered on 14 December 2018.

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the association between meal duration and obesity indicators among Spanish adolescents. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the Eating Healthy and Daily Life Activities (EHDLA) project involving 755 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (54.8% girls) from three secondary schools in the Valle de Ricote Region of Murcia, Spain. To evaluate overall meal duration, participants were asked how long (on average) breakfast, morning snacks, lunch, afternoon snacks, and dinner typically last. Subsequently, global meal duration was measured, and the participants were categorized into tertiles. Obesity-related indicators, including body mass index (BMI) z score, waist circumference (WC), and skinfold thickness, were assessed. The analyses were adjusted for potential confounders such as sex, age, socioeconomic status, physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet quality, and energy intake. Results: Concerning meal duration status, adolescents with long meal durations had the lowest estimated marginal means of BMI z score, WC, and body fat percentage (using the sum of triceps and calf skinfolds). However, significant differences between adolescents with a long meal duration and those with a short meal duration were observed only for BMI z score (p = 0.008), and WC (p = 0.020). Furthermore, significant differences in BMI z score (p = 0.017) between adolescents with a long meal duration and those with a moderate meal duration were identified. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of promoting slower eating habits as part of obesity prevention strategies. Future studies should explore the causality of this association and its potential for behavioral interventions.

Abstract Pig gastrointestinal tracts harbor a heterogeneous and dynamic ecosystem populated with trillions of microbes, enhancing the ability of the host to harvest energy from dietary carbohydrates and contributing to host adipogenesis and fatness. However, the microbial community structure and related mechanisms responsible for the differences between the fatty phenotypes and the lean phenotypes of the pigs remained to be comprehensively elucidated. Herein, we first found significant differences in microbial composition and potential functional capacity among different gut locations in Jinhua pigs with distinct fatness phenotypes. Second, we identified that Jinhua pigs with lower fatness exhibited higher levels of short‐chain fatty acids in the colon, highlighting their enhanced carbohydrate fermentation capacity. Third, we explored the differences in expressed carbohydrate‐active enzyme (CAZyme) in pigs, indicating their involvement in modulating fat storage. Notably, Clostridium butyricum might be a representative bacterial species from Jinhua pigs with lower fatness, and a significantly higher percentage of its genome was dedicated to CAZyme glycoside hydrolase family 13 (GH13). Finally, a subsequent mouse intervention study substantiated the beneficial effects of C. butyricum isolated from experimental pigs, suggesting that it may possess characteristics that promote the utilization of carbohydrates and hinder fat accumulation. Remarkably, when Jinhua pigs were administered C. butyricum, similar alterations in the gut microbiome and host fatness traits were observed, further supporting the potential role of C. butyricum in modulating fatness. Taken together, our findings reveal previously overlooked links between C. butyricum and CAZyme function, providing insight into the basic mechanisms that connect gut microbiome functions to host fatness.

In Brief: The goal of this paper is to help librarians understand why weight stigma and discrimination are pervasive, the impact they have on people, what interventions have been tried to reduce or prevent weight stigma, and what librarians can do to prevent and reduce weight stigma in libraries.

Background: Emerging evidence suggests that children's fatness increases and fitness declines at a greater rate during the summer holiday period, compared with the school year. The aim of this study was to compare rates of change in fitness and fatness over the in-term and summer holiday periods among Australian schoolchildren. A secondary aim was to explore whether rates of change differed according to the child's sex, socio-economic status (SES), pubertal status and weight status. Methods: Children (n = 381) initially in Grade 4 (age 9) were recruited for this 2-year longitudinal study. Fatness (% body fat, BMI z-score, waist-to-height ratio) and fitness (20-m shuttle run and standing broad jump) were measured at the start and end of two consecutive years. Rates of change were calculated for the two in-school periods (Grades 4 and 5) and for the summer holiday period. Rates of change in fatness and fitness between in-school and holiday periods were compared, and differences in rates of change according to sex, socio-economic status, and weight status were explored. Results: During the holidays, percentage body fat increased at a greater rate (annualised rate of change [RoC]: +3.9 vs. Grade 4 and + 4.7 vs. Grade 5), and aerobic fitness declined at a greater rate (RoC − 4.7 vs. Grade 4 and − 4.4 vs. Grade 5), than during the in-school periods. There were no differences in rates of change for BMI z-score, waist-to-height ratio or standing broad jump. Body fatness increased faster in the holidays (relative to the in-school period) in children who are overweight and from low-SES families. Aerobic fitness declined more rapidly in the holidays in children who are overweight. Conclusion: This study highlights that during the summer holiday period, children experience greater increases in fatness and declines in fitness, with children who live with low-SES families and are overweight being more affected. The findings suggest the need for targeted interventions during this period to address these negative health trends. Trial registration: Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, identifier ACTRN12618002008202. Retrospectively registered on 14 December 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Evidence suggests that lower cardiovascular disease risk is among the most important factors for decreasing premature mortality rates in non-communicable diseases. Physical fitness is a potentially important factor for cardiovascular disease prognostication. We aim to analyze the correlation between physical fitness and the risk of cardiovascular disease in female students. Materials and Methods: 76 participants completed all examinations. Cardiovascular disease risk factors were assessed by measuring body fat percentage, blood pressure, and lipid profiles. Physical fitness was measured using the modified Harvard step test to compute the physical fitness index., Spearman correlation was used to determine the correlation between variables in this study. Results: A negative correlation between physical fitness index with body mass index, fat percentage, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure (r = -0.443; r = -0.409; r = -0.370; r=-0.280). We also found that the physical fitness index did not significantly correlate with the lipid profile. Conclusion: The physical fitness index might predict individual cardiovascular disease risk. Physicians should encourage patients to exercise regularly to maintain or improve their fitness levels to prevent cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previously, lots of evidence has supported that sociocultural pressure and body image can predict people's participation of exercise, yet only a few studies have examined their impact on lifestyle physical activity (PA), which has been proven to be as effective as structured exercise in health and weight management. The study aims to examine an extended sociocultural model by using multi-dimensional body image concerns and objectively measured lifestyle PA data from a large sample. The study included 1557 young adults (68.10% female) aged 18–26 years. Sociocultural pressure and body image concerns were assessed using Perceived Sociocultural Pressure Scale (PSPS) and Negative Physical Self Scale (NPSS). Five-days' lifestyle PA was measured objectively by accelerometer. Results indicated that the relationship between women' s PSPS and light PA was fully mediated through their fatness concern (indirect effect = -.22, p <.05) and facial appearance concern (indirect effect = -.25, p <.05). The relationship between men's PSPS and light PA was fully mediated by their fatness concern (indirect effect = -.19, p <.05). In addition, men's fatness concern as well as their shortness concern emerged as two significant mediators for the relationship between PSPS and time spent in moderate-vigorous PA (fatness: indirect effect =.19, p <.01; shortness: indirect effect =.17, p <.01). The study supports the sociocultural model as an explanatory model for lifestyle PA behavior, and suggests that unchangeable domains of body image might be the stronger mediators of the relationship between sociocultural pressures and PA behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary Western culture, fatness and singlehood are constructed as requiring change: from fat to thin, from single to coupled. Makeover shows with a dating theme that focus on both aspects in connection to each other have become increasingly widespread, aiming for the makeover of one's life and relationship status through the makeover of one's body. I analyze the makeover show Fat Chance in the theoretical context of rites of passage applying the concept of liminality to fatness and singlehood. Fatness and singlehood are constructed as undesirable temporary states, with the diet being presented as the rite of passage toward the acceptable states of thinness and being coupled. In Fat Chance, overcoming the liminal states of fatness and singlehood is constructed as proof of successful adulthood and appropriate progression and consequently the precondition for and key to an acceptable, fulfilling, and happy life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, in connection with the transition to an industrial approach in animal husbandry and an increase in demand for planned breeds bred in Ukraine, high requirements have arisen for their productivity, feed cost, suitability for machine milking and other characteristics. Breeding of the Jersey breed can serve as an important reserve for the further development of dairy cattle breeding in Ukraine. The Jersey breed is characterized by high productivity and is the most fat-milk breed in the world, with high feed value and good technological properties of the udder. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the phenotypic parameters of the Jersey cattle herd and to study the influence of the duration of the service period on the efficiency of milk production. 1,331 head of breeding stock of the Jersey breed are kept in the APNVP “Vizit” of the Khmelnytskyi district of the Vinnytsia region, of which 68.4 % are cows. Youngsters are rated elite-record and elite – 99.3 %. Up to 3 lactations are kept in a herd of Jersey cows. Hope per cow is 5819 kg of milk, with a fat content of 6.05 % and a protein content of 4.2 %. The milk productivity of cows exceeds the minimum requirements for the Jersey breed by 83 % for the first lactation, by 82.1 % for the second, and by 73.1 % for the third. The hope for 305 days of lactation in cows with a service period of 90 days in the second lactation is 11.8 % less than the data of cows with a service period of 120 days, for the third lactation – by 11.4 %. The average daily survival of cows with a service period of 120 days was lower than that of control cows by 7.0 %. The efficiency of using cows when extending the service period beyond the 90-day limit recommended by experts reduces the milk productivity of cows. The ratio of fat to protein is higher in Jerseys by 0.3, fat to dry skimmed milk residue by 0.2, and protein to dry skimmed milk residue by 0.06. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite heightened stigmatisation of fatness in gay/bisexual/queer (GBQ) men's spaces, geographers have yet to explore the nexus of men, sexualities, and fatness. 'Bear' is a term used to describe a set of global identities, communities and bodies of GBQ men who are usually large and hairy. Spaces created and used by Bears have been described as inclusive of fat GBQ men, but no geographic research has investigated such men's experiences in themThis paper presents findings from 'Bearspace', a study of Bear spaces in the UK from 2018 to 2020. It shows that 'comfort' was how fat GBQ men framed their experiences of both Bear spaces ('comfortable') and mainstream LGBTQ spaces ('uncomfortable'), and that this meant 'standing out' or 'fitting in' amongst a majority of proximate thin or fat bodies respectively. However the paper also demonstrates that fat stigma persists in Bear spaces, and thatit is part of how Bear spaces are produced as comfortable for most fat GBQ men, through their awareness that they are not the fattest man present. The paper concludes by asserting the significance of differences between spatially proximate fat bodies for the relational conceptualisation of fatness and fat stigma, and for making fat-inclusive spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolutionary success of Homo sapiens is best understood by referring to natural selection on the twofold structure of inheritance, that is, gene and culture and also their interaction over time. Socioeconomic and technological variations have transformed lifestyles over the years. In tandem, deviations in food and physical activity forms have been crucial to the emergence of higher fatness among the world's populations. The burden of obesity and its consequent diseases is becoming a public health concern. This article attempts to review the anthropological aspect of body fatness and size through its evolutionary perspective and bio-cultural changes in time and space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first study to examine the effect of three different cultivation methods (bottom-tray culture, suspended-tray culture, and beach/bottom culture) on the growth and survival rates of the snout otter clam, Lutraria philippinarum, after 12 months of grow-out cultivation from seed to commercial size. Analyses included weight, survival, shell size, and total fat. Although the results showed limited differences in growth among cultivation methods, survival rates were significantly different among three different culture methods. The bottom-tray cultivation method had the highest survival rate (76.5%), compared with suspended-tray cultivation (31.6%) and beach/bottom cultivation (52.5%). This demonstrates that the most suitable method for commercial snout otter clam farming is cultivation trays placed on the bottom of the substrate. Improving commercial farming of the species will support the development and expansion of aquaculture in Vietnam and elsewhere, while reducing the harvest pressure on wild populations.

The article offers an analysis of living with a fat body and ways of experiencing it in everyday life in the context of stigmatization of this type of corporality. Biographical interviews with fat people of varying socio-demographic profiles were conducted. The analyses show that having a fat body/being fat is generally a stigma that discredits the individual in the eyes of the so-called normals based on both physical characteristics and character traits allegedly associated with fatness. The participants mainly medicalize and internalize the stigma of fatness and manage it specifically by passing, covering, and coming out. In transgender people, fatness may never take on the characteristics of a stigma, but instead allows the individual to obscure another stigma or conform to social expectations of appearance in line with the gender identity.

This is the first study to examine the effect of three different cultivation methods (bottom-tray culture, suspended-tray culture, and beach/bottom culture) on the growth and survival rates of the snout otter clam, Lutraria philippinarum, after 12 months of grow-out cultivation from seed to commercial size. Analyses included weight, survival, shell size, and total fat. Although the results showed limited differences in growth among cultivation methods, survival rates were significantly different among three different culture methods. The bottom-tray cultivation method had the highest survival rate (76.5%), compared with suspended-tray cultivation (31.6%) and beach/bottom cultivation (52.5%). This demonstrates that the most suitable method for commercial snout otter clam farming is cultivation trays placed on the bottom of the substrate. Improving commercial farming of the species will support the development and expansion of aquaculture in Vietnam and elsewhere, while reducing the harvest pressure on wild populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthism and ableism intertwine through an imperative of normalcy and the ensuing devaluing of those who fail to meet societally dominant norms and expectations around "normal" health. This paper tracks the effect of that imperative of normalcy through current research into gut microbiome therapies, using therapies targeting fatness and autism as examples. The complexity of the gut microbiome ought to encourage us to rethink our conception of ourselves and our embeddedness in the world; instead, the microbiome is transformed into one more tool for controlling unruly bodies and minds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to analyze some slaughter traits in 3 breeds of geese: the commercial hybrids of White Kołuda (W-31), and birds of conservative flocks of Pomeranian (Po) and Kielecka (Ki) geese depending on sex and length of rearing period, and to determine the relationships between the analyzed traits and factors.A total of 19 traits divided into 2 groups—measured and calculated traits—were statistically analyzed. The measured traits (g) included 11 parameters: preslaughter weight, carcass weight, weights of breast muscle, thigh and drumstick, abdominal fat, skin with subcutanenous fat, neck without skin, skeleton with dorsal muscles, wings with skin, total muscles as the sum of all breast and leg muscles, and the trait broth elements as the total weight of neck, skin, skeleton and wings. The calculated traits included 8 parameters (%): dressing percentage—carcass weight to preslaughter weight, meatiness—total breast and leg muscle weight to carcass weight, abdominal fat weight to carcass weight, weight of skin with subcutaneous fat to carcass weight, weight of neck without skin to carcass weight, weight of skeleton with dorsal muscles to carcass weight, weight of wings with skin to carcass weight, as well as total weight of neck, skin, skeleton, and wings.The presented results concerning the analysis of selected slaughter traits of the Kielecka, Pomeranian and White Kołuda geese indicate that these birds exhibit good slaughter value (dressing percentage from 60.80 to 66.50%). The selected values of this parameter were influenced mainly by genotype and to a lesser extent by sex. The White Kołuda geese were characterized by significantly higher values of the majority of the analyzed slaughter traits, both measured and calculated ones. In turn, the lighter domestic geese of regional breeds were characterized by significantly higher carcass meat content (from 31.69 to 35.13 % vs. from 29.28 to 31.80 %) and lower carcass fatness (abdominal fat and skin with subcutaneous fat from 21.26 to 25.45 % vs. from 30.81 to 33.14 %). This points to the possibility of using these breeds of geese in breeding work aimed to produce a hybrid characterized by medium body weight (intermediate between these values for the White Kołuda geese and Kielecka or Pomeranian geese), good dressing percentage as well as high carcass meat content and low carcass fatness.

The article offers an analysis of living with a fat body and ways of experiencing it in everyday life in the context of stigmatization of this type of corporality. Biographical interviews with fat people of varying socio-demographic profiles were conducted. The analyses show that having a fat body/being fat is generally a stigma that discredits the individual in the eyes of the so-called normals based on both physical characteristics and character traits allegedly associated with fatness. The participants mainly medicalize and internalize the stigma of fatness and manage it specifically by passing, covering, and coming out. In transgender people, fatness may never take on the characteristics of a stigma, but instead allows the individual to obscure another stigma or conform to social expectations of appearance in line with the gender identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent scholarship across a range of disciplines has illuminated how the rhetoric of an "obesity epidemic" in public health converges with everyday fat-shaming rhetoric to mark particular bodies as indicative of moral failing, intellectual debility, and civic unfitness. Sabrina Strings, Rachel Sanders, Amy Farrell, and others have shown that this stigmatization also reinforces racialized, gendered, and neoliberal conceptions of responsible citizenship. Yet critical analysis of these discursive effects rarely highlights their relationship to democratic theory and practice. Accordingly, this paper examines how anti-obesity and fat-shaming discourse casts doubt on the worthiness and capacity of fat subjects, especially women of color, to participate as full members of the demos whose needs, desires, and concerns merit democratic consideration. Crucially, the mechanisms of marginalization through fat-shaming function across a range of approaches to democratic theory, including liberal, republican, and deliberative approaches. Furthermore, the exclusion of fat subjects from the demos contributes to an impoverished and perverse image of democracy itself as a politics of austerity, self-denial, and separation from others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a disease whose incidence has increased over the last few decades. Despite being a multifactorial disease, obesity results essentially from excessive intake of high-calorie foods associated with low physical activity. The demand for a pharmacological therapy using natural compounds as an alternative to synthetic drugs has increased. Natural compounds may have few adverse effects and high economic impact, as most of them can be extracted from underexploited plant species and food by-products. To test the potential anti-obesogenic effects of new natural substances, the use of preclinical animal models of obesity has been an important tool, among which rat and mouse models are the most used. Some animal models are monogenic, such as the db/db mice, ob/ob mice, Zucker fatty rat and Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rat. There are also available chemical models using the neurotoxin monosodium glutamate that induces lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus nucleus, resulting in the development of obesity. However, the most widely used are the obesity models induced by high-fat diets. The aim of this review was to compile detail studies on the anti-obesity effects of natural compounds or their derivatives on rodent models of obesity as well as a critical analysis of the data.

Pork belly is a meat cut valued for its rich flavour and texture, attributed to its high fat content, which also makes it susceptible to oxidation. Therefore, meat producers and processors must carefully select packaging options to maximise shelf life while meeting consumer preferences. This study aimed to develop customised packaging strategies for sliced pork belly with varying fat content to extend shelf life while minimizing environmental impact. The research compared three packaging solutions: modified atmosphere packaging (MAP1: 70:30% O 2 :CO 2 , MAP2: 30:40:30% O 2 :CO 2 :N 2) and vacuum skin packaging (VSP) for pork bellies with low (LF: 16.07 ± 1.87%), medium (MF: 37.39 ± 4.41%), and high fat content (HF: 57.57 ± 2.36%). Samples packaged in VSP exhibited the longest shelf life (13–14 days) with lower purge and reduced fat and colour oxidation compared to MAP-packaged samples for all studied belly types. Nonetheless, the impact of MAP on shelf life depended on the belly type. HF bellies, with lower proportions of unsaturated fatty acids, showed less purge, and greater colour and fat stability, resulting in a longer shelf life compared to LF and MF bellies. LF and MF bellies in MAP2 showed the shortest shelf life (around 6 days), followed by LF and MF in MAP1 (around 7–8 days). Life Cycle Assessment indicated VSP generally as the most environmentally favourable option for LF and MF bellies, whereas for HF bellies, the choice among the three packaging solutions depended on the specific impact category under consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases during childhood, adolescence and older ages. The purpose of the study was to investigate associations between fatness, hemodynamic characteristics and secondary time with CRF in primary school-aged children. Methods Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), CRF (20 m shuttle-run) and sedentary time were measured for 105 children (categorized as normal, overweight, obese). The independent sample t-test checked for differences and one-way ANOVA—Post Hoc Test and stepwise linear regression analysis assessed the 20 m shuttle-run performance predictors. Results There was a statistically significant difference in CRF between boys and girls. There was a statistically significant difference between (p 0.3; p

Over two past decades, the prevalence of overweight and fatness in most developing and developed countries has increased, significantly. The current study aimed to investigate overweight and fatness in the system of meanings of women in the bodybuilding clubs of Shiraz. And for this purpose. The grounded theory has been used as one of the qualitative research methods. The participants were women who attended bodybuilding clubs in Shiraz for Wight loss. Overall, in the current study 12 participants have been selected and interviewed. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding. The result of analyzing was access to seven axial categories and one core category. Axial categories are fluid reading of overweight and fatness, the plurality of beliefs and opinions about body size and attractiveness, having dreamy images about the ideal body, social and cultural conceptuality of the body, and social perception of the otherness, body fitness medicalization. In addition, the core category is a pluralistic narrative of the ideal body. The emergence of this phenomenon has brought some consequences such as duality, ambiguity and plurality. ‌ Fatness, ‌Ideal Body, Meaning System, Shiraz Women Bodybuilder. ‌ ‌Introduction Social pressures about weight loss and widespread views on body structure have made dissatisfaction with the body and negative body image very common among people in society, especially women. Body image is a person's perception of the size and fitness of the body, which is accompanied by other people's thoughts and views about it. On the other hand, sections of Shiraz women's society are still influenced by beliefs, values and attitudes in the cultural context of Shiraz society and are dependent on traditional roles of women in society such as housekeeping, marriage, and childcare. They do not actively participate in social and cultural activities. However, as a result of the cultural changes that have taken place in recent years, many families have found different attitudes towards women's participation in social and cultural activities. Changes due to the following: increase of higher education centres in the province, access to television programs, increase in communication networks and widespread use of the Internet. Due to these changes, attitudes and beliefs about the body or fatness and overweight have changed a lot. This study will try to address the participants' views and interpretations about fatness and overweight. In this study, the main question is what is fatness and overweight in the meaning system of women in Shiraz and what kind of interpretation of causal, interventional and contextual conditions do these women have? Purpose In this study, the views and commentary contributors to overweight and fatness be addressed and the issue is that fatness and overweight in the system meaning women Shiraz how the women's interpretation of the terms of Ali, they have interventions and contexts. The secondary objectives of this study include the following: What has fatness and overweight been like in the meaning system of women in Shiraz and what is their perception of this fatness and overweight? Provide a paradigm model of fatness and overweight Provide an underlying theory of the pathways leading to fatness and overweight Understanding the bed and matrix of causal conditions - an intervention leading to fatness and overweight Development of theoretical concepts to explain the problem of fatness and overweight in Shiraz Research Methods The present study was conducted using the grounded theory method. In the present study, the research field was the city of Shiraz and the women were the bodybuilding clubs of Shiraz; After the presence of the researcher in the research field, based on the data obtained from the field, in-depth interviews were conducted with the interested people and the interviews continued until the theoretical saturation regarding the different categories of the interviewees was reached. Due to the strong gender segregation in the study area and the fact that the researcher was female, all participants were female. Due to the theoretical saturation of the categories, 12 interviews were conducted and these interviews have entered the analysis cycle. Data collected during the research and with the help of various forms of interviews were analyzed using a coding process at different stages. Overall, the data should be coded in three stages, namely open coding, axial and selective to eventually pass the information you have provided are making theory. In the present study, three techniques have been used to validate the data: the use of audit, control or validation techniques by members and analytical comparisons. Results Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding, the result of which is the achievement of seven axial categories and one core category. Key categories include the fluid reading of fatness and overweight, flexibility in believing in body size and attractiveness, dream image of the ideal body, other social endorsements, social and family expectations and contexts, and inclusion of medical guidelines. The core category is also: the utility of the fluid from the ideal body. The emergence of this phenomenon has consequences such as duality and ambiguity and multiplicity, personal responsibility and stigma, attributing some problems to weight, food insecurity and emotional eating, ambiguity and scepticism about medical instructions, the paradox of style and fatness accepting some stereotypes related to Fatness and ignorance and ambiguity about risky behaviours Fatness and ambiguity in the main consequences of fatness and overweight. Discussion and Conclusion Women's narratives have shown that body image is not a fixed structure but is dynamic and fluctuating when women are confronted with new experiences and reinterpretation of old experiences. The powerful and subconscious influence of the media on body image came from women's internal contexts (self-confidence and self-criticism) and their relationships with others, such as their cohabiting partners and other women. Participants' narratives showed that there are several identities to influence the perception of body image and that they are obese and overweight. According to other body image studies, despite concerns about their weight control, participants felt that, given the weight control they were involved in, they were equally receptive to the wide range of body size and overall appearance (from Sentence hair and clothes) emphasize. Analysis of the data showed that the methods of interpretation, integration and resistance to social culture in the formation of body image of women, clarify the attitude toward fatness. From the point of view of these women, the body image is not a static structure but has several elements, it is dynamic and variable. This "fluid" display of body image seems to lie in women's experiences and perceptions of these experiences. Women's narratives show several common themes that illustrate the reciprocal cultural and social context of body image.

The current article provides the first attempt to use Lévi-Strauss's theory of binary opposition in the study of a reality TV programme, which is the Arab version of the American reality format The Biggest Loser. The major aim of this article is to reveal the stigmatization of obesity and the promotion of the thin body type in MBC's The Biggest Winner 4. To reach this aim, a qualitative content analysis is applied to the journeys and fourteen episodes of the programme, whereby the utterances and behaviours of the different participants are coded in search of themes related to fatness and thinness using NVivo 12. The analysis comes to unveil the existence of two levels of dual reconstruction. The first superficial opposition exists between fatness and thinness, and the second binary opposition is established between pain and pleasure, which involve the opposing feelings associated with the first binary opposites of fatness and thinness. The two levels of binary opposition evidence that the narrative of the programme is predicated on building a contradiction between the pain of fatness and the pleasure of thinness to add drama to the reality show and distance Arab viewers from overweight bodies. The major finding of the study is that The Biggest Winner, despite being localized and given an Arab flavour, still echoes the same anti-fat rhetoric of the original American format and serves to promote the American cultural ideal of thinness in the Arab world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity has been a problem in the last decades since the development of certain technologies has led to a faster pace of life, resulting in nutritional changes. Domestic pigs are an excellent animal model in recognition of adiposity-related processes, corresponding to the size of individual organs, the distribution of body fat in the organism, and similar metabolism. The present study applied next-generation sequencing to identify adipose tissue (AT) transcriptomic signals related to increased fat content by identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including long non-coding RNAs in Złotnicka White pigs (n=16). Moreover, besides commonly used functional analysis, we applied the Freiburg RNA tool to predict DE lncRNA targets based on calculation hybridisation energy. And in addition, DE lncRNAs were recognized based on information available in databases. The obtained results show that close to 230 gene expressions were found to be dependent on fat content, including 8 lncRNAs. The most interesting was that among identified DE lncRNAs was transcript corresponding to human MALAT1, which was previously considered in the obesity-related context. Moreover, it was determined that in ENSSSCG00000048394, ENSSSCG00000047210, ENSSSCG00000047442 and ENSSSCG00000041577 lncRNAs are contained repeat insertion domains of LncRNAs (RIDLs) considered as important gene expression regulatory elements, and ENSSSCG00000041577 seems to be the host for mir1247(NR_031649.1). The analysis of energy hybridisation between DE lncRNAs and DEGs using the Freiburg IntaRNAv2 tool, including isoforms expressed in AT, showed that ENSSSCG00000047210 lncRNA interacted with the highest number of DEGs and ENSSSCG00000047210 expression was only correlated with positive fat-related DEGs. The functional analysis showed that down-regulated DEGs involved in ECM proteoglycan pathways could be under the control of both positive and negative fat-related lncRNAs. The present study, using pigs as an animal model, expands current knowledge of possible gene expression regulation by lncRNAs in fat tissue and indicates for MALAT1 role in the fat deposition determination, whose function is still often questioned or doubtful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is the accumulation of excessive adipose tissue in the body and is the most common nutritional disorder in pets. Obesity is one of the most prevalent health conditions in companion animals globally. It is associated with premature mortality, metabolic dysfunction, and multiple health conditions across species. Obesity is, therefore, of importance in the field of veterinary medicine. The regulation of adiposity is a homeostatic process vulnerable to disruption by many genetic and environmental factors. Among dogs, cases are found in 22–24 %, and among cats – in 20 % of animals that visited a veterinary clinic. Approximately one-third of cats older than 12 years of age may have a decreased ability to digest fat, whereas one in five may have a compromised ability to digest protein. More than 40 % of dogs between the ages of 5 and 10 years are overweight or obese. Among the risk factors that cause excessive fat deposition is noted: breed, age, sex, sterilization, lifestyle, endocrine diseases, drug treatment and contraception, feeding, social factor, and the number of animals in the household. Obesity, in turn, affects several metabolic processes and is a factor that affects the development of pathological processes: dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, type 2 diabetes, excessive deposition of fat in the liver and pancreas, coronary heart disease, disease gallbladder, osteoarthritis, urethral sphincter dysfunction, may increase the risk of certain types of cancer. For research, two groups of cats aged 3–7 years were formed, but breed data were not taken into account. Laboratory blood tests confirmed the clinical observations of specialists regarding overweight cats. The pathoanatomical autopsy with subsequent pathohistological studies made it possible to finally confirm the diagnosis of obesity, which was accompanied by fatty dystrophy of internal organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic and hypotensive properties of pomegranate peel (PP) on antioxidant status, fat deposition, lipid peroxidation and pulmonary hypertensive response in broiler chickens. A total of 375 one‐day‐old male broilers (Cobb 500) were randomly assigned to five treatments included dietary PP levels of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 g/kg. Supplementation of PP at 7.5 and 10 g/kg resulted in significant upregulation of hepatic catalase (p

Abstract BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has several mechanisms of action related to inflammatory responses, especially in individuals diagnosed with obesity. This hyperinflammatory clinical profile resulting from the association between obesity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be attenuated by regular physical activity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review the evidence on the consequences of physical inactivity and physical activity on COVID-19 in patients with obesity. DESIGN AND SETTING: Narrative review at the Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health in Salvador, Brazil. METHODS: We searched evidence on the association of COVID-19 with physical activity and obesity using the following keywords: “covid-19,” “physical activity,” and “obesity”. The databases used were MEDLINE (PubMed), ScienceDirect, and Virtual Health Library. Studies published from 2019 to 2021 and available in Portuguese, English, and Spanish were included. The final search was conducted on September 26, 2021. RESULTS: We identified 661 studies in the database, among which 71 were considered for inclusion in the narrative review of the molecular aspects of COVID-19 and its relationship with physical activity and obesity. CONCLUSION: This literature review enabled the perception of the relationship between the molecular mechanisms of COVID-19 and obesity. Regular physical activity had various benefits for the inflammatory condition of the studied population, highlighting moderate-intensity.

Background: Recently, the leptin/adiponectin (L/A) ratio has been suggested as a novel predictor of cardio-metabolic and other chronic diseases. Aim: To evaluate the ability of leptin (L), adiponectin (A), and the L/A ratio in identifying high risk of insulin resistance IR in adolescents, adjusted by cardiorespiratory fitness, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and body fat percentage. Subjects and methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis with 529 adolescents aged 12–18 years-old. Blood samples were taken to analyze glucose, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels. IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was estimated from fasting serum insulin and glucose). Results: Adiponectin, leptin, and L/A ratio were accurate to predict IR among adolescents. The optimal L/A cut-off value to indicate risk of IR development was >0.35 in boys and >0.97 in girls. Logistic analyses showed that the suggested cut-off points for adiponectin (girls: OR: 2.87 (1.26–6.53); p = 0.012); leptin (boys: OR: 5.23 (1.16–7.14) p = 0.006; girls: OR: 2.99 (1.10–8.09) p = 0.031), and the L/A ratio (boys: OR: 8.38 (2.6–26.8) p < 0.001; girls: OR: 6.1 (2.1–17.0) p < 0.001), were significant predictors of IR, after adjustments for age, pubertal stage, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body fat percentage. Conclusion: Leptin and L/A ratio were associated with IR risk, after adjustments for confounders in both sexes and adiponectin in girls. The L/A ratio seems to have a higher diagnostic accuracy to identify IR risk than adiponectin or leptin, in both sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predatory fish in aquatic ecosystems regulate the abundance of other species, which weakens the tension of competitive relations and stabilizes the community. Walleye refers to large pelagic predators, which, with a high number, effectively eat small and low-value commercial fish, performing a biomeliorative function in the fishing part of the community. At the same time, pike perch is in great demand, both on the foreign and domestic market. Its meat is considered a dietary product - its fat content is minimal. The nutritional value of walleye is very high - the protein content in it exceeds 18%. Zander meat contains 20 amino acids, 8 of which are irreplace able (that is, they are not synthesized by the human body), and, in addition, contains a lot of minerals necessary for humans (phosphorus, potassium, iodine, molybdenum, manganese and others). It should also be noted that in Kazakhstan, only ordinary pike perch is caught and exported, the reserves of which are being depleted. Therefore, as an alternative, it is supposed to use a sea walleye. The biological resources of sea pike perch and other marine fish species of the Caspian Sea are not sufficiently exploited, since marine fisheries in our country are poorly developed, and the commercial population of these fish species allows increasing the catch in water areas under the jurisdiction of Kazakhstan. This paper describes the qualitative characteristics of sea zander caught in the research catches of the Mangistau coast of the Middle Caspian, as well as the degree of study in the Caspian Sea and other water bodies. The article describes the methodology for conducting a complete biological analysis of fish and presents statistical data processing. The paper gives a description of the following indicators: size-weight, age, sex ratio. Calculated fatness and determined the rate of size and weight growth in sea zander. Based on the results of these studies, a high correlation was found between age and weight, age and size of fish, and size and weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In spite of wide international evidence about cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and adiposity in association with cardiovascular disease, there is poor evidence about this relationship in schoolchildren of ethnic minorities. Aim: To examine the relationship between CRF and body composition on blood pressure (BP) in a sample of ethnic minority schoolchildren from three Latin-American countries. Material and methods: A descriptive cross sectional study of total n = 3866, mean age 12.5 (2.7) y [girls n = 1997, mean age 12.8 (2.8) y; boys n = 1869, mean age 12.2 (2.7) y] schoolchildren from three Latin-American countries (Colombia, Brazil, Chile). Main outcomes were CRF, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, body fat percentage (%BF), and BP (systolic SB, diastolic BP, and mean arterial pressure (MAP). Results: In both sex, and after adjusting for covariates (age and ethnicity group), negative CRF by V ˙ O2peak levels were associated with a higher body fatness parameters (BMI, WC, WHtR and %BF p<0.001), and blood pressure measures (systolic BP, diastolic BP, and MAP; p<0.001). A lower CRF (by V ˙ O2peak) was associated with a higher BP in girls (systolic SB −0.15; −5.10 (0.30), diastolic BP −0.14; −4.43 (0.23), and MAP −0.15; −4.93 (0.26) at p<0.001), and boys (systolic SB −0.02; −0.85 (0.32), DB −0.07; −2.23 (0.23), and MAP−0.06; −1.89 (0.25 at p<0.001). There was a significant association between a 'high-CRF + low-%BF' with a lower systolic SB diff = − 9.6 [0.7], diastolic BP diff= − 11.0 [0.6]; and MAP level diff = − 10.6 [0.6] all p<0.001). There was a significant association between a 'high-CRF + low-BMI' with a lower systolic diff = − 10.3 [1.1], diastolic diff = − 11.2 [1.1], and MAP diff = − 10.9 [1.0] all p<0.001. Conclusion: A lower CRF is associated with a higher body fatness parameters, and higher BP levels in Latin-American ethnic schoolchildren. Abbreviators: %BF: Percentage of Body fat; BIA: Bioelectric impedance analysis; BMI: Body mass index; BP: Blood pressure; CRF: Cardiorespiratory fitness; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; LDL-cholesterol: SD: Standard deviation; WC: Waist circumference; WHtR: Waist-height to ratio; V ˙ O2max: Maximal oxygen consumption; V ˙ O2peak: Peak of oxygen consumption [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]