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Bone problems are highly prevalent in laying hens. These problems affect the welfare, production and economic losses. Bone development begins in the embryonic period, and if the skeletal system develops well at that time, the subsequent production period can be affected positively. The present experiment aimed to investigate the effect of genotype on biomechanical parameters and composition of bone in the laying hen embryos. For this purpose, 360 fertilized eggs were obtained from two brown (Atak-S and Brown Nick) and two white (Atabey and Nick) layer breeders and incubated. Metatarsus, tibia and femur properties were examined on the embryonic d 19 and 21. Results showed that genotype played an important role in determining the biomechanical properties and mineral composition of the metatarsus, tibia and femur in the embryonic period. Examined bone characteristics improved with embryonic age. The least mineralization was observed in the metatarsus bone. In conclusion, bone properties were influenced from the genotype. However these differences were not related with laying hens being white or brown. The effect of the interaction between genotype and embryonic age on the bone properties should be considered., Yumurtacı tavuklarda kemik sorunları oldukça yaygındır. Bu sorunlar refahı, üretimi ve ekonomik kayıpları etkiler. Kemik gelişimi embriyonik dönemde başladığından bu dönemde iskelet sistemi iyi gelişirse, sonraki üretim periyodu olumlu yönde etkilenebilir. Bu çalışmada genotipin yumurtacı tavuk embriyolarında kemiğin biyomekanik özellikleri ve bileşimine etkisini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla iki kahverengi (Atak-S ve Kahverengi Nick) ve iki beyaz (Atabey ve Nick) yumurtacı damızlıklardan elde edilen 360 adet döllü yumurta toplanmış ve inkübe edilmiştir. Embiyonik dönemin 19 ve 21. günlerinde metatarsus, tibia ve femur özellikleri incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, embriyonik dönemde genotipin metatarsus, tibia ve femurun biyomekanik özellikleri ve mineral bileşiminde önemli bir rol oynadığını göstermiştir. Embriyonik yaşın artmasıyla incelenen kemik özellikleri iyileşmiştir. En az minerilizasyon metatarsus kemiğinde gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, kemik özellikleri genotipten etkilenmiştir. Fakat bu farklılıklar beyaz veya kahverengi yumurtacı tavuk olmasıyla ilişkili değildir. Genotip ve embriyonik yaş arasındaki etkileşimin kemik özellikleri üzerindeki etkisi dikkate alınmalıdır.

Background The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different distances between the end point of the osteotomy and the lateral cortex on the risk of lateral cortical fracture in the medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO) procedure. Methods Eighteen synthetic tibia models were used. Saw cuts were performed on the test models (n=6 for all groups). Wedge gap distance and wedge opening load were evaluated using compression tests. Findings The mean maximum gap distance without a lateral cortical fracture was 19.90 mm in Group 5, 15.49 mm in Group 10, and 11.23 mm in Group 15. The differences between Group 5 and Group 10, Group 5 and Group 15, and Group 10 and Group 15 were statistically significant. The mean load just before the fracture was 13.24 N in Group 5, 18.31 N in Group 10, and 26.16 N in Group 15. The difference between Group 5 and Group 15 was statistically significant. No significant difference was observed between Group 10 and both Group 5 and Group 15. Interpretation As the end point of the osteotomy is brought gradually closer to the lateral cortex, wider gaps can be opened without a lateral cortical fracture. Thus, higher angle corrections can be achieved more safely by bringing the end point of the osteotomy closer to the lateral cortex, which should be preferred to reduce the risk of a lateral cortical hinge fracture during the MOWHTO procedure, from a clinical viewpoint.

This study evaluated the effects of a graded concentration of dietary calcium soaps of tallow (CST) supplementation on broiler performance, carcass characteristics, abdominal fat fatty acid profile, bone biomechanical properties, and bone mineral composition. One hundred and forty 11-d-old male broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 4 experimental groups with 5 replicate pens containing 7 birds per each. The birds received cornsoybean meal based diet and CST (CST0, CST10, CST20, and CST30, respectively) was included in the grower (0, 10, 20, and 30 g/kg) and finisher (0, 15, 30, and 45 g/kg) diet at the expense of vegetable acid oil and limestone. Dietary supplementations had no significant effect on BWG and FI during the entire experimental period. However, FCR was improved in CST0 and CST10 groups in comparison to those of the CST20 group from d 11 to d 42. According to the present study result, dietary supplementation of low level of CST significantly influenced intestinal microarchitecture of the jejunum and ileum by improving villus height/crypt ratio and villus height, respectively. Femur (P=0.001) and tibia (P=0.020) stiffness increased linearly with the increasing level of dietary CST. Tibia Ca (P=0.009) and P (P=0.009) concentration of CST10 and CST30 groups were lower than the CST0 group. Increasing levels of CST in diets significantly reduced the Fe and Mn concentrations in tibia samples. In conclusion, supplementation of CST has no detrimental effect on broiler performance parameters and might be used as an alternative dietary fat source in the broiler industry.

aytac, gunes/0000-0003-4902-2844 WOS:000522643800019 PubMed: 32130480 Purpose To compare five different repair techniques for extensor tendon zone III modified Kessler (MK), double-modified Kessler (DMK), modified Kessler epitendinous (MKE), double-modified Kessler epitendinous (DMKE), and running-interlocking horizontal mattress (RIHM) in terms of shortening, stiffness, gap formation, and ultimate load to failure. Methods A total of 35 human cadaver fingers were randomly assigned to five suture techniques with 7 fingers each and were tested under dynamic and static loading conditions. Results DMK was found to be superior over MK in terms of ultimate load to failure (36 N vs. 24 N, respectively), shortening (1.75 vs. 2.20 mm, respectively) and gap formation. However, these two methods had similar characteristics in terms of stiffness. The addition of epitendinous sutures to the repair methods resulted in approximately 40% increase in ultimate load to failure, whereas epitendinous sutures had no effect on shortening. DMKE was found to be superior over MKE in terms of shortening (1.77 vs. 2.22 mm, respectively). However, these two methods had similar characteristics in terms of mean ultimate load to failure and stiffness. RIHM was found to be superior over the other four methods in terms of ultimate load to failure (89 N), stiffness, and shortening (0.75 mm). Conclusion RIHM was found to be stronger and more durable for extensor tendon zone III than the other techniques in terms of ultimate load to failure and stiffness.

This biomechanical study evaluated comparison osteosynthesis of the femoral neck fracture model by 3 cannulated screw implants and new perforated H beam implants under different loading conditions with 45 third generation right proximal femur bones. A standardized Pauwels Type 3 of the femoral neck fracture was performed in the femur models. For assessing the rigidity and strength of fixation methods, the proximal femur bones after their osteosynthesis were then mechanically tested in axial compression, and torsional and dynamic axial compression loading. To determine the structural advantage of the new implant system, perforated and nonperforated new implant systems were comparing about pull out performance. When loading the samples, photographs were taken continuously. The reference parameters were described and measured from unloaded and loaded photographs of the static and dynamic tests. There was no significant difference between stiffness values of two fixation methods under static and rotational loading. Under dynamic loading, the displacement of the superior point of femoral head at the fracture line showed a significant decrease between the new implant system and cannulated screws. Comparing the relative motion at the mid line of the fracture in femoral neck between groups, a significant increase was found in H Beam implant group. Perforated H beam implants have similar static and torsion properties with golden standard. Although there was significant difference under dynamic loading which simulate movement early after surgery, the patient was not allowed to move early after surgery in the clinical practice. Therefore, the differences due to the perforated “H” beam implant would not cause clinical insecurity. Therefore, it is assumed that the perforated “H” beam implant can be used for internal fixation as an alternative to cannulated screws in the treatment of instable femoral neck fracture.

Objective Cephalomedullary nails are tools commonly used for surgical fixation in proximal femoral fractures. The most common complications in their use are varus collapse and screw cutout of the femoral head. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of intramedullary nail movement on varus collapse and screw cutout. Materials and Methods The study was conducted on 70 composite femur models treated with PFNA. We divided the femurs into 4 groups based on the differences in nail diameter, fracture type and filling of the distal intramedullary area. All femurs were exposed to axial cyclic loading. Each femur was examined in terms of intramedullary nail movement and amount of erosions in femoral medulla (amount of erosion in femoral head (FT distance), amount of erosion in femoral neck (FB distance), amount of erosion in trochanteric major (TB distance) and expansion of trochanter tip (TT distance)). Results We found that degree of nail movement in the intramedullary region was inversely correlated with nail diameter and directly correlated with instability of fracture. One of the parameters used to evaluate varus development, FB distance, was affected by the degree of intramedullary nail movement and fracture type. TB distance was affected by nail diameter. Conclusions Nail diameter and fracture type are effective in intramedullary nail movement. Varus collapse progress is accelerated by the increase in nail movement in the intramedullary region. Thus, we conclude that it is important to strengthen diaphyseal adherence, which decreases intramedullary movement of the nail. Level of evidence III; well-design case control study.

Objective Cephalomedullary nails are tools commonly used for surgical fixation in proximal femoral fractures. The most common complications in their use are varus collapse and screw cutout of the femoral head. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of intramedullary nail movement on varus collapse and screw cutout. Materials and methods The study was conducted on 70 composite femur models treated with PFNA. We divided the femurs into 4 groups based on the differences in nail diameter, fracture type and filling of the distal intramedullary area. All femurs were exposed to axial cyclic loading. Each femur was examined in terms of intramedullary nail movement and amount of erosions in femoral medulla [amount of erosion in femoral head (FT distance), amount of erosion in femoral neck (FB distance), amount of erosion in trochanteric major (TB distance) and expansion of trochanter tip (TT distance)]. Results We found that degree of nail movement in the intramedullary region was inversely correlated with nail diameter and directly correlated with instability of fracture. One of the parameters used to evaluate varus development, FB distance, was affected by the degree of intramedullary nail movement and fracture type. TB distance was affected by nail diameter. Conclusions Nail diameter and fracture type are effective in intramedullary nail movement. Varus collapse progress is accelerated by the increase in nail movement in the intramedullary region. Thus, we conclude that it is important to strengthen diaphyseal adherence, which decreases intramedullary movement of the nail. Level of evidence III; well-design case control study.

BACKGROUND The purpose of open reduction and internal fixation of acetabulum posterior wall fractures is to restore anatomical structure and stability of the hip joint, in order to start weight bearing as soon as possible and prevent hip arthrosis; restoration of the anatomy should preserve function of the joint as well. Although "special shaped precontoured plates" have been developed in recent years for surgical treatment of this region, studies comparing the traditional plates with the newly designed precontoured plates are lacking. AIM To evaluate the biomechanical properties of precontoured anatomic buttress and conventional curved reconstruction plates (CCRPs) for posterior wall acetabulum fracture treatment. METHODS Twelve pelvis models were created for testing plate treatment of fracture in the posterior wall of the acetabulum. These 12 pelvis models were used to create 24 hemipelvis models (experimental) by cutting from the sagittal plane and passing over the center of gravity, after which the posterior wall acetabular fractures (of similar type and size) were created. In these experimental models, the right acetabulum was fixed with a 5-hole CCRP, while the left was fixed with a precontoured anatomic buttress plate (PABP). Samples were placed through the test device and were subjected to static load testing, with a constant testing velocity of 2 mm/min until the load reached 2.3 kN or the acetabular fixation failed. Dynamic tests were also performed with sinusoidal wave load, with a maximal load of 2.3 kN and a load ratio of 0.1. RESULTS The average stiffness values were 460.83 +/- 95.47 N/mm for the PABP and 291.99 +/- 118.58 N/mm for the 5-hole CCRP. The precontoured anatomic acetabulum buttress plates had significantly higher rigidity than the CCRPs (P = 0.022). There was a statistically significant difference between the unloaded and 2.3 kN-loaded values of AL (posterosuperior fracture line vertical to the ground surface) and CL (posteroinferior fracture line vertical to the ground surface) parameters for both the PABPs and the 5-hole CCRPs (P = 0.036 and P = 0.045, respectively). According to the static tests, the amount of total displacement was significantly less in the PABPs than in the CCRPs. Comparative analysis of the displacement in the BL (posterior wall fracture line horizontal to the ground) parameter yielded no statistically significant differences between the PABP and the 5-hole CCRPs (P = 0.261). CONCLUSION PABP provides more stable fixation in acetabulum posterior wall fractures than 5-hole CCRP, allowing for proximal or distal fracture line screw application without reshaping.

Introduction: Anchorage, which is defined as resistance against undesired tooth movements, is one of the most important factors in success of orthodontic treatment. In recent years, mini-implants have been used instead of uncomfortable headgears and Nance appliances. The pullout test is the most common method for measuring the anchorage capacity of mini-implants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cortical bone thickness and cortical layer bone density on pullout strength of mini-implants. Methods: Mini-implants were placed in polyurethane foam blocks representing 3 different cortical thicknesses (1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm) and 3 different cortical bone densities (grade 40, grade 45, and grade 50). Pullout tests were performed with 5 mm/min loading rate. Load vs displacement values were recorded during the tests. Results: Comparing cortical thicknesses on the same bone densities, statistically significant differences were found between 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm thicknesses. Likewise, comparing bone densities on the same cortical thicknesses, statistically significant differences were found among all groups. Spearman rank tests showed that both cortical thickness and cortical bone density are correlated with pullout strength (rs, 0.548; P

Background The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the degree of instability and the amount of isthmus excised during transpars (isthmic) approach which is accomplished with partial resection of the pars interarticularis used in distal lateral disc herniation. Methods Thirty-six ovine lumbar spine segments were used in the study. 25% and 50% of the right side isthmus of each spinal segment were excised. Flexion, lateral bending and axial rotation tests were performed in both groups. Findings There was no statistically significant difference found between the groups for yield moment, stiffness and ultimate load in flexion tests (p = 0.262, p = 0.749 and p = 0.200, respectively). Statistically significant difference was found between the groups for yield moment, stiffness and maximum load in lateral bending tests (p = 0.016, p = 0.010 and p = 0.016, respectively). There was no statistical difference found between the groups for yield torque and stiffness in axial rotation tests (p = 0.855 and p = 0.314). Interpretation These results show that a significant loss of resistance especially during the lateral bending loading was occurred with increasing resection portion of isthmus. With the load applied during the lateral bending of the pars interarticularis, the vertebra resected by 50% percent fractured significantly easier in comparison to the vertebra resected by 25% percent. Pars interarticularis is an important structure with an important role in stability. It is presumed that the more defect is created during the drill-up of the pars interarticularis, the more instability will be occurred.

Additively manufactured polymer composites have advantages over those fabricated traditionally due to their improved design flexibility, short time frame of design-to-manufacturing process and reduced material waste and investment cost. Additive manufacturing of short fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites has been well investigated recently, and their mechanical performance has been well characterized. Additive manufacturing of thermoplastic composites, however, has unresolved, high porosity and low mechanical performance issues. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using of a customized, vibration-integrated, direct write additive manufacturing setup to fabricate short Kevlar reinforced epoxy composites. Highly viscous composite inks (max. of 6.3% Kevlar fiber) were successfully extruded and 3D-printed on a print bed, at room temperature. The mechanical performance of the printed composites was examined and compared to that of unreinforced base ink specimens by performing static and dynamic 3-point bending experiments. It was observed that additively manufactured, thermoset-based, short Kevlar fiber reinforced composites possess the mechanical performance surpassing the previously reported short Kevlar fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites and near to that of continuous fiber reinforced composites. Considering their high mechanical performance in addition to low weight, and high ductility, these composite materials have a great potential to find novel structural applications in the near future.