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The incorporation of herbal extracts in wound dressing materials is an important concept that has been researched recently. In this study, alginate films incorporated in the various ratio (0.25–1% v/v) of Hypericum perforatum extract (HPE) for potential applications of wound dressing were successfully prepared by solvent-casting method. The obtained films were examined for cytotoxicity, in vitro wound healing potential, swelling behavior, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. When compared to the alginate film (Al) alone, HPE incorporated alginate films (HPE/Al) exhibit improved antioxidant properties according to the results of CUPRAC assay and antioxidant activity increases with the rate of HPE. Also, HPE/Al films exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, and addition with the HPE extract into films significantly increased the antibacterial activity against S. aureus. All film samples had no cytotoxic effects on fibroblast cell line and HPE/Al films showed a proliferative effect with high extract concentrations (1%) compared to extract free-films. Also, scratch assay results show that films containing 0.5% (v/v) HPE may have a positive effect on wound healing. The results have shown that the newly developed HPE incorporated alginate films are a candidate as antibacterial, and antioxidant wound dressing for use on burn or excision wounds.

In this study, some thiazole-based pyrrolidine derivatives were synthesized, characterized by FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques, and evaluated as potential antibacterial agents. Their antibacterial activities were evaluated by broth microdilution method and expressed as minimum inhibitory concentration; against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus. Cytotoxicity studies of synthesized compounds were also conducted to minimize the toxic effects on healthy mammalian cells. From synthesized compounds, 4-F-phenyl derivative compound (11) has been found to inhibit Gram-positive bacteria with minimum toxicity selectively.

Herein the microwave-assisted green synthesis of both silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles (NPs) by microwave irradiation have been successfully carried out using fresh ginger rhizome extract....

Herein the green synthesis of iron oxide (FeO) nanoparticles (NPs) was achieved by using Thymbra spicata leaf extract. The antibacterial activity of FeONPs was evaluated against both gram-positive ...

Bu çalışma, jelatin (Jel) ve jelatin-glukoz (Gel-Glu) aracılı gümüş nanopartiküllerin (AgNP'ler) sentezini araştırmayı ve bunların esansiyel yağlar (EO) ile sinerjilerinin toprak solunumu ve toprak enzim aktiviteleri üzerine etkilerini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Antibakteriyel aktiviteler, agar difüzyon testi kullanılarak değerlendirildi. STEM analizinin sonuçları, 5-25 nm aralığındaki Gel-Glu-AgNP'lerin Gel-AgNP'lerden daha küçük bir boyuta sahip olduğunu ortaya koydu. Buna ilaveten, zeta analizi ile her iki AgNP'nin de pozitif yüke sahip olduğunu bulduk. Ayrıca, Gel-AgNP'ler ve Gel-Glu-AgNP'lerin EO ile kombinasyonlarından en az biri antibakteriyel aktiviteyi arttırdı. Sonuçlar, AgNP'lerin 120 saat sonunda toprak solunumunu azalttığını ve AgNP'ler ile uçucu yağların kombinasyonlarının, özellikle daha yüksek maruz kalma süreleri ve konsantrasyonlarında, dehidrogenaz aktivitesine kıyasla toprak numunelerinin alkalin fosfataz aktivitelerinde önemli bir azalmaya neden olduğunu gösterdi. Sonuç olarak jelatin, AgNP'lerin sentezinde indirgeyici ve stabilize edici bir ajan olarak önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Son olarak, nanopartiküller ve uçucu yağ kombinasyonunun, AgNP'lerin bakterilerle etkileşiminde farklı sonuçlara yol açtığı değerlendirilmiş, ayrıca bu toprak solunumu ve enzim analizi ile de doğrulanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, farklı uygulamalarda gümüş nanopartiküllerin etkilerini ortaya çıkarmak için yeni stratejilerin daha da geliştirilmesini doğrulamaktadır., This study aims to investigate the synthesis of gelatin (Gel) and gelatin-glucose (Gel-Glu) mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and to investigate their synergies with different essential oils (EO) for antibacterial activity as well as their effects on soil respiration and soil enzyme activities. The antibacterial activities were evaluated using the agar diffusion test. The results of STEM analysis revealed that Gel-Glu-AgNPs in the range of 5–25 nm had a smaller size than Gel-AgNPs. Furthermore, we found that both AgNPs were positively charged by zeta analysis. In addition, at least one of the combinations of Gel-AgNPs and Gel-Glu-AgNPs with EO increased the antibacterial activity. The results also showed that AgNPs reduced soil respiration at the end of 120 h and that combinations of AgNPs and essential oils caused a significant reduction in alkaline phosphatase activities of soil samples compared to dehydrogenase activity, particularly at higher exposure times and concentrations. In conclusion, gelatin played an important role as a reducing and stabilizing agent in the synthesis of AgNPs. Finally, it was evaluated that combining nanoparticles and essential oil led to different results in the interaction of AgNPs with bacteria, which was additionally confirmed by soil respiration and enzyme analysis. The results justify further developing new strategies to uncover the effects of silver nanoparticles in different applications.

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most prevalent cancer types worldwide and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Gastric cancer is an aggressive and heterogeneous disease with a poorly understood carcinogenesis at the molecular level. Therefore, the research for effective drug therapy strategies plays a significant role in treating the disease. One of these effective treatment strategies is herbal-based therapeutics, which have low side effects and contain many biologically active compounds. In this study, the effect of U.dioica, S. marianum and C. scolymus herbal extracts on cell viability in L929, AGS and SH-SY5Y cell lines was analyzed by XTT test to evaluate the anticancer activities. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of extracts were determined by the agar well diffusion test and CUPRAC method, respectively. We found that U. dioica and S. marianum extracts showed no significant effect on the viability of AGS and SH-SY5Y cancer cells. C. scolymus extract demonstrated strong anticancer activity on AGS cancer cells at all concentrations but had no effect on SH-SY5Y cells. U. dioica and C. scolymus exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus and B. cereus, respectively. No antibacterial activity was found in S. marianum extract. U. dioica and S. marianum extracts have shown strong antioxidant activity in CUPRAC assay. In conclusion, the obtained results revealed the antibacterial and anticancer therapeutic potential of C. scolymus extract known as artichoke in gastric cancer cells. However, more research is required to better explain the therapeutic properties of these extracts., Mide kanseri, dünya çapında en yaygın kanser türlerinden biridir ve kansere bağlı ölümlerin önde gelen nedenlerindendir. Bu kanser türü, moleküler düzeyde yeterince anlaşılamamış bir karsinogeneze sahip, agresif ve heterojen bir hastalıktır. Bu nedenle etkili ilaç tedavi stratejilerine yönelik yapılan araştırmalar, hastalığın tedavisinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu etkili tedavi stratejilerinden biri, yan etkileri düşük ve içeriğinde biyolojik olarak aktif birçok bileşik bulunan bitkisel bazlı terapötiklerdir. Bu çalışmada U.dioica, S. marianum ve C. scolymus bitkisel ekstraktlarının antikanser aktivitelerinin değerlendirilmesi için L929, AGS ve SH-SY5Y hücre hatlarındaki hücre canlılığına etkisi XTT testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Ekstraktların antibakteriyel ve antioksidan aktiviteleri için ise sırasıyla agar kuyusu difüzyon testi ve CUPRAC yöntemi kullanılmıştır. U. dioica ve S. marianum ekstraktlarının AGS ve SH-SY5Y kanser hücrelerinin canlılığı üzerinde önemli bir etki göstermediği görülmüştür. C. scolymus ekstraktı ise tüm konsantrasyonlarda AGS kanser hücreleri üzerinde yüksek antikanser etki göstermiş ancak SH-SY5Y hücreleri üzerinde hiçbir etkiye neden olmamıştır. U. dioica ve C. scolymus ekstraktları sırasıyla S. aureus ve B. cereus bakterilerine karşı antibakteriyel aktivite sergilemiştir. S. marianum ekstraktı herhangi bir antibakteriyel etki göstermemiştir. CUPRAC testi sonucunda U. dioica ve S. marianum ekstraktlarının güçlü antioksidan aktivite gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, elde edilen sonuçlar enginar olarak bilinen C. scolymus eksraktının antibakteriyel ve mide kanseri hücrelerinde antikanser terapötik potansiyelini ortaya koymuştur. Ancak, bu ekstraktın terapötik özelliklerinin daha iyi anlaşılması için daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç vardır.

In animal and yeast system, subcellular fractionation has been widely used in studies of protein localization and organelle proteomics. Alternatively, it has not been an effective way of study in plant system because of some experimental limitations. The main aim of this study is to optimize subcellular and subnuclear fractionation of wild-type of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Colombia (Col-0) leaves by comparing three different methods to isolate nuclear membrane. In the study, we at first optimized nuclear washing steps to remove chloroplast contents from nuclear fractions. By optimizing speed of centrifugation and chemical component of the nuclear washing buffer, purified nuclear fractions was obtained. After measurement of protein amount for each fraction, purity of the fractions was analyzed by western blot assay with some specific cell compartment markers such as anti-Histone3 for nuclear fraction and anti-Rubisco for cytoplasmic fraction. Also, lactate dehydrogenase enzyme assay was used to confirm purity of the fractions. Then, subnuclear fractionation was done to isolate purified nuclear membrane. Three different methods were used to separate the nuclear membrane from whole purified nucleus. Nuclear compartment markers such as anti-Histone3 and anti-Fibrillarin was used in this step. In the study, Inner Nuclear Membrane protein (AtSUN2) was used as a nuclear membrane marker. All things considered, we conclude that the method with DNase digestion and high centrifugation speed (first method ) is a more effective way in separation of nuclear membrane fractions because the low centrifugal speed (second method) does not appear to be sufficient for separating the nuclear membrane, and the third method does not seem to be a very effective way as it requires a high centrifugal speed.

Green methods using biological extracts, in particular plant-based solutions, have shown great potential for silver nanoparticle synthesis. A microwave-assisted single-step phytosynthesis of silver...

Abstract A simple, facile and rapid microwave irradiated system was applied to synthesize silver nanoparticles using 'Golden Delicious' apple pulp (Malus domestica) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum) seed extracts. The phytosynthesized AgNPs were characterized by Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Zeta sizer analysis. In the study, the presence of face-centered cubic crystalline structured metallic silver in AgNPs from apple and cumin extracts and the monodisperse nature of AgNPs with the size distribution range of 5.46–20 nm and 1.84–20.57 nm were confirmed, respectively. This study established an efficient green synthesis approach that created so far, the smallest silver nanoparticles by using these two extracts. According to the results obtained, AgNPs synthesized using both extracts were non-toxic against L929 mouse fibroblast cells, while they were effective against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria with a greater effect on S. aureus. Moreover, AgNPs synthesized through cumin extract exhibited a higher ABTS scavenging ability (96.43 ± 0.78% at 160 μg/mL) in comparison to apple pulp extract mediated AgNPs, while both AgNPs showed lower activity for DPPH (27.84 ± 0.56% and 13.12 ± 0.32% from cumin seed and apple pulp extracts, respectively). In summary, our results suggest the green non-cytotoxic AgNPs synthesized in this study could be a promising template for further biological and clinical applications. Graphical abstract

Recently, metal nanoparticles have attracted the attention of researchers due to their unique properties whencompared with bulk materials and have become used in many fields of application. In this study, green synthesis ofAg nanoparticles (AgNPs) was investigated by using the aqueous extract of T. serpyllum leaves. In addition,antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of the synthesized AgNPs were evaluated in this study. Further, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), fouirer transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for characterization of the green synthesized AgNPs. The UV-Vis spectrum of the synthesizedAgNPs had a maximum peak at 467 nm. Also, TEM analysis indicated spherical particles with an average size of 25.2 nm. The synthesized AgNPs have higher stability (zeta potential: -29.5 mV). The antimicrobial activity of thegreen synthesized AgNPs was investigated on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, such as Bacilluscereus (B. cereus), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella enterica serovarTyphimurium (S. Typhimurium) using agar well diffusion assay. According to the results of the study, Gram-positivebacteria showed larger inhibition zones compared to Gram-negative bacteria. Finally, the AgNPs were explored forthe inhibition of S. aureus biofilms. AgNPs at 100 ?g/mL concentration showed a high inhibition value of about 73%for S. aureus biofilm formation. So, it is concluded that the synthesized AgNPs might be potentially used in manyapplications due to their antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties.

In this study, we aimed to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) mediated by plant extract in an environmentally friendly way and to reveal their potential biological activities. Here we synthesized CuONPs by using different concentrations of aqueous leaf extract of Thymbra spicata at 80 °C to obtain Ts1CuONPs and Ts2CuONPs. Biosynthesized nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-Vis, AFM, FTIR, SEM-EDS, TEM, DLS and zeta potential analysis. The antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles was determined by calculation of the inhibition zone and minimum inhibitory concentration against selected bacterial strains. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the as-synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated based on DPPH radical scavenging activity. The results indicate that the as-synthesized NPs have an average size of 26.8 and 21 nm for Ts1CuONPs and Ts2CuONPs, respectively. The formed CuONPs have more antibacterial action on gram-positive bacteria compared to gram-negative bacteria. In addition, CuONPs demonstrated good inhibition activity against biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Furthermore, the results showed that the smaller size of the CuONPs caused the higher cytotoxicity on L929 mouse fibroblast cells. The as-synthesized CuONPs exhibit antibacterial and antibiofilm potential against S. aureus, indicating that they may be attractive candidates to use in future therapeutic applications.

This study focuses on the utilization of orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit extract for microwave mediated green synthesis of copper nanoparticles for the first time. After completion of the synthesis cycles, the presence of a maximum peak at the wavelength of 560 nm by UV–vis spectroscopy indicated the formation of CuNPs. FTIR spectrum identified the functional biomolecules of the orange juice extract, responsible for the bioreduction, stabilization of copper nanoparticles. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) indicated the presence of globular shaped nano-sized copper particles with smooth surfaces whereas Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDX) confirmed the presence of copper, carbon and oxygen atoms with the amount of 77.68%, 17.55% and 4.77%, respectively. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) illustrated that the CuNPs are morphologically round in shape with the distribution range of 6.93 nm–20.70 nm in diameter. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the presence of face-centered cubic crystalline structures of copper nanoparticle, and Zeta potential analysis confirmed their high stability by showing the strong negative potential value (−25.60 mV). Moreover, these biosynthesized copper nanoparticles displayed their efficiency in controlling the growth of the bacteria, i.e., Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results revealed their non-cytotoxic nature on the L929 mouse fibroblast cell line through XTT cell viability assay. All these studies indicated that CuNPs synthesized by orange extract have the potential to serve as a green nanomaterial for biomedical applications.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of gaseous ozone for the degradation of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) and inactivation of indigenous microflora in poultry feed. Feed samples were treated with continuous stream of two different constant concentrations (2.8 and 5.3 mg/L) of ozone at room temperature up to 240 min. The initial AFB 1 level in artificially contaminated feed samples, determined as 32.8 μg/kg, decreased by 74.3 and 86.4% after 240 min of exposure at 2.8 and 5.3 mg/L, respectively. At the both ozone concentrations, 240 min exposure was reduced the aerobic plate and yeast and mold counts below the detection limit ( P ≥ 0.05) increase occurred in the level of lipid oxidation in feed samples during 120 min ozonation at 2.8 mg/L. At the end of the 240 min of exposure at 2.8 and 5.3 mg/L, initial TBARS concentration, determined as 2.4 mg/kg, reached to 4.4 and 5.3 mg/kg with a significant ( P P 1 level and microbial population can be achieved in poultry feed by ozonation with an acceptable changes in lipid oxidation.

During growth, mushrooms can be contaminated with both saprophytic and pathogenic microorganisms derived from various points of contamination. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of gaseous ozone for reduction of microbial load and elimination of Salmonella , Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on white button mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach). Whole mushroom samples were exposed to gaseous ozone up to 60 min at concentrations of 2.8 and 5.3 mg L −1 . The level of yeast and mold population naturally present on mushrooms was reduced more than 1.43 log after ozonation at 5.3 mg L −1 for 45 min. Exposure to ozone at 2.8 and 5.3 mg L −1 for 60 min yielded 2.44 and 3.07 log reductions in aerobic plate counts, respectively. Initial levels of Salmonella , L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 populations on inoculated mushrooms reduced by ranging 2.10 and 2.76 log after 60 min of treatment performed at concentration of 2.8 mg L −1 , respectively. Ozonation at 5.3 mg L −1 for 60 min reduced the initial counts of Salmonella , L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 by 3.61, 2.80 and over 3.41 log, respectively. These results suggest that gaseous ozone treatment can improve the microbial safety and postharvest quality of mushrooms.

General anesthesia is the administration of certain anesthetics that enable a patient to tolerate surgical conditions. This study was aimed to better explain effects of sevoflurane, and desflurane, inhaled anesthetics, on liver and kidney functions by determining postoperative changes of some biochemical parameters. In this study, 35 patients suited physical status of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-II groups were included. Patients with normal renal and hepatic functions were randomly allocated into two groups according to the inhalation agents used. These groups are group of sevoflurane (group S) and group of desflurane (group D). In all groups, general anesthesia was induced with thiopentone and cisatracurium and maintained with 50 % N2O - 50 % oxygen and one of the two volatile agents (desflurane, and sevoflurane). Levels of serum BUN, Urea, Creatinine, AST, ALT were determined in blood samples. Levels of AST in group S and group D increased in post-operation. While there was no significant difference in group D, there was statistically significant difference in group S. The primary effects of volatile anesthetics were on the biochemical parameters of liver postoperatively. Especially, in people with liver disease, it may be considered that desflurane can be a good alternative to sevoflurane in general anesthesia.

Sir, In this journal, a study of bacterial contamination on coins and banknotes was recently published [1]. A high density of bacteria was found, most belonging to cutaneous or environmental bacterial species. The study included gymnasium students and a strong association between findings on coins from a given person was discussed in relation to general hygiene habits as well as the place where the coins were held. We here report a study of bacterial contamination of money coins samples obtained on the green marketplace of vegetable/ fruit sellers in comparison with coin samples from school canteens.

Bu calismada, anormal smear tanisi kona n hastalarda, smear ve biyopsi materyallerinde PCR yontemi ile HPV DNA analizi yapilarak sonuclarin biyopsi tanisiyla karsilastirilmasi amaclanmistir. Calisma, yaslari 26 ile 74 arasinda degisen 24 hasta uzerinde gerceklestirilmistir. Ele alinan vakalardan patolojik degerlendirme sonucunda H-SIL, L-SIL veya ASCUS ile anormal smear tanisi konmus hastalara kolposkopik biyopsi yapilarak ornekler elde edilmis ve molekuler testler ile HPV varligi arastirilmistir. Kolposkopi oncesinde hastalara anket uygulanarak demografik bilgiler elde edilmis ve HPV enfeksiyonuna neden olabilecek faktorlerin varligi incelenmistir. Anormal smear sonucuna sahip hastalardan alinan patolojik orneklerde, biyopsi tanisi %33’unde serviks CA, %4’unde H-SIL, %13’unde L-SIL ve %50’si normal olarak bulunmustur. Ayrica, normal smear sonucuna sahip tum hastalarin %33’unde HPV DNA belirlenmis ve belirlenen HPV alt tipleri (HPV 16, HPV 18, HPV 31 ve HPV 58) arasinda en yuksek oranda izlenen alt tipin HPV 16 oldugu tespit edilmistir. HPV 16 bulunan 5 hastadan 4’unun biyopsi tanisinin serviks CA oldugu tespit edilmis, kalan 1 hastanin ise H-SIL oldugu gorulmustur. Ayrica, partner sayisi 1’den fazla olan kisilerde HPV pozitiflik oraninin yuksek oldugu gorulurken, HPV pozitif vakalarin tamaminin gravide sayisinin uc veya uzeri oldugu gozlenmistir. Bu calismada patolojik tani yontemleri ve mikrobiyolojik inceleme sonuclarinin taniya katkisi ortaya konulmus, tarama programlarinin ve erken teshisin onemi bir kez daha ortaya cikarilmistir.