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Palembang City is divided into two regions by the Musi river, and there are 114 tributaries streamed within Palembang City, with 31.58% located in the Seberang Ilir region and 68.42% in the Seberang Ulu region. In the lowland topography of Palembang City, with most of the region below 5 m above mean sea level, flooding becomes repetitive. This paper examines the flooded area within the Bendung river basin using multi-temporal composite remote sensing radar data from Sentinel 1. Flood events in November 2018 and December 2021 were selected. The flood extent and affected populations will be calculated using Google Earth Engine (GEE) and Geographic Information System (GIS) application. In this study, flood extent was delineated and compared for different digital elevation models. It is found that the threshold value, the DEM, and the availability of radar data in conjunction with the flood event will better delineate the affected area to the flood. The DEM contributed a 37.5% to 83% difference in the delineated area calculation. The script in the GEE is customizable for different areas of interest and can be applied to different areas with adjustments to the threshold value that should be a minimum of 1.0 or higher.

Earthquakes can inflict significant damage to structures and infrastructures. This paper presents a machine learning model to predict ground surface deformation (GDS) induced by earthquake events. The data on historical GSD is extracted from radar product of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data of one-year over five magnitude earthquakes that occurred within 200 kilometers of the Kota Padang Regency, West Sumatra. Building topology data of its footprint area, distance from shoreline, elevation, and coordinate were incorporated as the main features in the dataset. The earthquake parameters were taken from the USGS earthquake data catalog. Four machine learning algorithms of Neural Network (NN), Random Forest (RF), k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN), and Gradient Boosting (GB) are applied. The GSD from the trained models is predicted and compared with the measured GSD from the SAR’s product. The performances of proposed algorithms are evaluated in terms of the statistical index. A new dataset from the earthquake event in March 2022 is used to predict the GSD and further test the performance of the trained models. Overall, the four machine learning algorithms have outstanding performance, with a coefficient determinant of more than 0.9. The kNN algorithm outperforms compared to others in delineating the GSD. The trained models gave deficient prediction performance on the new dataset with a correlation coefficient of 0.228 predicted by the RF algorithm. Additional earthquake datasets and more unique features will improve the performance of the machine learning algorithms.

Concrete is brittle; hence, it is incredibly likely that concrete buildings may fail in both local and global ways under dynamic and impulsive stresses. An extensive review investigation was carried out to examine reinforced concrete (RC) slab behavior under low-velocity impact loading. Significant past research studies that dealt with experimental and numerical simulations and analytical modeling of the RC slabs under impact loading have been presented in this work. As a result, numerous attempts to define failure behavior and to assess concrete structures’ vulnerability to lateral impact loads have been made in the literature. Based on analytical, numerical, and experimental studies carried out in previous research, this article thoroughly reviewed the current state of the art regarding the responses and failure behaviors of various types of concrete structures and members subjected to low-velocity impact loading. The effects of different structural and load-related factors were examined regarding the impact strength and failure behavior of reinforced concrete slabs reinforced with various types of strengthening procedures and exposed to low-velocity impact loads. The reviews suggested that advanced composite materials, shear reinforcement, and hybrid techniques are promising for effectively strengthening concrete structures.

Pultruded glass-fibre reinforced polymer (pGFRP) composites are classified as lightweight material, which exhibit high strength-to-weight ratio for structural usage. This composite material has been applied as cross-arm members in transmission towers due to its ability in thermal and electrical insulation. However, the influence of the stacking sequence of pGFRP composite on its mechanical performance has not been fully covered in the literature to explain the long-term durability of the current cross-arm designs. The study expected to evaluate five fiber layers with various stacking sequences in terms of quasi-static and creep tests in a four-point bending mode. The creep test was performed for 1440 h (60 days). These composites were fabricated using the pultrusion process in the form of a square hollow structure. Later, it was cut into composite coupons with various sizes depending on the test conducted. The results showed that nine layers with 0°/45°/0°/−45°/0°/−45°/0°/45°/0° had the ultimate flexural strength. This stacking sequence configurations seemed to be optimally manufactured in continuous roving fibre by alternating between 0° and ±45° fiber orientations. Additionally, the S-9 pGFRP composite sample showed that it had a low-creep deflection with high elastic and apparent creep moduli in 1440 h. In terms of strength reduction factor, this configuration was recorded as the highest. The findings showed that the nine layers of pGFRP composites with alternation of 0° and ±45° fiber orientations were highly suitable for structural application at transmission towers for a long-term operation.

The purpose of this study is to optimize costs by analyzing a case study of the Energy Utility Company (EUC) project in Malaysia and building the main electric distribution station (MEDS) project specifically. In order to achieve this objective, Value Engineering (VE) technique as one of the proven tools was selected, and three alternatives were applied. The first alternative was to reduce the room sizes of the building. The second alternative was to replace the plaster painting with normal painting, and the last one was to replace painting up to 1.5 meters with 1 meter of the high of walls from the floor. Results approved that the implementation of VE has successfully reduced the cost of the project without compromising the quality of the materials. For the first alternative, 17.1% of the cost was saved. Regarding the second alternative, 69.8% of the total cost for ceiling painting was saved, and for the third alternative, 41.6% of the total cost of walls from the floor was saved. The findings of this research may serve as a guide for engineers, scholars, and constructors to reduce the cost of the building project.

Pultruded glass fibre reinforced polymer (pGFRP) composites provide outstanding properties for composite polymer cross arms in power transmission line applications. This study has investigated the effects of various stacking sequences of fibres directions of pGFRP on flexural strength and creep behaviour. The use of static four-point bending flexural tests revealed that Stacking Sequence 2 (±45/0/90/0/90/0) had a significant flexural strength of 399.9 MPa while Stacking Sequence 1 (±45/90/0/±45) had a flexural strength of 242.5 MPa. Furthermore, the four-point bending creep experiments were performed at three distinct stress levels, notably 12%, 24%, and 37% of the ultimate flexural strength, to characterise the creep behaviour of distinct stacking sequences. Moreover, Findley’s power law equation for bending creep behaviour has revealed that the time-dependent reduction factor of Stacking Sequence 1 and Stacking Sequence 2 estimates a drop in flexural modulus of 23% and 10% respectively.

Concrete is commonly used as a construction material because of the important properties is broadly utilized as development materials within the development segment. Unfortunately, the component of cement within the concrete results in many side-effects such as affecting the environment. Therefore, this paper presented the review of essential to seek out an alternative materials which may be utilized as cement replacement materials by reutilizing agricultural waste ash. Selected agricultural waste ash which are Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Oyster Shell Powder (OSP) were review in terms of their compressive strength and slump height of the mixture. The treated palm oil ash which is going to be used as partial cement replacement material for the proper design mix and optimal ash replacement. The replacement percentage of palm ash in the concrete were set at 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight with the optimal replacement ratio of the supplementary cementitious content. Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) is a material that having sufficient requirements to be a good pozzolana and cementitious material according to ASTMC618 in terms of chemical composition. POFA is a material that consists high silica contents. By having more silica contents, it will help to improve the properties, in particular its compressive strength, bond strength, and abrasion resistance. After conducting several research, it was concluded that the optimal replacement for POFA is 20% and it is better to have finer POFA. POFA also proved some of the important properties is the CO2 emissions would be reduce.

Landslide is one of the world’s natural disasters that are currently gaining attention. Throughout the years of landslide occurrences study, predictive models were developed and a lot of public awareness strategies were conducted to minimize the losses. The occurrence is related to slope failure and heavy rainfall. This paper proposed an alerting solution to an imminent landslide occurrence by identifying rainfall volume as a threshold value. Two study areas which are located 124 km away from each other were analyzed with the help of their past historical landslide. The back analysis method was applied to detect regular and irregular conditions of the received rainfall. The study discovered a similarity in the rainfall pattern at both study areas, where rainfall duration (5-day antecedent rainfall) and total received rainfall (cumulative rainfall) play a big role in initiating landslide occurrence. This method is recommended to implement threshold value as the indicator of imminent landslide occurrence, especially for real-time landslide monitoring purposes.

The use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) has been widely practised. In this paper, the method of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and 3D modelling is done before analyse using BIM. This study aims to analyse the energy consumption of PMU building by using BIM in order to have a better designed project as well as to lower risk and better predictability of outcomes. It discusses studies integrated with the design method, on the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) to build performance simulations. As for the outcome, cooling load and energy consumption analysis are presented in this study.

Fly ash bottom ash (FABA) with a ratio of 80% fly ash and 20% bottom ash can be included in concrete as an additive or replacement material. The FABA concrete needs to have good mechanical properties in aggressive environments such as acidic peatland to widen its application. In this study, a mix of FABA, alkaline activator and Portland cement produced the FABA hybrid geopolymer concrete. Portland Composite Cement (PCC) was a control mixture. The concrete was mixed, cast and cured for 28 days before placed in peat water until 91 days. This study determines the compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and shrinkage values of the immersed samples. Results show that the FABA-GP hybrid concrete has a stable compressive strength development after 28 days. However, the tensile strength of the FABA-GP dropped by 12.9% at 91 days, indicating a slow degradation in concrete. The flexural strength of FABA-GP was not affected due to a slight decrease at 91 days in peat water. The FABA-GP has a relatively higher shrinkage than the PCC concrete. Moreover, the mechanical properties of FABA-GP hybrid concrete suggest the material could be used as low to medium grade concrete in peatland.

Land subsidence is a geomorphological event that affects Earth’s structure and physiognomy. This phenomenon occurs when the groundwater volume changes and results in the movement and sinking of sediment. Several studies have been conducted to identify major causes or factors that may lead to land subsidence. It was found that land subsidence intensity is influenced by several factors, i.e. terrain slope and aspect, land use, soil moisture content, and distance to a river. Population density contributes to continuous changes in land use. Deep investigation of factors that contribute to land subsidence such as population density is important. This study investigated the relationship between land subsidence and population density contributing to continuous land-use changes. The study area was a highly populated slum area along the Musi River in Palembang, Indonesia. Factors that have high contribution to land subsidence were considered in developing a land subsidence susceptibility map. Susceptibility analysis was done using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Land subsidence features were associated with slum features and the result revealed a significantly high correlation (r = 0.844) between actual land subsidence areas and the developed susceptibility map.

Objectives: This paper presents a study on effect of adding Polypropylene (PP) fibres on torsional strength of ferrocement. Method: The main investigation was based on experimental works on torsional strength of ferrocement. In this study, the different percentage of PP fibres was added into the ferrocement mortar. The amount of PP fibre was added from 0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9%. A torsion test rig was developed specifically for this study to ensure torsional force applied equally at both end of the test specimens. Finding: It is determined that 67.2% of the torsional strength variation of the ferrocement was influenced by PP fibres. In comparison to the normal ferrocement without additional PP fibres, there was torsional strength improvement about 38% contributed by PP fibres to the ferrocement specimens. The effects given by interaction of PP fibre and volume faction of the mesh on torsion were only 2.3%. The predictive applied torque equations were derived from this study. There is a good agreement between the predicted values of maximum applied torque to the observed value from the experiment where less of 5% different was observed. Application: From this study, it is concluded that by adding PP fibre to the ferrocement mortar the crack can be reduced and the PP fibres contribute to the torsional strength. Keywords: Ferrocement, Polypropylene Fibre, Predicted Applied Torque, Torsional Strength, Volume Fraction

Combination of natural and mechanical ventilation is defined as a hybrid ventilation system. This system has drawn attention in indoor thermal comfort. This paper presents a CFD analysis for thermal comfort study of a residential house model. Different scenarios given to the model to evaluate the effect of the mechanical ventilation system of ceiling fan assisted the air flow and natural ventilation in indoor thermal comfort. Predictive Mean Vote (PMV) as in ASHRAE 55 and the thermal comfort (Tc) as suggested in MS 2680:2017 were calculated. From the study, it is found that there is an improvement value of PMV value by +0.1 to +0.2 by having ceiling fans as indoor assisted airflow.

Analysis of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from satellite imagery has become preferable by enhancement of its technology, reliable temporal and spatial resolution, computational power and extensive area of coverage. This paper presents the use of SAR data to map the extent of the inundated area of the river as the primary access way in Banyuasin Regency for water transportation. In this study, 1-year data set of Ground Range Detected (GRD) type radar data from Sentinel-1A’s mission was used and analysed by using the Science Toolbox Exploitation Platform (SNAP) toolbox. Related factors on a diurnal tide of river water level and climate which controls the inundated area located mostly within lowland and the biannual season were taken into consideration in the selection of the data set. It is found that the extended inundated area of water body clearly detected. The enhanced polarisation index (VHdB*) which was developed have given a better insight for a response on the extent of inundated area and siltation caused by erosion and sedimentation.

The soil in different regions has many fundamental problems, including a high groundwater table, deformation of highly compressive clays, peat, etc. Most areas of these zones are waterlogged, swampy, and characterised by weak soils, making it difficult to construct them without addressing the stability of such structures. In many cases, soil conditions and soil materials are not ideal for the proposed or planned development. In such cases, the geotechnical engineer will consider how to resolve possible issues with feasible solutions carefully. This paper presents work resulting in the development of software that is used as a tool to guide and select the type of improvement and soil assessment. It allows users to learn about soil improvement and ground modification in engineering practice while providing the user with a tool that helps to solve soil improvement problems. An expert opinion was designed and conducted to obtain the weighted matrix for evaluation selection of improvement type based on specific criteria. A Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) was followed, and in terms of design, implementation, testing and evaluation were conducted. The evaluation result based on the System Usability Scale was performed and evaluated, and it shows the proposed tool was accepted and suitable to use by the end-user.

COVID-19 pandemic had influenced various aspects of community activities such as health, education and socio-economic. The effect of economic activities had caused many people to experience a decrease in income and loss of work due to the laid-off of informal workers. Overall, this unprecedented situation had led to an increase in the new poverty rate. In Palembang, based on the Non–DTKS (Integrated Social Welfare Data) data, the number of new poor affected by COVID-19 pandemic was 30,765 people. Therefore, the new poor needed to be responded immediately, and the aid distribution needed to be followed up. This paper presents the development of a web-based operation dashboard in Geographic Information System to map the distribution of people categorized in poverty and new poor affected by the pandemic. The operational dashboard functioned as aid distribution activity monitoring. The type of aid, the number of people receiving the aid was recorded using the geo-tagging capabilities. By having this system, the community centres set up by the sub-district office would have an operational dashboard to monitor activities and examining the aid distribution.

This paper presents a novel approach for predicting the remaining life of lattice steel transmission towers in Malaysia. The transmission tower components assessment grouped into ground corrosive condition, foundation condition, lattice steel body of the tower, and conductor. Significant and scientific field investigation and visual assessment evaluate the state of the tower. The corrosion hazard, which is a product of climate and air pollution data, is used. Three separated lines and 84 towers were selected with different ages of the tower in service. The Weighing Scoring Method with Analytical Hierarchy Process to impose the weighed factor was used. The survival function analysis is used to predict service life, and the tower remaining life was determined. The paper shows how to use the model to predict the remaining life of a transmission tower and how this can be used to advise maintenance planning.

Construct a tunnel is a challenge to nature. It releases stress by drilling and sometimes blasting different rock formation. Once it is constructed, existence of water seepage infiltrated through weakest formation of rock has developed distresses that become one of common problems in underground structure. This paper presents development a web based distress mapping application using visual assessment, non-destructive assessment and utilizing 360° spherical panoramic images to give real visualization experience tunnel and cavern of underground hydroelectric power plan. In developing the application, the virtual tour engine from krpano and scripting language Java Script were utilized. Statistical analysis on the condition of the distress was also discussed. The developed system is used to improve human experience on the assessment processes at location of distresses. By using this system, the assessment can be recorded into the database easily using any smart device with HTML browser capability and assist safety officer, engineers and tunnel owner to decide appropriate mitigation of maintenance and/or repair in order to prolong service life of the tunnel and caver of the hydroelectric power plan.

Flooding is a temporal condition of surface water where the level and debit are exceeding a specific allowable limit. Urban city flooding is an effect of unbalance city environment related to regulation function. Vulnerability to increasing of population and change of land use at rural area and urbanisation to the flood-prone area, illegal shelter, land development on the water catchment area, increase in population density are the most common source of flooding on an urban area. This paper presents a study on the effect of changing in land use to high inundation pattern on river sub-system (SRS) of Bendung River in Palembang City. The data is taken based on a digital elevation model (DEM) generated from high point data set from a Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) sensor. The model used in this study was a hydrological model using SMADA 6.0 and DUFLOW 3.6 for rainfall-runoff model and analysis of river system generating surface water profile. The ArcGIS was used to construct a surface water model related to DEM data to obtain inundated area, inundation maps, inundation height and geospatial analysis. Four scenarios are applied in this study area which was changing the type of land use to a green area, changing the type of land use to a settlement area, free up 30 m riverbank to a green area and free up 100 m riverbank to a green area. From this study, the change in runoff coefficient, C value does not significantly reduce the inundation area in the area with more than 80% relatively flat topography. Increase the C value by 10% resulted in an increase on the puddle area to 9.4%, while the flood area with an altitude of more than 1 m increased to 359%. The results of scenario with land used change 10% - 20%, contributed to the increase in the flood area of 9.4% - 12.1%. So that to reduce the high pattern inundation a structural approach combined with a non-structural approach should be enforced and implemented. Besides, land-use changes will be significant to reduce flooding when land consolidation is applied to a sub-river system (SRS).

Construction industry in Malaysia has moved forward into technology-driven where its transition is in progress from conventional method to a more advanced and mechanized system known as the Industrialized Building System (IBS). This paper presents economic aspects of using Interlocking Hollow Brick System (IHBS) in the construction of the Primary Distribution Sub-station (PPU) of energy infrastructure asset development. The main objective is to compare the difference in construction method between IHBS with the conventional method. The study is focused on comparing various aspects of using interlocking block system in terms of time, costs, and utilization of workforce. Building Information Modelling tools in this study are used. From the analysis and modeling of the PPU, it is shown that the implementation of IHBS can reduce construction time, cost, and utilization of workforce up to 40% - 50% as compared to the conventional method. The construction time using IHBS can be reduced up to 48% as compared to the conventional construction method.

This paper presents analytical studies using Eigenvalue buckling analysis in the Finite Element Method to determine shear buckling and subsequently determine shear resistance of thin plated member with trapezoidal corrugated web. The result is compared with experimental results. It is found that the proposed equations give good agreement to the experimental results. However, the buckling coefficient k is still not generate a good shear stress based on its slenderness ratio hw/tw.

A power transmission tower carries electrical transmission conductor at adequate distance from the ground. It must withstand all nature’s forces besides its self-weight. In structural analysis, natural frequency, mode shape and damping ratio are used to define the structural dynamic properties which relate to the basic structural features. This paper described the dynamic analysis including the modal and the time history analysis on each segment of the self-supported transmission tower to understand its dynamic responses subjected to wind action. The factors such as different height above ground, a different value of wind speed and different wind angle of attack were included in this study to see the influence of those factors towards dynamic response of the structure. The contribution of the wind towards the displacement of the structure is determined in this study by comparing the result obtained in a linear static analysis which considered the load combination without and with the presence of wind action. It was found that displacement using dynamic analysis is bigger than static linear analysis. The result illustrates that the studied factors gave a significant effect on the dynamic response of the structure and the findings indicate that dynamic analysis is vital in structural design.

Automation in Civil Engineering design is no longer unfamiliar anymore in the construction industry. It brings great efficiency gains and has reduced many of the complicated aspects of design. Automation has been developing since over the last four decades where advancement of computer hardware and in line with software developments has enabled various sort of design to be computerized. The design process is now more fast and accurate, and the entire process has been outstandingly improved by the available technology. However, the problems related to computerized design, started from the possibilities for unrecognized or unanticipated consequences as the design becomes more complicated. In line with it is the global warming issue that has been threatening the human being. Therefore, this paper reviews the design automation and its application in civil engineering design emphasizing in assessing the energy efficiency of buildings, which includes background information, its application, advantages, and challenges and also suggestions to further improve the automation in civil engineering design by artificial intelligence (AI). It was discovered that since over the past few years, BIM implementation in Civil Engineering design has started to be adopted massively in construction industry due to its tremendous advantages. In this paper, a new flow process in design automation in assessing building sustainability has been proposed by implementing AI BIM which is linked with MyCREST, a green rating tool in Malaysia in order to assist designers to conceptually design for a more energy efficient building.

Implementation of Value Engineering (VE) in the construction industry has become a proven technique for cost optimization. This paper presents a review of the implementation of BIM in construction industry. The factors that triggered and hinder the implementation of VE and BIM in the current industry and a case study of the application of VE using BIM for cost optimization of renovation works are also discussed. The project which was used for the case study is the renovation of shop lot units to be used as a student centre where student activities will be placed. 3D models of the project were developed as BIM model that provide strong visualization when creating alternatives for VE processes. The function analysis, risk analysis and life-cycle cost analysis were applied to determine the value index for each developed alternative. It shows that the implementation had successfully reduced the cost by approximately 27% and the value of the project increased after the process.

Determination of market size is a critical factor for the success of any company or business activity. This paper presents a study to provide a clear vision using remote sensing for Geomarketing and industry purposes. In order to estimate market size in the study area based on spatial data, Satellite images, Spot 6, with a 1.5 m resolution, will be used with two different dates during the year 2016. It is used to determine the growth in the housing sector with building types and construction levels in the micro-geographic area of Northern Riyadh. It is also used to identify the expected need for products of each district and the approximate time required for installation. By using remote sensing data for Geomarketing, strategies for marketing, planning and housing development could be setup.

The increasing global population was demanded for more consumption of electricity. In Malaysia, it was reported that 17,790 megawatts (MW) was consumed in October 2017 due to high demand. The peak reading recorded is 0.011% increase compared to demand on April 2016 (17,788 MW). Following this, more transmission tower lines need to be developed to generate more electricity. Land acquisition is the main issue for constructing the new transmission tower because it requires a large area to set it up. The idea of optimization on the existing transmission tower helps in reducing cost for constructing the new structure. The aim of this study is to develop an optimal design of the transmission tower. A 275 kV transmission tower model is used in this study for analyzing and optimizing by using linear static and p-delta analysis. This optimization method is done by reducing tower members as well as increasing size of member’s element. A design calculation for modification and arrangement of the transmission tower members is referred to manual guidelines of EN1993-3-1 and ASCE 10-97. Two alternatives are being prepared to produce an optimal design and result shows that a reduction percentage in term of reduced number of bar members can be saved up to 34 %.

A beam-column connection of cold-formed steel section was arranged as an isolated joint. An experimental testing has been done on the model specimen until the model reached its failure mode. The behaviour of the cold-formed bolted connection in the matter of its strength and stiffness of the steel connection was studied. In this study, gusset-plate and bolted angle flange cleat connection were used in which it can stiffen the cold-formed beam-column connection. Moment-rotation curves were generated from the test results to represent the behaviour of the bolted connections. The design expression of the beam-column connection is following the design standard of Eurocode 3 BS EN 1993-1-8. The set-up of the experimental analysis, the procedure and the failure mode results are discussed in details. The moment capacity of 5.9 kN.m has been recorded for the beam section and 7.3 kN.m for the column section. The stiffness (Sj) was recorded as 120.94 kN.m/rad for the beam section and 182.42 kN.m/rad for the column section.

This paper present geospatial analysis to determine the environmental structure of the river sub-system of Palembang City where 70% of the city is located at lowland with elevation from 0 to 5 m above mean sea level. This lowland terrain condition induced problem of water puddle and flood during a rainfall event. A landscape ecological approach and spatial analysis approach of river sub system (RSS) morphometry characteristic were conducted to determine the environmental structure condition of the RSS. The data used to generate the DEM was the height data obtained from the map of the city line on a scale of 1:1000 with stereophotogrammetric digital technique. The line map contains spot height data made every 20 m distance in the field. From this study, new delineation of RSS boundaries was produced and gave different catchment areas. It is found that the perimeter of the RSS and the mean value of bifurcation ratio determined the value of runoff in the RSS.

Maintenance need to be provided as the tunnel has serves such a long time and it is to ensure no severe failure in the tunnel will occur that would lead to the unwanted causalities. This paper presents visual condition assessment of tunnels of hydroelectric power station to determine deterioration level of shotcrete lining based on FHWA, and CIRIA report C671. From the assessment, it is found that 40% of leakage condition is in rating 2 for MAT and 63% also leakage in rating 2 for CVT. The most severe area is along Chainage 0+300 for MAT and Chainage 0+400 for CVT. Shotcrete lining is also found able to function properly to provide drainage diverting the leaking.

This paper investigate the performance of banana fibre reinforced slabs 300mm × 300mm size with varied thickness subjected to low impact projectile test. A self-fabricated drop-weight impact test rig with a steel ball weight of 1.25 kg drop at 1 m height has been used in this research work. The main variables for the study is to find the relationship of the impact resistance against the BF contents and slab thickness. A linear relationship has been established between first and ultimate crack resistance against BF contents and slab thickness by the experiment. The linear relationship has also been established between the service (first) crack and ultimate crack resistance against the BF contents for a constant spacing for various banana fibre reinforced slab thickness. The increment in BF content has more effect on the first crack resistance than the ultimate crack resistance. The linear relationship has also been established between the service (first) crack and ultimate crack resistance against the various slab thickness. Overall 1.5% BF content with slab thickness of 40 mm exhibit better first and ultimate crack resistance up to 16 times and up to 17 times respectively against control slab (without BF)