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Among the gastrointestinal tract cancers, the risk of colon cancer is strongly dependent on dietary factors. For the first time in the current review, all the original case-control studies, associated with the correlation between total dietary diversity score and colon cancer risk, were evaluated. In this regard, three databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Sciences, were investigated to retrieve the related citations from 1990 until 2019. Among the included citations, three studies were finally included. In these included studies, the dietary diversity score was evaluated with 129-item and 800-item FFQs. Findings reveal that total dietary diversity can increase the risk of colon cancer in men, but not women; while, one study using 57-item FFQ reported the beneficial association of total dietary diversity with colon cancer among men. Significant demand for conducting more research to investigate the real mechanistic effects of dietary diversity on the risk of colon cancer development was demonstrated due to the inconsistent, questionable, and incomplete findings associated with the included studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DPP4/CD26) and Amino Peptidase N (APN/CD13) have essential roles in inflammatory diseases. The current study aimed to determine changes in APN and DPP4 enzyme activity in the serum and urine of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Materials and Methods: In the present study, female C57BL/6 mice were studied in two groups (control and EAE). Twenty-sevendays after induction, the enzymatic activity of APN and DPP4 in urine and serum samples was measured using a spectrophotometric assay. Results: The enzyme activity of DPP4 was higher in serum and urine of EAE mice than in the control group (mean in serum: 1.04 ± 0.13 pmol/mL and 0.80 ± 0.12 pmol/mL, respectively, P=0.015; mean in urine: 0.26 ± 0.04 pmol/mL and 0.19 ± 0.04 pmol/mL, respectively, P=0.015). However, the enzymatic activity of APN in serum and urine of mice with EAE when compared to the control group had no significant difference (mean in serum: 9.20 ± 1.15 unit/mL and 10.25 ± 1.21 unit/mL, respectively, P=0.132, mean in urine: 0.23 ± 0.27 unit/mL and 0.15 ± 0.05 unit/mL, respectively, P=0.310). Conclusion: The increased DPP4 activity along with normal APN activity in urine and serum samples can be used as an indicator to detect or follow up on the course of MS disease. Confirmation of this finding needs further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review assesses the literature regarding beneficial and potential detrimental effects of bioactive peptides (BPs), focusing on evidence of regulatory T cells (T-regs) mediated oral tolerance (OT), collagen hydrolysate (CH) supplementation in osteoarthritis (OA) and the association of T-regs with chronic disease. The systematic search was done for articles published from inception to April 2019 using the PubMed and Scopus databases. About 3081 papers were identified by three different search strategies and screened against inclusion criteria which resulted in the inclusion of 22 articles. From the included articles, 12 papers were related to treatment of different disease in vivo by oral administration of BPs, six articles evaluated the effects of CH supplementation, as a rich source of BPs, on OA pain-relief and four observational studies assessed the association of circulating T-regs and risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The evidence obtained from first search strategy, indicated that oral administration of BPs improve clinical manifestations of animal models of allergy, arthritis, atherosclerosis, ulcerative colitis and allograft rejection by T-regs expansion; while, observational studies showed that although higher levels of circulating T-regs reduced risk of CVD and allergy, but, increased risk of solid cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emerging evidence suggests that secretome of mesenchymal stem cells has many anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties, which makes it a suitable candidate for the treatment of autoimmune and degenerative diseases. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV (DPP-IV)/CD26 and Aminopeptidase N (APN)/CD13 are ubiquitous ecto-enzymes which can digest various substrates including some chemokines and neuropeptides that are involved in inflammatory conditions., Objective: To evaluate the enzymatic activity of DPP-IV/CD26 and APN/CD13 in MSC conditioned media (MSC-CM)., Methods: The MSCs were isolated from the mouse's abdominal adipose tissues and were cultured with or without preconditioning by adding phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), nitric oxide (NO), as well as the enzymatic activities of DPP-IV/CD26 and APN/CD13 were measured in MSC-CM., Results: The level of IL-10 and the enzyme activity of APN/CD13 did not show any changes in the MSC-CM of stimulated and non-stimulated cells. However, NO production was increased after treatment by LPS or PMA; nevertheless, the DPP-IV/CD26 activity was decreased in MSC-CM merely following the stimulation of cells with LPS., Conclusion: Our results indicated that MSC-secretome had DPP-IV/CD26 and APN/CD13 activity. The DPP-IV/CD26 activity was decreased following stimulation of MSCs by toll-like receptor 4 agonist. Further studies are needed to reveal the possible contribution of DPP-IV/CD26 and APN/CD13 in the anti-inflammatory functions of MSC-CM.