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Abstract Background The unsuccessful treatment of infertility can lead to heightened levels of negative emotions, which are often associated with various psychological consequences. These consequences may include a decrease in self-confidence, feelings of loneliness, reduced self-esteem, and even discontinuation of treatment. Therefore, it is crucial to implement interventions that can help improve these consequences for women who have experienced IVF failure. The present study aimed to examine the effect of supportive counseling on self-esteem of infertile women after IVF failure. Methods this randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 63 infertile women after IVF failure, referred to Milad Infertility Center in Mashhad in 2021. In the intervention group, the researcher provided individual supportive counseling sessions. These sessions took place over a span of four weeks, with each session lasting 60 min (One session every week). Data collection was conducted both before and one month after the study using Eysenck self-esteem Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS25, as well as statistical tests such as chi-square, independent t-test, Paired t-test and Mann-Whitney tests. A significance level of less than 5% was considered. Results The study found no significant difference in mean scores of self-esteem between the two groups before the study (p = 0.823). However, after one month, the intervention group had significantly higher self-esteem scores (24.3 ± 18.55) compared to the control group (21.74 ± 5.62) (p = 0.043) Moreover, Based on the Within-group comparison, there was a 2.43 ± 3.24 point increase in self-esteem scores of the intervention group after one month, while the control group showed a -0.33 ± 3.72 point decrease. Conclusion Supportive counseling was found to be effective in improving self-esteem following IVF failure. As a result, it can be recommended as an effective, affordable, and low-risk counseling approach for women who have experienced IVF failure. By offering supportive counseling, it is possible to help prevent and alleviate the psychological consequences associated with IVF failure. Trial registration This research project was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials with code IRCT20210407050883N1- Date of registration 2021-05-25.

Abstract Background Menopause, characterized by various physical and mental changes, is primarily caused by hormonal fluctuations, resulting in numerous complications. Recently, herbal treatments have gained significant attention for their minimal side effects compared to chemical drugs. This study aimed to investigate the effects of oral capsules containing Ocimum basilicum leaf extract (OBLE) on menopausal symptoms. Methods This placebo-controlled clinical trial study was conducted in 2020. The research focused on 60 menopausal women referred to Mashhad health centers. Eligible participants were administered either an OBLE 500 mg capsule or a placebo daily for 1 month. Menopause symptoms were evaluated using the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) before, two weeks, and one month after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS21, independent t, Mann–Whitney, and Friedman tests. A significance level of p

Background and Objective: Psychological childbirth trauma occurs as a result of physical or psychological traumatic experiences during labor and delivery, and the mother shows a response in the form of fear, despair, loss of control, helplessness, and panic. It can also cause complications in the postpartum period, such as disrupting the relationship between mother and child and communication with her husband in the future. The present study was conducted to investigate the level of psychological childbirth trauma and the related factors in primiparous women in the teaching hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2022. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 484 primiparous women in the Midwifery Department of educational hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2022. The data collection tool included a demographic profile form and the Psychological Childbirth Trauma Questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21 software, and descriptive statistical tests (mean, standard deviation, number, and percentage) and regression were used. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The average score for the total psychological childbirth trauma was obtained at 45.52 ± 18.51, and the average score for anxiety and hotness of childbirth, psychological manifestations, helplessness, collapse, sense of death, and physical manifestations was 16.31 ± 7.44, 11.20 ± 4.97, 9.73 ± 4.80, 3.82 ± 1.67, 4.46 ± 2.06, and 4.46 ± 2.06, respectively. There was a significant relationship between psychological childbirth trauma and family income level (P=0.030), unwanted pregnancy (P

Abstract Background Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the postpartum period. Depression can decrease self-efficacy in breastfeeding by reducing the mother’s self-confidence. Considering the conflicting results regarding the relationship between postpartum depression and breastfeeding self-efficacy, this systematic review was conducted to investigate the relationship between breastfeeding self-efficacy and postpartum depression. Method In this systematic review, published articles in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were searched using English keywords “Self-efficacy, breastfeeding, breastfeeding Self-efficacy, depression, postpartum depression” without publication date limit. Data analysis was done with employing STATA14 software. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 index which was 0%. Therefore, the fixed effects method was used to combine the data and perform meta-analysis. Result The results of the meta-analysis showed that based on the fixed effect method, depression was associated with decreased breastfeeding self-efficacy on the first day (SMD = 0.62, 95%CI: -0.830, -0.41, p = 0.0001) and on the third day (SMD = 0.84, 95% CI: -0.55,1.14, p = 0.0001). The Begg and Manzumdar test revealed no publication bias, with p = 0.317. Conclusion Postpartum depression may be associated with a decrease in the mother’s breastfeeding self-efficacy and placing mother in a condition to pay low attention to her maternal role. Therefore, healthcare providers should provide adequate support according to the needs of mothers and develop diagnostic and treatment protocols to improve the level of maternal health.

Background: The prevalence of breastfeeding is less common among adolescent mothers than adultmothers. These mothers experience various issues during breastfeeding. The present study aimed toexplore the normative needs of adolescent mothers during breastfeeding from health care providers’perspective.Methods: This qualitative content analysis study was conducted from October 2022 until June 2023.14 health care providers who had worked in the field of breast milk were purposefully selected withmaximum variation. Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted and sampling continueduntil data saturation. Data analysis was performed using Graneheim and Lundman’s method withMAXQDA software version 10.Results: The main concepts obtained from the data were classified into one theme entitled,“comprehensive support”, and seven categories including “need to correct wrong traditional beliefs”,“educational and counseling needs”, “providing quality services”, “need for psychological support”,“need for protective laws”, “financial needs”, and “the need for social network support”.Conclusion: Adolescent mothers in Iran have various needs during breastfeeding, and they requirethe assistance of their families, healthcare providers, and the government to fulfill them. Therefore, itis also recommended that policymakers in the health system should design policies to accommodatethe requirements of this group of mothers. In addition to policy development in the health system, theinfrastructure required for policy and law to be executed should be considered.

Background & Aim: Considering that a decline in sexual satisfaction after assisted reproductive treatment failure can cause a decrease in the overall quality and satisfaction of life, the present study was conducted to compare the effect of sexual counseling based on EX-PLISSIT and BETTER models on the sexual satisfaction of infertile women following the failure of assisted reproductive technologies. Methods & Materials: This randomized clinical trial, conducted in 2022, involved 66 infertile women who had experienced unsuccessful assisted reproductive treatments and were referred to the Milad Infertility Center of Imam Reza (AS) Hospital in Mashhad, Iran. The participants were divided into two intervention groups – EX-PLISSIT and BETTER – and received individual sexual counseling across four weekly sessions, comprising two face-to-face and two virtual sessions. Data were collected using the Sexual Satisfaction Scale for Women (SSSW) and subsequently analyzed using SPSS software version 25, through chi-square, independent t-tests, Mann-Whitney, and Wilcoxon tests. Results: After the intervention, there were no statistically significant differences in the total scores of sexual satisfaction and its components between the two groups (P>0.05), with the exception of relational anxiety (P=0.021). Intra-group comparisons revealed a significant increase in the total scores of sexual satisfaction and its components within each group after the intervention, as compared to before the intervention (P

Background: Preeclampsia is one high blood pressure (hypertension) disorder occurring during pregnancy with adverse effects on both mother and fetus.Aim: The present study was performed with aim to determine the relationship between demographic-obstetrics variables and quantitative adequacy index of prenatal care with preeclampsia.Method: This case-control study was performed on 90 preeclampsia and 150 non-preeclampsia women referred to the university hospitals in Mashhad. The samples in the case group were selected from the hospitalized individuals with a definite diagnosis of preeclampsia, and those in the control group among pregnant women without preeclampsia referred to receive prenatal care. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 22). P

Abstract Background Enhancing the quality of obstetric triage services requires a clear perception of the current situations and problems, this issue gained more importance during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to explore the obstetric and gynecological service providers’ and recipients’ perception and experience of the quality of obstetric triage services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This research was a qualitative study carried out using conventional content analysis. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, and data collection was conducted using in-depth semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using MAXQDA software and conventional content analysis. Validity of the data was approved based on four criteria: credibility, dependability, conformability and transferability. Results Five themes emerged through analysis: “unpreparedness to deal with the COVID-19 resulting in disorganized triage”, “threat to the physical and mental health of personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic”, “degradation of the quality of services due to improper triage structure during the COVID-19 pandemic”, “communicating with patients which is neglected during the COVID-19 pandemic” and finally “accountability required to improve the provision of services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion Obstetrics and gynecology service providers and recipients faced formidable challenges in the triage department during this pandemic caused by the complex and ambiguous nature of the Coronavirus. Identifying the problems, barriers and challenges in providing services to patients in this situation especially in triage, can lead to an improvement in the outcome of services.

Background: With increased life expectancy and changes in lifespan, now women spend more years after menopause. Women with menopausal symptoms may experience a lower quality of life (QoL) and complain about poor sleep quality. This study aimed to examine the relationship between QoL and sleep quality in postmenopausal women. Methods: This research was a predictive correlational study. The study sample was 200 postmenopausal women referred to the healthcare centers affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in Mashhad City, Iran, in 2021. The subjects were selected through multistage cluster sampling. To assess the quality of sleep and life quality, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Menopause-Specific QoL questionnaire (MENQOL) were used. The obtained data were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression in SPSS software, version 21. The significance level was set at P

Introduction: This study was conducted to determine the relationship between sex role and women's childbearing motivation.Methods: In this study 841 married female participants lived in urban society of Mashhad were recruited based on a multistage sampling from a variety of settings. Data was gathered using Childbearing Questionnaire (CBQ) and brief form of Bem sex role questionnaire. Analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple regression test and independent t-test.Results: Feminine sex role was in significant relationship with positive childbearing motivation (p=.001). Masculine sex role have no relationship with both childbearing motivations. ANOVA showed a difference between the motivations in four groups of participants divided based on sex role scores. LSD test shows that positive motivation in android (p=.013) and masculine (p=.012) groups were significantly less than feminine group. Negative childbearing motivations in feminine group was less than in UN-differentiate group (p=.014). Conclusion: Multiple regression analysis show that positive motivation was in relationship with the feminine sex role and reverse relationship with marriage age. Reproductive health policy makers and family planning counselors can apply study findings in order to plan perfect programs to direct proper fertility behaviors in the society.

Background & aim: Due to the significance of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in evidence-based care, it is essential to evaluate the quality of reporting of published RCTs in order to apply the results of trials in the field of breastfeeding counseling and training.Methods: In this critical review, the related articles were identified via searching in the English databases including Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar as well as Persian databases of SID, Magiran and IranDoc, using the relevant keywords. All the articles published from 2010 until 2021 were retrieved. Data collection tools included demographic questionnaire and CONSORT checklist. The quality of clinical trials was evaluated by two assessors using CONSORT 2010. The scoring range was 0-44.Results: A total of 17 articles were critically appraised. The overall compliance rate of the articles with the items in the CONSORT checklist was 49.2%. The greatest weakness in reporting was observed in the title and abstract (1.00± 0.35). The mean total score of quality of reporting was 18.35±3.33, with the minimum and maximum scores of 12 and 25, respectively.Conclusion: The appraised articles had an average quality. It is necessary that RCTs be conducted and reported in accordance with standard principles and be thoroughly reviewed critically with relevant checklists including CONSORT. Training of researchers can help to improve the quality of clinical trial reporting.

Population is most important asset in each country. Fertility is one of the main issues in demography. It is also an important element of population growth during recent years. Iran’s population has been experiencing important changes in its age structure due to the continuous decline in fertility. Presently, Iran is one of the countries that has low fertility rates. These changes, on the one hand, bear substantial considerations in terms of economic, social, policy and planning making and planning strategies, on the other hand religious government cannot stay indifferent to the religious priorities in the social, economic and family planning, thus, statesmen need to be aware of this phenomenon. This study intends to introduce Quranic guidelines and Islamic traditions concerned with fertility. In this narrative review, documents without a time limit and using the keywords Quran, Fertility, Population, Islam and Iran, alone or in combination in the alone or in combination in the Persian and English databases were searched. Also fully reviewed all 114 Surahs and other religious sources to find the verses and narrations and hadiths specifically referring to the fertility. The documents were summarized and critiqued. In Quran, there are various verses which point to infertility and human reproduction. in Surahs Al-Shura, Al-Nuh, Al-Nour , Al-Anam, Al- Nisa, Al- Tawbah, Al- Ahzab, Al- Baqarah, Al- Qiyamat, Al- Tariq, Al- Fatir, Al- Qasas, Al- Momen, Al- Ra’d, Al- Anbiya, Al- Talaq, l- Al-Imran, Al- An’am, Al- Isra, Al- Mursalat. Since being ignorant to the issue of fertility in the current situation in Iran can lead to a decrease in political, social, and economic power, it is rational to pay special attention to fertility based on the mentioned cases, and especially, the importance of the concept of fertility in the Quran and Islamic sources.

Introduction: Vaginal atrophy is one of the relatively common problems in menopausal ages and a major health concern in this group of women. Several studies have been done in the field of herbal medicine in this subject, but different findings have been reported on the efficacy of these methods. This study was performed aimed to review the studies on the effect of herbal medicines on vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women.Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, published articles in databases of PubMed, Scopus, Magiran, Cochrane, web of science, SID and Google scholar were reviewed between 2000-2020 using English key words of "vaginal Atrophy, vaginal Atrophy treatment, clinical trial, herbal medicine, complementary medicine, traditional medicine”. Data were analyzed using STATA software (version 11) in %95 confidence interval. Odds ratio index and Peto method were used to combine studies and perform meta-analysis.Results: Meta-analysis results showed that in all studies, herbal intervention improved the symptoms of vaginal atrophy (P

Introduction: One of the variants of the placenta is the placenta fenestrate. In rare cases, the central part of the placental disc is missing. In some cases, there is a real hole in the placenta. A porous placenta may be mistaken for a placental cotyledon after delivery. In the present study, a case of placenta fenestrate was reported. Case presentation: The patient was 31year old woman, G3L2, with a gestational age of 39 weeks who had complained of labor pains and referred to the emergency department of Hazrat Umm Al-Banin Gynecology Hospital. Following a normal delivery, the baby girl was born with Apgar 9-10, weighing 3780 gr and seemingly healthy. Spontaneous departure of the placenta occurred 15 minutes after birth. On examination of the placenta, the placenta was a discoid plate in the center of which there was no part of the cotyledon in the form of a hole 3 cm in diameter, complete placental membranes covered the entire surface of the placenta, and the umbilical cord was connected to the placenta as a marginal joint. Conclusion: Familiarity with a fenestrate placenta can help prevent mistake in postpartum examinations. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to the characteristics of different types of placenta in postpartum examination.

Introduction:Child abuse is a global problem that is deeply rooted in the cultural, social, and economic performance of society. It is a behavior that occurs in various forms of physical, mental, emotional, or sexual, which can cause harm to the health, welfare, and education of the child. The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of child abuse and its related factors in Iran.Methods:In the present systematic review study, to find articles related to the prevalence of child abuse in Iran, valid databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane, SID, Magiran, IranDoc, and Google Scholar was were searched using the keywords of “child abuse”, “physical abuse” “emotional abuse”,” neglect”, “prevalence” and “Iran”.Results: In this study, 22 articles were analyzed. Based on this review about 4.5%-58.2% of children reported physical abuse, 7.3%-91.6% emotional abuse, and 5.5%-85.3% neglect. Factors associated with child abuse were hyperactivity anxiety and mental status disorder. All studies showed a significant relationship of abuses with education, occupation, addiction, and divorce of parents. Moreover, depression and anxiety of parents and poor parental relationships were related to abuse of children. Conclusion: Child abuse has many negative effects on childish and adolescent health. It seems that child abuse in Iran is in critical condition; therefore, policymakers must take action to solve this problem and prevent it by designing special programs and effective policies in Iran.

Introduction: Women experience many complications due to the physical and psychological changes of menopause. One of the most important of these complications is depression. Due to the side effects of chemical drugs, the use of herbal remedies has been considered by women today. This study was performed with aim to determine the effect of oral capsule of ocimum basilicum leaf extract on depression in menopausal women. Methods: This triple-blind two-group randomized clinical trial study was performed on 60 menopausal women referred to Mashhad health centers in 2019-2020. Women eligible for the study received one 500 mg capsule of ocimum basilicum leaf extract or placebo for one month. Depression was assessed before and after the intervention with DASS21 tool. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 21) and independent t-test, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Before the intervention, the mean score of depression in the ocimum basilicum group was 8.8± 6.3 and in the placebo group was 8.6 ±6.3, which was not statistically significant and the two groups were homogeneous (P = 0.904). After the intervention, the mean score of depression in the ocimum basilicum group (5.9± 5.3) was significantly lower than the placebo group (9.2 ± 6.2) (P = 0.049). The difference in the score of depression after the intervention compared to before the intervention decreased by 2.8 ± 4.5 in the ocimum basilicum group and increased by 0.6 ± 2.4 in the placebo group and this difference was statistically significant (P

Background & Aim: Anxiety is one of the most important psychological problems during the menopausal period. Anxiety can affect the health and quality of life of postmenopausal women. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of viola odorata syrup on anxiety among postmenopausal women. Methods & Materials: This study is a triple blind clinical trial that was performed on 84 postmenopausal women referred to health centers in Mashhad in 2019. In both groups, postmenopausal women received 5 ml of viola odorata or placebo syrup twice a day for one month. Before and after the intervention, anxiety was assessed using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress scale-21. Data was analyzed using the SPSS software version 25 and Mann-Whitney, Chi-square and Fisherchr('39')s exact tests. Results: Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in women’s anxiety levels between viola odorata group and placebo group, and the two groups were homogeneous (P=0.084). After the intervention, there was a significant difference between the two groups (P=0.004). The corrected average was 3.61±3.02 (2.9-4.2, CI95%) for the violet group and 7.63±3.60 (6.9-8.3, CI95%) for the placebo group. Also, after the intervention the anxiety score decreased in the viola odorata group, and increased in the placebo group. The Mann-Whitney U test showed a significant difference (P

Background: Postpartum hemorrhage is one of the most common causes of maternal mortality worldwide.Aim: The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of herbal medicines on a postpartum hemorrhage.Method: The largest proportion of articles with funding information was found from 2000 to 2020 were included using PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane, Magiran, SID, and Google Scholar databases. The relevant English keywords, "postpartum hemorrhage، PPH control, PPHprevention, phytotherapy, herbal medicine, complementary medicine, traditional medicine” were usedto search for the eligible studies. Data were analyzed using STATA software (version 11).Results: The results indicate heterogeneity in the studies (I2=0.87). Standardized mean difference was (SMD= -1.08, 95% CI: (-1.31, -0.85), P

Background & aim: The postpartum period is a time of extreme vulnerability to various psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety, which exert profound negative impacts on the health of neonates, mothers, and families. Therefore, it is necessary to perform some interventions to prevent and mitigate postpartum anxiety. The current study investigated the effect of counseling based on Gamble's approach on postpartum anxiety in primiparous women. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was carried out on 60 primiparous women referred to Mashhad health centers in 2018. Participants in the intervention group received midwife-led individual counseling based on Gamble's approach during three prenatal and one postpartum session, apart from routine prenatal care. The control group only received routine prenatal care. A questionnaire to measure demographic and obstetric data as well as Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) were used to collect data. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 16) using Mann-Whitney, chi-square and independent t-test. Results: There was no significant statistical difference between the two groups before intervention (p

Background: Infertility affects women more profoundly than men, even when the male partner is the cause of infertility. Therefore, identifying the coping strategies of women in confrontation with their husbands' infertility is very important. Aim: This study aimed to explore women’s coping strategies following the diagnosis of infertility in their husbands. Method: This qualitative study was performed on 18 women whose husbands were diagnosed with infertility. The subjects were selected from those who referred to Milad Fertility Clinic and public health centers in Mashhad, Iran, through purposive sampling within 2014-2016. The data were collected by conducting semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was manually carried out using conventional content analysis. Results: The main theme emerged from the content analysis was the attempts to overcome the threat, including two categories, namely emotional coping and active coping. Emotional coping included strategies like attributing infertility to herself and others, selective disclosure, religious coping, seeking emotional support, as well as being considerate and offering verbal support to the spouse. active coping consisted of strategies namely attempting to verify the diagnosis, accepting infertility, searching for information, adhering to medical and surgical treatments, trying fertility superstitions, using alternative medicine, and changing lifestyle. Implications for Practice: Women may use a diverse set of coping strategies to adapt to their husbands’ infertility. A deep perception of these strategies is critical for controlling and managing the consequences of this diagnosis, designing interventions to strengthen preferred actions and strategies, as well as facilitating women’s coping with the infertility crisis of their spouses.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Considering its long process of the treatment and significant influence on the health of patients, we aimed to investigate the functional and symptom scales of quality of life and the factors affecting patients with breast cancer during chemotherapy. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 94 women with breast cancer visiting Imam Reza Healthcare Center in Mashhad, who were in the course of chemotherapy, selected through convenience sampling. To investigate the functional and symptom scales of the quality of life, EORTC QLQ-BR23 was used. Data was analyzed via multiple linear regression model and significance level was considered as 0.05. Results: In functional scales, the highest and lowest score were obtained for sexual functioning (38.12±18.55) and future perspective (17.73±19.98), respectively. In the symptom scales, the highest and lowest score belonged to upset by hair loss (28.39±25.66) and breast symptoms (6.74±10.39), respectively. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that education had a negative effect on body image, menopause had a positive effect on sexual function, and tumor size had a negative effect on breast symptoms. Conclusion: Breast cancer deserves serious consideration as it affects different aspects of quality of life. Therefore, it is absolutely essential to take some measures for early diagnosis, achieve better therapeutic methods, use supportive therapy to decline the symptoms of the disease, and promote the functional level of women with breast cancer.

Introduction: Sleep is one of the necessities of life and sleep disorder has undesirable consequences. This study was performed with aim to investigate sleep disorders and some individual related factors in pregnant women referred to health centers in Mashhad. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 285 pregnant women referred to Mashhad health centers in 2019. Petersburg Sleep Quality Questionnaire was used to assess the sleep quality of individuals. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16) and Pearson correlation coefficient and one-way ANOVA tests. P0.05). Conclusion: Sleep disorder has high prevalence in pregnant women. Therefore, to improve the sleep quality of pregnant women, in addition to routine prenatal care, a program should be design for diagnosis, etiology and treatment of this disorder.

Background & aim: Maternal care during the different stages of labor should be targeted towards the promotion of maternal, fetal, and neonatal health status. Maternal position is very important in labour and delivery Care. Nevertheless, there is controversial results regarding the effect of maternal position in labor. The present study reviewed the effect of maternal position on maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. Methods: In this systematic review, databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar as well as Persian databases of Magiran and SID, were searched and all related articles between 2005 to 2018 were retrieved. The quality of the studies was examined using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. Results: 17 clinical trials performed on 4,848 subjects were reviewed. Maternal position during the labour were the upright and lying positions. The outcome measures included duration of the different stages of labor, persistent posterior position, postpartum hemorrhage, maternal pain, anxiety and fatigue. The fetal and neonatal outcomes entailed Apgar score, umbilical venous blood pH, need for neonatal resuscitation, and need for hospitalization in NICU. The results revealed that different maternal positions during the first- and second-stage of labor did not affect maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. However, all studies stated that low-risk mothers should have the chance for choosing a comfortable position in the different stages of labor. Conclusion: In order to propose an evidence-based care plan concerning maternal position in labor, it is required to perform further studies with higher quality regarding the effect of maternal position on maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes.

Background and Aim: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is one of the most common gynecologic problems among the women of childbearing age. Considering the adverse effects of chemical therapies, we performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effect of honey and yogurt on vaginal candidiasis. Material and Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis we searched databases of PubMed, ISI Web of science, Scopus, Cochrane, SID, Magiran ,Irandoc , Google Scholar, using the following sets of keywords: (Vulvovaginal candidiasis, Genital vulvovaginal Candidiasis, Candidiasis, genital vulvovaginal, Candida albicans, Monilial vaginitis, Vaginal yeast infections, Yeast infections, Vaginal, Genital candidiasis, Vulvovaginal moniliasis), (Treatment, Azole, Antifungal agents, Antifungal fungicides, Therapeutic fungicides, clotrimazole, clotrimazole),(honey, Bee-honey),yogurt,(controlled trial, clinical trial) and their Persian equivalent .Data were analyzed by Stata software. Heterogeneity was assessed by chi-square and I2 index and we used the random effects models to pool the data. Results: Heterogeneity analysis showed no heterogeneity between the results of studies in regard to complaints of itching, redness and vaginal inflammation and vaginal discharge caused by candida vulvovaginitis. After comparing honey & yogurt group with control group we found (95% CI: 0.09-0.99, p = 0.002, OR = 0.22) for clinical symptom of pruritus and (95% CI: 0.11-0.87; p = 0.026, OR=0.95) for clinical symptoms of redness and inflammation of vulva and vagina and and (95% CI: 0.13-0.82, OR = 0.32, p= 0.018) for vaginal discharge, which were statistically significant. Conclusion: The results of meta-analysis showed that the effect of honey and yogurt on vaginal candidiasis was statistically significant. Therefore, honey and yogurt can be used as an alternative treatment or in addition to the chemical antifungal drugs in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Keywords: Honey, Yogurt, Vaginal candidiasis, Systematic review, Meta- analysis

Introduction: Sexual problems are among the most important outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis in the affected women. Incidence of this disease in women is reported 2-3 times higher than that in men. This systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to investigate the influence of rheumatoid arthritis on women's sexual function. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the published articles in the databases, such as Web of Science, Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, Magiran, SID, and Google Scholar, were searched using the English keywords of “Sexual dysfunction, Sexual behavior, Sexual problems, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sexual functioning, Sexual activity, and Sexual disorder” and their Persian equivalents until December 2018. Data analysis was done using STATA (version 14.1). The I2 index was used to assess the heterogeneity between the studies, and the random effects model was applied to pool the data and perform meta-analysis. Results: A total of 16 articles were included in the systematic review, and 10 articles with 1580 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Meta-Analysis results showed that based on the random effects model, rheumatoid arthritis leads to the decrease of female sexual function (SMD=-1.01; 95% CI: (-1.24, -0.77); P=0.001) , (RR=1.95; 95% CI: (1.65, 2.30); P

Introduction: Quality is defined based on the recipient's request. Students are the main members of the higher educational system. The aim of this study was to investigate the items related to the quality of services from the students’ point. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in six faculties of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2015-2016. Five hundred and seven undergraduate students were enrolled by multi-stage random sampling method. The standard SERVQUAL questionnaire with 27 pairs of questions which evaluate the quality of educational servies, was distributed. SPSS version 24 was used for data analysis. Results: Overall, 303 individuals (60%) were female and another 60% were in basic science period. There was a negative gap in all items in all the faculties. The item related to "the appealing appearance of the employees" had the smallest gap (from -0.6 to -0.1). The greatest gaps were related to the following items: in the medical(-1.7±0.1) and health (-1.8±0.2) faculties, "preparing students for future jobs by providing necessary theoretical and practical trainings"; in the faculty of dentistry(-2.0±0.1), "staff flexibility in specific conditions"; in the faculties of pharmacy(-1.5±0.1) and nursing(-1.2±0.1) "room and environmental facilities"; in the faculty of paramedicine(-1.5±0.1), "possibility for students to comment on educational programs" and "appropriate time for conducting classes". Conclusion: Items with highest gaps were not similar among different faculties. Focusing on the identified items with the greatest negative gaps is highly recommended.

Breast-feeding initiation within the first half hour after birth is one of the World Health Organization recommendations. However, in most hospitals, mother-infant contact and breast-feeding initiation are delayed due to routine mother and infant care. This study aimed to determine the effect of mother-infant skin to skin contact (SSC) immediately after birth on the success rate and duration of the first breast-feeding.In this review, databases of PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Google Scholar, SID and Magiran and reference sections of relevant articles were searched for both Persian and English randomized clinical trials from 2000 to December 2017, using the keywords of “(Breast-feeding OR Lactation) AND (mother-infant SSC OR KMC) AND (breast-feeding success OR breast-feeding duration)”. A total of nine trials were ultimately included. Data analysis was performed with Comprehensive Meta-analysis (CMA) software version 2.In total 597 participants were assigned to the intervention group and 553 participants were assigned to the comparison group. Quantitative analysis Based on mean differences or odds ratio showed that Mother-Infant SSC had a significantly positive effect on success in first breast-feeding (MD:1.90, 95%; CI 0.958–2.856; p = 0.00, OR: 2.771 95%; CI 1.587–4.838; p = 0.00) and first breast-feeding duration (MD:26.627 95%; CI 1.070–52.184; p = 0.041).Mother-infant SSC after birth has beneficial effects on breast-feeding and can increase the success rate and duration of the first lactation. Therefore, the results of this study can be used by healthcare providers in evidence-based decision-making about ways to increase breast-feeding rates. Keywords: Mother-infant skin to skin contact, Breast feeding, Meta-analysis, Systematic review

Introduction: Pregnancy is a phenomenon which is associated with very important physical and psychological changes. It plays an important role in women’s sexual function, as sexual relationships are changing due to various physical and psychological changes during pregnancy. This study was performed with aim to evaluate sexual dysfunction and its related factors in pregnant women referred to Mashhad health centers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 241 pregnant women referred to Mashhad health center in 2017. Data collection tools were demographic questionnaire and female sexual function Index. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software (version 16) and multi liner regression model test. P

Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory, autoimmune, chronic disease with multi-organ involvement with a remitting and relapsing course that mainly affects women. One of the most important challenges for women affected by SLE is the adverse impacts of the disease on Sexual function. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted with am to investigate the effects of lupus on women's sexual function. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis study, both Persian and English articles were searched in databases of PubMed, Magiran, Scopus, SID, Google scholar using the keywords of "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus", "Sexual functioning", "sexual activity", "sexual disorder" and their Persian equivalents during 2000 up to December 2017. Data analysis was performed with STATA software (version 14.1). I2 test was used to assess the heterogeneitybetween studies and the random effects model was applied to pool data and perform meta-analysis. Results: A total of 8 articles of 515 studies about the impact of lupus on women's sexual function were extracted, of which 4 studies were included in the quantitative analysis. The findings of included studies into meta-analysis showed that based on the random effects model, systemic lupus erythematosus decreased women's sexual function )RR= 1.58; 95% CI: 1.10-2.25; p=0.001). Conclusion: Considering the negative impact of lupus on women's sexual function, findings of this study can be a basis for designing and implementation of sexual health programs for this group of women so that lead to promotion of their sexual health.

Introduction: The most important intervention to prevent the prolongation of the third stage of labor is the prescription of chemical drugs that have adverse effects despite their efficacy. Therefore, it seems necessary to seek for alternative methods with higher safety. Regarding this, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of immediate and continuous mother-neonate skin-to-skin contact (SSC) on the duration of the third stage of labor. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 92 primiparous women who referred to Omolbanin Hospital in Mashhad, Iran. The participants were divided into two groups of SSC and routine care (RC). In the SSC group, at the end of the second stage of labor, the neonate was placed naked against his/her mothers’ skin in a prone position. In the RC group, the newborns were kept under a radiant heater, and after the repairing of the perineum, they were transferred to their mothers in a blanket. The data were analyzed in SPSS (version 14) using the Chi-square test and independent t-test test. The P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The duration of the third stage of labor was less than 5 min in 11 (23.4%) and 3 (6.7%) participants in the SSC and RC groups, respectively. Additionally, this duration was within 10-20 min in 6 (12.8%) and 13 (28.9%) subjects of the SSC and RC groups, respectively. Accordingly, there was a significant difference between the two groups in this regard (P=0.02). Furthermore, the SSC group had a significantly lower need for synthetic oxytocin after delivery as compared to the RC group (P=0.03). Conclusion: As the findings indicated, early mother-neonate SSC can shorten the length of the third stage of labor and reduce the need for a high dose of synthetic oxytocin and its complications. Therefore, this approach can be used a simple, cost-effective, efficient, and uncomplicated method to accelerate the third stage of labor and decrease the rate of postpartum hemorrhage, which is one of the main causes of maternal mortality and morbidity.

Objective: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is one of the most common problems among women of reproductive age. The popularity of complementary/alternative therapies has grown in recent years, and these treatments have been more commonly used by women (48.9%) than men (37.8%). The aim of this systematic review was to assess effectiveness and safety of Iranian herbal medicines for treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were searched along with SID, Magiran and Irandoc up to Dec 2017. Inclusion criteria consist of Iranian, published, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using Iranian herbal medicine for treatment of reproductive age women with PMS. Eventually Eighteen RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Results: Overall, studies have shown that Vitex agnuscastus, Hypericum perforatum, Matricaria chamomilla, saffron, Curcumin, Melissa officinalis, Zataria multiflora,Wheat Germ Extract, Echinophora platyloba, Foeniculum vulgare, Valerian root extract, Citrus sinensis, Zingiber officinale andFlax seed might alleviate symptoms of PMS. Conclusion: This research demonstrated efficacy and safety of Iranian herbal medicines in alleviating PMS. Therefore, herbal medicine can be regarded as an alternative treatment for women suffering from PMS.

Introduction and Objectives: Trichomonas vaginitis is the most common non-viral disease transmitted through sexual contact. Metronidazole is the most effective medication that has the same adverse effects as other synthetic drugs. Since medicinal plants have less side effects and more popularity among most people, this study was conducted to review the effects of anti-trichomonas vaginalis plants and their therapeutic effects. Materials and Methods: Persian and English databases, including PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, SID, IranMedex, and Magiran were searched for articles published between 1976 and 2017 using keywords such as ‘Trichomonas vaginalis’, ‘complementary therapies’ and ‘medicinal plants’ and their Persian equivalents. All the relevant in vivo and in vitro trials were included in the study. Overall, 120 papers were retrieved, 25 of which were critically reviewed. Results: The articles reviewed in this study showed that some herbal compounds (e.g., Zataria multiflora Boiss, Allium staivum, Lavandula stoechas, Eucalyptus, and Myrtus communis)are effective in inhibiting the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis, but further human studies are needed to apply them to the treatment of Trichomonas vaginitis. Conclusion: In spite of the beneficial effects of medicinal herbs on the treatment of Trichomonas vaginitis, since most of the studies were in vitro, the application of these plants requires more in vivo studies to take an effective step towards recognizing natural, low-cost, low-risk, and more accessible treatments.Therefore, the results of this study should be used with caution.

Background: In medical sciences, commitment to lifelong learning has been expressed as an important element. Today, due to the rapid development of medical information and technology, lifelong learning is critical for safe medical care and development in medical research. JeffSPLL is one of the scales for measuring lifelong learning among the staff of medical sciences that has never been used in Iran. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine the factor structure and reliability of the Persian version of JeffSPLL among Persian-speaking staff of universities of medical sciences in Iran. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study, methodologically, that was conducted in 2012-2013. In this study, 210 staff members of Birjand University of Medical Sciences were selected. Data collection tool was the Persian version of JeffSPLL. To investigate the factor structure of this tool, confirmatory factor analysis was used and to evaluate the model fit, goodness-of-fit indices, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), the ratio of chi-square to the degree of freedom associated with it, comparative fit index (CFI), and root mean square residual (RMR) were used. To investigate the reliability of tool, Cronbach's alpha was employed. Data analysis was conducted using LISREL8.8 and SPSS 20 software. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis showed that RMSEA was close to 0.1, and CFI and GFI were close to one. Therefore, four-factor model was appropriate. Cronbach's alpha was 0.92 for the whole tool and it was between 0.82 and 0.89 for subscales. Conclusion: The present study verified the four-factor structure of the 19-item Persian version of JeffSPLL that included professional learning beliefs and motivation, scholarly activities, attention to learning opportunities, and technical skills in information seeking among the staff. In addition, this tool has acceptable reliability. Therefore, it was appropriate to assess lifelong learning in the Persian-speaking staff population.

Introduction: Physical and psychological changes during pregnancy lead to changes in pregnant mother's health behaviors and life style and has effects on physical, psychological and social health and eventually on her quality of life in different stages of pregnancy . This study was done with aim to determine the relationship between quality of life and minor ailments of pregnancy. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 199 pregnant women referred to health centers of Birjand University of Medical Sciences in 2014. Data collection tools included: researcher-made questionnaire consisting of demographic and midwifery information, minor ailments of pregnancy questionnaire, and shorted version of the quality of life standard questionnaire (SF-26). Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16) and using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis. PResults: The mean of overall satisfaction of life was 68.84±16.75 and the mean score of pregnant mothers' common complaints was 38.12±9.1. The most common complaint was related to fatigue (82.3%). Also, the results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed significant reverse correlation between minor ailments of pregnancy and the score of overall satisfaction of life (r = -0.34, p < 0.001), the score of physical (r = -0.425, p < 0.001), mental (r = -0.239, p < 0.001), social (r = -0.228, p = 0.002) and environmental (r = -0.161, p = 0.04) areas. The results of linear regression model showed that social support had positive effect on quality of life. So that mean score of quality of life in a group with average support was about 8 unit and in a group with high support was 11 unit more than a group with low level of support (p < 0.001). Also, with increasing pregnant mothers' common complaints, the mean score of quality of life decreased as 0.57 unit that was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The incidence of ailments during pregnancy has a remarkable effect on pregnant women's quality of life. So, the health workers' attention to these complaints and planning for care and health measurements for control and support of others can be effective on pregnant women's quality of life.

Background: Despite the fact that both men and women are equally subject to infertility, it is usually women who bear the burden of treatment and its consequences, even in cases of male infertility. Therefore, it is more necessary to recognize their health problems in order to help them. Aim: To explore women's perceptions and experiences of the challenges they face in the process of male infertility treatment. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted during 2014-2015 using content analysis. Thirty semi-structured interviews were conducted with women whose husbands suffered from male infertility. Purposive sampling was conducted until data saturation was achieved. All interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed using conventional content analysis adopted by Graneheim and Lundman. Results: From data analysis, the major category of “treatment-related stresses” and four subcategories of “high treatment expenses”, “inefficiency of healthcare system”, “being captive in the infertility treatment” and “treatment failure” emerged. Conclusion: Experiences of women who face male infertility indicate their various concerns in the process of treatment. Therefore, it is required to develop emotional and financial support for the clients and to promote their quality of healthcare services. In addition, awareness of treatment challenges of these women can assist proper planning to promote the quality of services they need.

Background: One of the causes of postpartum hemorrhage is prolongation of third stage of labor. Mother-infant skin to skin contact (SSC) immediately after delivery is one of the non-pharmacological interventions to reduce this stage. Studies which assessed the effect of mother-infant SSC after delivery on duration of the third stage of labor reported controversial results on this issue. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of mother-infant SSC immediately after birth on the duration of third stage of labor Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, SID, Magiran IranDoc and Google Scholar were searched from 2000 to 2018, using the keywords related to the objectives of this review to access randomized control trials published in Persian or English. The quality of papers was examined using Cochran's Risk of bias tool. Data was analyzed using Stata software. We used I2 index and Chi-square test to investigate heterogeneity and Egger’s and Begg’s tests to assess publications bias. Random effects model was used to combine the data. Results: Six studies were entered into the meta-analysis. The third stage of labor in SSC group was shorter than that of control group with a mean difference of -1.33 and 95% CI (-2.31 to -0.36) and this difference was statistically significant (P=0.007). Conclusion: Mother-infant SSC decreases the duration of third stage of labor. Therefore, the current study provides some evidences to use this non-pharmacological method in order to accelerate the third stage of labor and ultimately prevent postpartum hemorrhage.

Introduction: Gender inequality and gender-based discrimination and violence undermine the opportunities and facilities of women and have negative effect on sexual and reproductive health behaviours. Given the importance of men’s role in establishing gender equality, awareness of men’s attitude towards gender equality is very important. However, there are no valid tools for measuring the attitude of men towards gender equality in Persian. Aim: This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the validity and reliability of Persian version of Gender Equitable Men-Scale (GEM-Scale) in Male Students of Nursing and Midwifery school, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2015. Materials and Methods: This study was a methodological and validation study. A total of 232 male students of Nursing and Midwifery School of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences were selected through census method. The data collection tool was Persian version of GEM-scale. Factor analysis was used to examine the factor structure of the tool and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to investigate the reliability of the tool. The analyses were conducted using LISREL software version 8.8 and SPSS version 20. Results: The fitting indices of the confirmatory factor analysis model showed that the fitting of the two-factor model was appropriate (CFI, GFI, AGFI near 1, RMSEA index less than 0.1, and c2 /df ratio less than 3). Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the whole tool was obtained 0.79, showing that the internal reliability of the tool is also acceptable. Conclusion: The present study confirmed two-factor structure of the Persian version of GEM-scale, which includes inequitable gender norms subscale and equitable gender norms subscale. Therefore, this tool is suitable for assessing the attitude of men towards gender equality in Farsi-speaking men’s society.

Introduction: Medication errors are among the most serious health errors threatening patient safety in all countries, with major impacts on public health. Midwives as members of healthcare systems are prone to such errors. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine medication errors and the contributing factors among midwives working in maternity units of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran in 2015. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed on 104 employed midwives at four hospitals (Imam Reza, Ghaem, Omolbanin, and Hashemi Nezhad hospitals), affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The validity and reliability of the data collection tools were confirmed through content validity and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), respectively. For data analysis, descriptive and analytical tests, multiple linear regression, and negative binomial regression analysis were performed, using SPSS version 20 and STATA version 11. Results: The average incidence of medication errors for each midwife was 21.24±2.89 in the past six months. Among reasons against reporting medication errors, fear of confrontation with authorities (3.79±1.5) and attributing the medication error to individual factors by officials (3.88±1.34) had the highest average scores. The most common causes of medication errors were overcrowding of the ward (4.32±1.01), excessive workload and overexertion (4.19±1.08), and presence of critically ill patients in the ward (4.03±1.18). Conclusion: Overcrowding of the ward, fear of authorities, and attributing the medication error to individual factors were the main reasons against reporting medication errors, respectively. Therefore, more attention should be paid to error reporting systems, and workshops in this area are highly recommended.

Background & Aim: Because of the importance of empathy and positive impact on the relationship between patients and health care providers, as well as the lack of valid instrument to assess studentchr('39')s empathy in health domain, this study aimed to examine the factor structure and reliability of the Persian version of JSE-HPS in the students of the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in Iran. Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study, 398 nursing and midwifery students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences were selected using stratified random sampling. The data collection instrument was JSE-HP. The confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate the factor structure of the instrument, and the Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient was applied to examine its reliability. The data analysis was done using LISREL version 8.8 and SPSS version 20. Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis model showed given that fitness model parameters, including CFI, GFI, AGFI and NFI were approximately 1 and RMSEA index was less than 0.1, the fitness of three-factor model is appropriate. The Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient for the total instrument was 0.63. Conclusion: The current study confirmed the three-factor structure of the Persian version of JSE-HPS (20 items), included perspective taking, compassionate care and standing in patient’s shoes. Thus, this instrument is appropriate to measure empathy for patient in the health service provider students.

Introduction: Infertility, as a global phenomenon and one of the most important issues of reproductive health, affects women more often than men, even when the infertility is due to a male factor. The purpose of this study was to explore the cognitive emotional experiences of women faced with male infertility. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in 2014-2015 in Mashhad, Iran. The perceptions and experiences of healthy women whose husbands were diagnosed with primary male factor infertility were investigated using a qualitative content analysis approach. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling, and data collection was conducted using in-depth semistructured interviews. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis with MAXqda software. Study rigor was verified via criteria proposed by Lincoln and Guba. Results: One main theme emerged through analysis entitled "cognitive emotional reactions confronting infertility diagnosis" with sub-themes of cognitive emotional reactions when confronted with male infertility diagnosis with subthemes of disbelief and denial, fear and apprehension, suffering and emotional distress, disappointment, frustration, confusion, and joy. Conclusion: The diagnosis of male infertility was associated with important emotional cognitive consequences for their female partners. Emotional support, providing new insights into how to treat the issue, and trying to shorten the process of diagnosis are necessary for these women. This kind of support could reduce the psychological effects of confrontation with the diagnosis of male infertility, including social insecurity for women.

Introduction: Today, the importance of students’ education as lifelong learners is taken seriously and its development is considered in all suggestions for improving medical education. Jefferson Scale of Physician Lifelong Learning-Medical Students (JeffSPSLL-MS) is one of the lifelong learning measures which has not been implemented in Iran yet. This study aimed to investigate factor structure and reliability of the Persian version of JeffSPLL-MS among Iranian Persian speaking students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 430 students in Birjand University of Medical Sciences who were selected through stratified random sampling. The data were collected by Persian version of JeffSPLL-MS. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate the factor structure of JeffSPLL-MS the adequacy of model fit was assessed by the goodness-of-fit index, adjusted goodness-of-fit index, the root mean square error of approximation, chi-square index and its corresponding degrees of freedom, and comparative fit index. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to check the reliability. Results:The goodness of fit indices including RMSEA approximated 0.1 and GFI and CFI approximated 1 therefore the fit of model was good. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the three-factor structure of Persian version of JeffSPLL-MS had acceptable fit to the data. Also, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.69 for the whole tool it ranged from 0.64 to 0.78 for the subscales. Conclusion:This study confirmed the three-factor structure of 14-item Persian version of JeffSPLL-MS including beliefs related to education and motivation, information search skills, and attention to learning opportunities. Therefore, this tool seems to be appropriate for assessing lifelong learning among Persian speaking students.