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Introduction: Air pollution is a major global environmental problem that has various adverse effects on health and the environment. Countries have come to the conclusion that the fight against this problem will only be possible through international cooperation. Therefore, taking measures to reform the existing structures based on scientific principles and applying the laws and experiences of other countries in the world to deal with air pollution are among the main priorities. The distinction of this research is to investigate the role of international guarantees and documents and Iranian laws in dealing with air pollution, so this research seeks to bridge the gap between domestic laws and documents in comparison with international laws.Materials and Methods: The present study is in the group of applied research in terms of objectives and nature, and an analytical-descriptive method has been used in its conduct. First, these documents and laws were studied in the form of a library, then according to the questions and conceptual framework, the documents and laws in the national and international system were analyzed, and finally the documents and laws were implemented. To investigate the hypotheses, dialectics, which is one of the methods of scientific cognition (research), was used.Results: In the environmental sector, the law of the Fifth Five-Year Plan is not sufficient and does not include comprehensive and long-term plans to achieve sustainable and appropriate development. The municipal law approved in 1955 has also not been able to play a significant role in the realization of the guarantee of the human right to clean air due to the lack of executive guarantees and up-to-dateness. The Environmental Protection and Improvement Act of 1974 also needs to be revised and amended due to the objective conditions of the post-revolutionary society and the flaws and inadequacies of the regulations. Although the penalty of fine in the Clean Air Law has increased in terms of amount compared to the previous law, unfortunately, it has less power than these perpetrators in the case of factories and legal entities that have more income. Regarding the performance of the Clean Air Act, it can be stated that out of the 56 articles stipulated in the Clean Air Law and its technical regulations, the implementation of 22 articles has been estimated to be poor, 17 to moderate, and 17 to be good. International instruments also lack a clear guarantee of implementation, and the mechanism provided for in the conventions seems to be very simple and inefficient.Discussion: The laws and approvals related to air pollution have not been properly implemented, and this issue is more noticeable in the case of the Clean Air Act. The most important reasons for the lack of law enforcement are lack of financial resources, lack of priority to the issue of air pollution, lack of adequate and effective supervision, inconsistency between the executive agencies and island operations, personal interpretation of the law's texts, and finally, the flaws in the text of the law. According to the results of the present study, it can be acknowledged that in Iran, as a developing country, the issue of guaranteeing the right to clean air and its implementation mechanisms has not yet found its real place in the legal system. International instruments also lack a specific guarantee of performance such as reciprocity or specific contractual mechanisms. Due to the negative effects of air pollution on the health of citizens and the country's economy, urgent action to untie the existing knots over the implementation of the Clean Air Act is necessary and there must be a serious will in this regard.

Abstract Background and aims Childbirth experience is an event in a woman’s life with short- and long-term effects on her physical and mental health. This study aimed to investigate different dimensions of women’s childbirth experiences and its predictors. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 430 postnatal women with vaginal delivery in 2021 in Northern Iran. Data were collected using the Iranian women’s childbirth experience questionnaire (IWCEQ) and demographic and pregnancy-related characteristics questionnaire. Principal component analysis using Amos 24 and backward multiple linear regression using SPSS 22 were employed to analyze the data. Results The mean score of childbirth experiences was 48.48 ± 19.09% out of 100 (95% CI: 46.68–50.28). The Principal Component Analysis revealed that the preparation (β = 0.84), positive perception (β = 0.78), and fear dimensions (β= -0.72) were the most important dimensions of women’s childbirth experiences. Moreover, education (B = -7.14, p = 0.001), spouse’s education (B = 7.40, p = 0.001), history of previous childbirth (B = 4.88, p = 0.001), obstetric problems of previous childbirth (B = − 7.73, p = 0.038), mother’s preferred type of delivery (B = 9.34, p = 0.001), the simultaneous delivery of another baby in the delivery room (B = -3.39, p = 0.017), and birth weight (B = -5.79, p = 0.005) explained 40% of the variance of the childbirth experience score. Conclusion Childbirth experience is a unique experience that influenced by positive and negative issues. More studies to identify related factors to dimensions of childbirth experience may have some insights for developing national and local- level health policies and clinical protocols.

Background and Purpose: The majority of research on parent-adolescent sexual communication has predominantly focused on mothers, leaving fathers’ involvement in this matter largely unexplored. Therefore, this study seeks to identify the obstacles hindering sexual communication between fathers and adolescents. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 196 fathers of adolescents aged 15 to 19 from August 2020 to January 2021 in northern Iran. A socio-demographic medical information form, a culturally validated parent-adolescent sexual communication barriers questionnaire, and the sexual communication topics between parents and adolescents were used to gather information. A logistic regression test was administered using SPSS software, version 18 to determine the barriers to sexual communication. Results: The mean age was 47.38±5.04 for fathers, 16.79±1.46 for boys, and 17.00±1.30 for girls. The prevalence of father-girl sexual communication (51.1%) was lower than that of father-boy sexual communication (55.8%). The most frequent barriers to fathers’ sexual communication with both genders were the adolescent’s embarrassment and the possibility of provoking their curiosity about sex. The logistic regressions showed that adolescents’ embarrassment and not trusting them and approving of them having sex were barriers to father-adolescent sexual communication (P

Introductionin the modern economy, knowledge is considered as a power and it provides competitive advantage to organizations. This competitive advantage is realized through the full utilization of information and data coupled with the harnessing of people’s skills and ideas as well as their commitments and motivations (Victor & Kathaluwage, 2019; Sekerin et al, 2018). Within the framework of the knowledge economy and the new challenges raised by knowledge in organizations, it is easy to understand the emergence of knowledge management as a new managerial field of activity dealing with knowledge resources, knowledge workers, and knowledge processes. (Bratianu et al, 2021). The ability of an organization to use and leverage the knowledge is heavily dependent on its Human Resources, which are effectively who create, share and use knowledge. The use of knowledge is only possible when individuals can share their knowledge and can generate new, from the knowledge of others. Human Resource Management (HRM) plays a key role in helping achieve the desired organizational results through its possible bearing on employee behaviour and skills. (Antunes & Pinheiro, 2020). without proper training, it is not possible to successfully produce knowledge and share activities and processes (Wai et al, 2012). The main goal of most training programs is to provide knowledge to employees to transfer to the workplace. Knowledge transfer is the main indicator of an effective training program and includes implementation methods, sharing knowledge or relevant practice and improving business performance (Shafloot, 2012). With the evolution of the role of organizational training towards focusing on learning and acquiring, producing and sharing knowledge and the necessity of doing knowledge work by employees and providing ideas from employees to improve services and production (Shokrzadeh et al., 2013). Investing in education should match the knowledge needs of organizations. The vision of knowledge-based training should be clearly understood by all employees and guided by the organization. This requires the organization to have a knowledge-based vision (Psarras, 2007). To improve employee performance, knowledge management strategies should be increased and organizations should adopt different policies to increase their learning ability (HO, 2018). Therefore, if knowledge management and training work closer together, in many organizations, much more success can be achieved (Carlile, 2002). Since the National Bank of Iran, as one of the largest and strongest financial institutions with a long history, tries to achieve its goals more effectively by constantly upgrading and improving its performance, every year the training courses At the same time, it organizes many services for its employees and looks at its human capital as a source to gain a competitive advantage. Therefore, one of the issues faced by managers in these trainings is the effectiveness of training courses. According to the explanations that were presented and emphasizing the importance of knowledge management in employee training to create learning, which is the goal of effective training, therefore this study was conducted with the aim of identifying indicators of human resources training in the National Bank of Iran with knowledge management approach, so from the perspective of the objective, it is a practical study. Literature ReviewBackgrounds show that in most of these researches, they have investigated the relationship between training and knowledge management and the role and impact of these two categories on each other, or only to identify the characteristics and components of employee training, and so far no research has been done which specifically identifies the indicators of human resources training with the knowledge management approach, especially in National Bank of Iran. Due to the importance of determining the indicators in the design of the desired educational model of employees with the approach of knowledge management, this research has been carried out. It is clear that the selection of suitable criteria or indicators can affect the effectiveness of this model. Therefore, the subject of the research is new from this point of view and it is also used in other financial institutions. MethodologyThe research method was a mixed exploratory type with a qualitative approach and meta-composite and Delphi methods. In the first stage, the meta-combination method according to the seven-step method of Sandelowski and Barroso (2006) was used, and a total of 156 sources related to the research topic were found, and finally 71 studies were analyzed. After identifying the categories by metacombination method, the fuzzy Delphi method was used to identify the final indicators. The Delphi analysis in this research is based on the opinion of 20 experts, including theoretical experts (university professors) and experimental experts (managers of the National Bank of Iran) who had experience in the field of study and were selected using non-probability methods and purposefully. The questionnaire that contained the components obtained from the meta-composition stage was given to Delphi experts in two stages, all the indicators obtained in the two stages were agreed and approved by the experts. Result In this research, by examining and categorizing and localization the descriptive codes obtained from the texts, 42 sub-categories were identified and according to their semantic similarity and affinity, they were divided into 9 main categories including: human resource scientific capability, human resource behavioral competence, Policy and legislation, social factors, educational leadership, knowledge management approach, evaluation and control of educational quality, learning culture and training of human resources and three individual, environmental and organizational dimensions were classified. Conclusion & DiscussionThe results of this study emphasize the role of the knowledge management approach in improving the performance of education and its effectiveness, and are in agreement with the findings of the researches of Amirhosseini and Bashiri (2019), Alosaimi (2016), Sembera (2017), Baslom & Tong (2019) and Kassaneh. et al. (2021) is consistent.Considering the increasing importance of knowledge as the most important asset of the organization, maintaining knowledge workers and developing their learning capacity as much as possible has become one of the most important tasks of human resources management. Coaching skills, creativity and innovation, documentation of processes and procedures, interpersonal communication, leadership skills, performance management, problem solving skills, empowerment skills, team building and working group skills. These are among the things that should be considered in the training of these employees (Monavarian, 2019) and these indicators are mentioned in this research. According to the opinions of Renukappa et al. (2021), ideally, the main goal of organizational training is to increase tacit knowledge, which is the experiential knowledge of employees. The tacitness of knowledge is a natural obstacle for the successful sharing of knowledge between people. Organizations should be able to acquire the tacit knowledge of their employees and deal with this effectively. The management should fully participate and involve the employees in the activities of the organization. In this regard, in the researches of Ramzanzadeh et al. (2019) and Ishak & Mansor (2020), the importance of knowledge management in lifelong learning has been emphasized and it has been pointed out that knowledge management supports the creation and development of individual potentials. And it gives them the ability to be creative and innovative.Paying attention to the identified indicators and the findings show that the integrated vision of knowledge management makes education really effective. In order to train human resources in the National Bank with a knowledge management approach, it is necessary that the beliefs, attitudes and behaviors in the bank are oriented towards the production, sharing and application of knowledge. in the training of employees with the knowledge management approach, learning becomes the main part of every job, and at the same time, employees learn from each other and teach others, and the knowledge needs of employees and the organization can be successfully provided. Individual and organizational learning creates new abilities and capabilities in employees, and these abilities become products, goods and services, and the bank's profitability is guaranteed.

Objectives: Considering the importance of creating spiritual motivation in employees as a success factor in the implementation of knowledge management, the present study aimed to identify and rank the effective spiritual motivational factors in the establishment of knowledge management and the degree of affecting and impressible of these factors relative to each other from the perspective of experts in this field.Methods: This research is practical in terms of purpose and mixed in terms of method. First, by reviewing the literature, the effective spiritual motivational factors in the establishment of knowledge management were identified, and then the Delphi survey method was used to confirm the identified factors and reach a general consensus. For this purpose, a questionnaire containing the identified factors was prepared and distributed among the members of the expert team. Then, by preparing another questionnaire, known as Dimtel method questionnaire, the members of the expert team were asked to determine the intensity of each factor's effect in pairs. In this research, Dimtel's method was used in order to prioritize and identify causal and effectual factors. The statistical population of this research is 12 active and familiar experts in both the fields of knowledge management and human resource management.Results: Out of a total of 27 identified motivational factors, 17 effective spiritual motivational factors in establishing knowledge management were approved by the experts. After determining the intensity of the existing relationships between the variables, based on the opinion of experts and performing the steps of the Dimtel Fuzzy method, it was determined that Leadership style and managerial actions, organizational culture and organizational justice are the three priorities that have the most influence on other spiritual motivational factors in the establishment of knowledge management and Employees' participation in affairs, creating a sense of being valued, and career advancement and promotion are the most effective spiritual motivational factors in the establishment of knowledge management. Also, the conditions of the working environment (physical conditions, equipment, etc.) are independent and do not have any influence or effectiveness on other factors.Conclusions: Motivated human resources, directly and indirectly, affect the implementation of knowledge management. In the meantime, spiritual motives lighten the burden of responsibility and make the road smoother. Therefore, one of the important tasks of managers of organizations that have created knowledge management initiatives in their organization or are in the early stages of implementing knowledge management is to know ways to create and strengthen spiritual motivation in employees. Investing more in influential factors, in addition to directly affecting the factor itself, can also influence other factors and indirectly respond to some of the executive burdens of other factors.

Informal housing is a common style of urban growth in most developing countries and is organized somehow which is neither urban nor rural. This study aimed to understand the daily life experience of citizens in the suburbs of Hoveyzeh city in Khuzestan province. The research method in this research was based on the qualitative method in the form of data theory and the data collection technique was semi-structured interviews and participatory field observations. To achieve the research objectives, 20 residents of these areas have been purposefully selected. Interviews continued until the saturation of data. After coding, 21 main categories of data emerged, each of which was analyzed based on the text of the interviews. In terms of conditions including (lack of support and skills, disregard for spatial justice, the need to change the space for social change, sense of abandonment, direct experience of war, actors' mental contexts, historical criticism of the produced space, marginalized lifestyle, acceptance and normal Marginal life, destiny and heredity, local dependence on interests and connections, combination of fear and narrative) and in the action-interaction dimension (confrontation, conflict, comparison, feeling of despair in changing the situation, the blind cycle of poverty) and in Then there are the consequences (marginalization of the marginalized, the principles of the right to the city as a missing link, the combination of fear and narrative, self-reliance) that have formed around a core category called (bio-luxury and return to habit). Finally, after extracting the findings, using the GIS, the relationship between location and the incidence of injuries is discussed and the results are expressed analytically and graphically. Also, the results of the spatial analysis show that among the vulnerability components, most of Hoveyzeh's areas are exposed to security and psychological vulnerabilities.

Objective: The present study intends to provide a model for knowledge flow in the banking industry by examining the existing models while evaluating the components involved in the knowledge flow. Method: This research is a descriptive-correlational research and is applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this study included the employees of the central offices of Bank Melli Iran, whose number is 2211 people. Using a Morgan table, a sample of 330 people was randomly selected from this population. Data collection tool is a 45-item researcher-made questionnaire in 8 dimensions, which was adjusted based on the Likert scale, the validity of this questionnaire was evaluated by two formal methods and factor analysis technique and its reliability was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha method, the results indicate the appropriate reliability and validity of the questionnaire. To analyze the research hypotheses, the method of structural equations using Smart PLS software has been used. Results: The components of knowledge acquisition, knowledge creation, knowledge storage, knowledge sharing, knowledge application, information technology infrastructure and flexible organizational structure Influence the flow of knowledge in the banking industry and the conceptual model of research is a good model for knowledge flow in the banking industry. Knowledge sharing with an impact factor of 0.379 has the greatest impact on knowledge flow status. Conclusion: The results show that the flow of knowledge in the banking industry is very necessary and this industry urgently needs to enter this field of study and operation. Knowledge management is also important in order to establish an effective flow of knowledge in the banking industry. Therefore, it is necessary for banks to first provide the necessary conditions for the effective flow of knowledge in the bank with proper knowledge management in the organization, and thus achieve better performance and profitability in this industry.

The present study is aimed to investigate ZIF-8 metal organic frameworks, graphene quantum Dots, and their hybrid materials (GQD@ZIF-8) in the terms of sensing heavy metals. Brilliant property of graphene quantum Dots in fluorescence emission with a high intensity and ZIF-8 with high porosity and specific surface area (as adsorbent) were great stimulants to fabricate the aforementioned sensing system. The prepared hybrid material was successfully employed for the measurement of heavy metals such as lead in aqueous samples. The concentration of lead in various samples was measured using GQD@ZIF-8 hybrid materials via the method of single parameter during the time. In order to characterize GQD@ZIF-8 hybrid materials, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Furrier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and nitrogen adsorption/ desorption (BET and BJH analysis) were employed in present study. Different parameters such as time, pH, and the concentration of adsorbent were also optimized in present study. The optimized values for concentration of adsorbent, time, and pH were found to be 0.05 mg/ml, 5 min, and 5 respectively. Importantly, limit of detection (LOD) for lead was calculated as 0.86 ppm. Low amount of LOD can be attributed to high fluorescence intensity and great specific surface area of the proposed sensor. The obtained results for LOD were compared with the other existing methods for detection of lead, presented in literature. The obtained results demonstrates that the proposed hybrid material possess high potential for detection and removal of lead from real samples.

PurposeInfective endocarditis (IE) remains a disease with high morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics and echocardiographic features of patients with IE.MethodsWe analyzed patients with either definitive or probable diagnosis of IE who were hospitalized in a teaching hospital in Mashhad, Iran between June 2011 and January 2020. Patients who survived were followed up by echocardiography for at least 6-month after hospital discharge.ResultsA total of 82 cases with IE were included of which 62 (75.6%) received definitive diagnosis. The mean age was 39.7 ± 18.7 years and 52 (63.4%) were male. The most common preexisting structural cardiac abnormality that predispose patients to IE were congenital heart diseases (28 %) of which bicuspid aortic valve was more common (n = 12, 14.6%), followed by ventricular septal defect (n = 9, 11%) and Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) (n = 2, 2.4%). Three (3.6 %) cases had rheumatic heart disease and 12 (14.6 %) were injecting drug users. The most common causative pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus, detected in 7 (19.4%) cases. Follow-up echocardiography revealed right or left ventricular failure in 10 (12.1%) cases. Cardiac complications occurred in 41 (50%) cases and systemic complications in 63 (76.8%). All-cause mortality was 41.5% (n = 34) and 6 (18.1%) patients died due to cardiovascular complications.ConclusionsThe short- and long-term prognosis in IE was poor and the predictors for in-hospital and 1-year mortality were defined as heart failure and septic shock. Congenital heart disease and intravenous illicit drug using (IVDU) were the most common predisposing condition which may necessitate a revision in the IE prophylaxis recommendations.

Abstract This article aimed to have a deep understanding of knowledge sharing behavior as a key element in the knowledge management process and the survival factor of organizations in the present era and tried to illustrate this point by analyzing applied theories in this field and to show how these theories have facilitated distinctive research on knowledge sharing. The present article is a narrative review and uses a library method to study a variety of articles that examine the motivational factors affecting knowledge sharing behavior in and out of the country, based on different theories. After extracting the theories from related articles, it became clear which of these theories belong to which disciplines and their applicability in this field was identified.Various motivational factors that influence individuals to engage in knowledge sharing behavior are examined by analyzing the theories in the fields of social psychology, economics, knowledge and information science and management that have been used in studies of this field. It is found that theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, Social exchange theory, balance theory, self-determination theory, costly signaling theory and regulatory focus theory from social psychology, resource dependency theory in economics, anomalous State of knowledge theory from knowledge and information science and organizational climate theory from management are applicable in the area of knowledge sharing behavior. In order to interpret the knowledge sharing behavior, it was necessary to analyze the theories applied and adopted from other disciplines in this field to provide a deep insight into the psychological, economic, organizational, as well as individual capabilities that influence the intentions of individuals to share knowledge. Knowledge sharing can gain much of its understanding of theories of social psychology. Concepts such as the attitude and behavioral intention of these theories affect knowledge sharing behavior.By understanding the recurrent relationships between different organizational and individual motivational factors, knowledge sharing behaviors and outcomes can understand how organizations can adapt knowledge sharing processes to performance improvement. Senior executives should pay serious attention to, and support, in providing facilities, building trust, encouraging and educating employees about sharing knowledge and its benefits.

Dear Editor, Coronaviruses are important human and animal pathogens. In December 2019, a new virus from the coronavirus family, called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), triggered the outbreak of pneumonia from Wuhan across China. The virus originated in bats and was transmitted to humans through unknown intermediate animals. Currently, the lives of millions of people around the world are affected by the crisis caused by the outbreak of COVID-19 diseases, which has brought huge economic and social costs. Despite the efforts made in many countries to reduce the risks and the negative effects of this crisis, the damage and the resulting costs are still increasing. People with cancer are among the groups that need more attention and are highlighted as high-risk groups. The risk of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 as a consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is not uniform. Evidence show that patients with cancer have an increased risk of developing severe forms of COVID-19 compared with the non-cancer population. It seems that cancer patients are at a higher risk of respiratory viruses such as influenza because of their frequently observed immunocompromised state. Patients with blood malignancies, such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and multiple myeloma, along with those in active treatment for any type of cancer and people who have undergone bone marrow transplants are among the high-risk groups. According to the existing literature on COVID-19 pathogenesis and cancer, several shared features have been selected to define the risk assessment in cancer patients, including patient characteristics (such as older age, underlying diseases, obesity, and sex), disease characteristics, therapeutic characteristics, and clinical and laboratory variables. Given the competitive risks of cancer-related deaths and serious complications from SARS-CoV-2 and higher mortality, providing care for cancer patients in this crisis is a challenging task. Many cancer patients are seeking to find a cure for their disease due to cancellation or delay in treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. There are also concerns that patients with curable cancers, who need timely treatments, find the risk of COVID-19 higher than the benefits of cancer treatment. New findings from researchers in the United States show that 13% of patients, including cancer patients, who used a combination of azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine or just hydroxychloroquine for treatment died within one month. However, further testing is needed to determine the risks and benefits of these drugs. It has recently been reported that using a combination of the two drugs to treat cancer patients infected with COVID-19 has tripled their risk of death within 30 days. Hence, it is recommended that these patients do not use the mentioned drugs. Insufficient provision of personal protective equipment for health care providers, limited hospital capacity, including intensive care units, may be effective in providing care to people with cancer. Early treatment of cancer patients should not be compromised during the pandemic. However, patient management should be tailored to the best available resources, and the need for any intervention should be balanced against the increased risk of pandemic. In addition, alternative modified procedures, including counseling and treatment services such as home care and tele-nursing should be considered for cancer patients. The goals, alternative modified procedures, including counseling and treatment services, were to ensure the continuity of care and to protect the health care professionals from the infection. Health scholars in different disciplines have proposed another method to manage cancer patients; according to these scholars, in special circumstances, cyberspace like “WhatsApp”, “Telegram”, or “Instagram” should be used to communicate with patients and share educational materials and information. Moreover, training nurses to respond appropriately to patient needs, such as stress management and proper nutrition, is essential. Outpatients should be treated with the safest level of care and away from any danger. Several measures may help reduce the virus transmission as follows: training the proper communication rules and hand hygiene protocols, explaining infection control measures, teaching the signs and symptoms of COVID-19, highlighting the importance of staying home and non-exposure to high-risk individuals, and emphasizing the importance of reporting any new symptoms to physicians and health care providers. Attendance at the clinic should be limited only to patients themselves and a maximum of one companion; in addition, outpatient care clinics, including chemotherapy injection units should have careful screening and be prepared to identify possible cases safely and without risk of transmission. Currently and due to the limited data, there are no international guidelines to address the management of cancer patients in any infectious pandemic, but for each patient, a separate decision should be made according to age, general condition, stage, and spread of the disease, and the patients should consult their physician about this issue. At present, more than ever, the world needs to espouse perspectives free of race, religion, ethnicity, and gender to help countries come together for the sake of the health of all populations. Community participation, attention to the health of all cancer patients in all age groups, non-discrimination, access to quality services and information, and appropriate collaboration can help in this regard.

Traditional firms used to design products, evaluate marketing messages and control product distribution channels with no costumer interface. With the advancements in interaction technologies, however, users can easily make impacts on firms; the interaction between costumers and firms is now in peak condition in comparison to the past and is no longer controlled by firms. Customers are playing two roles of value creators and consumers simultaneously. We examine the role of co-creation on the influences of innovation capability and firm performance. We develop hypotheses and test them using researcher survey data. The results suggest that implement of co-creation partially mediate the effect of process innovation capability. We discuss the implications of these findings for research and practice on the depict and implement of unique value co-creation model.

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Applications of heterogeneous photocatalytic processes based on semiconductor particles in cement-based materials have received great attention in recent years to enhance the aesthetic durability of buildings and reducing global environmental pollution. Amongst all, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most widely used semiconductor particle in structural materials with photocatalytic activity because of its low cost, chemically stable nature, and absence of toxicity. Utilization of TiO2 in combination with cement-based materials would plunge the concentration of urban pollutants such as NOx. In fact, cementitious composites containing TiO2 have already found applications in self-cleaning buildings, antimicrobial surfaces, and air-purifying structures. This paper aims to present a comprehensive review on TiO2-based photocatalysis cement technology, its practical applications, and research gaps for further progression of cementitious materials with photocatalytic activity.

Background: Lead effects on children and pregnant women are grave, and screening tests would be logical to detect high blood lead levels (BLLs) in early stages. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were taken from the pregnant mothers who referred to midwifery clinic with further phone interview postdelivery. Results: In 100 patients evaluated, the mean age was 29 ± 5 years (median interquartile range gestational age of 33 [24, 37] weeks). There was a significant correlation between polluted residential area and median BLL (P = 0.044) and substance exposure (P = 0.02). The median BLL was significantly lower in those without a history of lead toxicity in the family (P = 0.003). The only factor that could predict the BLL levels lower than 3.2 and 5 μg/dL was living in the nonindustrial area. All pregnant women delivered full-term live babies. Conclusion: Positive history of lead toxicity in the family and living in polluted areas may pose a higher BLL in pregnant women.