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L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier comparativement la représentation sociale de l’assurance chez les étudiants français et sénégalais. Partant de l’hypothèse d’une représentation sociale différente induite par le contexte social, l’étude a été réalisée en France (N = 186) et au Sénégal (N = 136). Les données collectées par le biais de questionnaires d’associations libres ont été soumises à une analyse hiérarchique. Les résultats présentés dans cette étude, par les termes qui constituent le noyau central, montrent que la représentation sociale de l’assurance est considérée, aussi bien chez les étudiants français que sénégalais, comme un moyen de protection car source de sécurité et de confiance. Cependant, les participants des deux groupes se distinguent sur la primauté accordée à certaines dimensions spécifiques de la représentation. Si les participants français axent leur discours sur les différents types de contrat ainsi que les aspects financiers des assurances, leurs homologues sénégalais s’attardent davantage sur la mission de l’assurance dans la société., The objective of this paper is to compare the social representation of insurance among French and Senegalese. Assuming a different social representation induced by the social context, the study was conducted among French (N=186) and Senegalese (N=136) students. Data collected through free associations questionnaires were subjected to hierarchical analysis. The analysis highlights a difference in the structuring of the social representation of insurance centred on concerns in line with the socio-economic environment of each of the two groups. These results are in line with the principle of distance from the object which drives the construction of social representation noted in several studies.

Abstract. This paper explores the recent advances in research concerning the impact of immersive virtual environments affordances on the expression of users’ creativity at individual and team levels. While the top virtual reality (VR) application areas are entertainment and gaming, simulation and training for professionals, research in the domain of the psychology of creativity and VR is advancing rapidly in Europe. Indeed, between 2014 and 2021, 72% of publications in this domain resulted from European research in diverse fields such as engineering, design, music composition, art-making, and so forth. These studies took advantage of advanced VR affordances, such as head and hand motion trackers to synchronize an avatar in real-time, live streaming of a video into a VR headset screen to create artwork, etc. Four main topics were explored: (a) new creativity techniques involving a virtual upgrade of traditionally used techniques, virtual sketching and prototyping, as well as sophisticated interactive virtual menus and motion tracking systems, (b) the right digital self-representation for enhancing creativity and the degree to which users identify with the “persona avatar” in the context of user-centered innovations, (c) the impact of physical and social virtual contextual cues on creative performance, and (d) the perception of virtual reality by creativity and innovation professionals. Our review confirms that VR supports greater creative performance at individual and collaborative levels as well as enjoyment and fun. However, as rich and varied as this literature has become, it presents major methodological limitations that should be addressed in future research.

Recent advances in the study of affective-cognitive regulation of aggressive behavior suggest positive correlations between poor executive capacities (ECF) and negative reactivity. If the global assumption is correct what are the likely implications of predicted relation? The central issue in present research is to verify this assumption and examine how situational characteristics can alter executive performance in adults experiencing Civil War (Syrians students living in their country or in a host country) and adults experiencing peaceful life (French students) to explore some of the consequences of those modifications for aggressive and anxious tendencies. Precisely, we expect the positive correlations between poor executive performances and high dispositional as well situational aggressive and anxious tendencies, specifically for adults exposed to warfare. In order to assess executive capacities and dispositional as well as situational aggressive and anxious tendencies, during one pilot and two comparative studies [pilot study: N = 60 female French students; first comparative study: N = 60 French and N = 60 Syrian students of both sexes (50%); second comparative study: N = 60 Syrian students of both sexes (50%) living in France] right-handed French/Arabic-speakers participants complete twice, before and after completion executive tasks (standard neuropsychological tests) under different experimental conditions (Aversive/Neutral condition), a series of aggression and anxiety questionnaires. The results provide evidence of a dispositional relationship between poor executive functioning and negative reactivity, and extend it to situational level. For all participants, it shows that increases in impulsiveness (negative emotionality and aggressive choices) due to an aversive noise (80 db) are concomitant with an inability to focus individuals’ attention on ongoing tasks, specifically in those living directly or indirectly stressful life-event.

As mentioned in the target article by Morsella et al., the motor program's contents as a whole do not influence each other in the conscious field; however, research shows that some of their generated aspects could be sensitive to the context of the behavior. Such motivational “context-contamination” leads to voluntarily “turn off” of negative states. Taking place out of the conscious field, these adjustments would have critical influence on behavior, such as aggression.

The Aggressive Provocation Questionnaire (APQ) (O’Connor, Archer, & Wu, 2001) was developed based on Frijda’s modular theory of emotions (1988), in order to provide researchers with an effective measure of aggressive tendencies in men. The aim of the current paper is to 1) describe the development and validation of the French version of the APQ-12; and 2) for the first time, examine its psychometric properties in a female sample. Two samples of men and women (Study 1: N = 132, male = 54, female = 78; ages 17 - 24 years; Study 2: N = 302, male = 143, female = 159; ages 19 - 59 years) completed the APQ-12 in a French population. The first study concerned the internal consistency/convergent validity of the French version of the APQ, and also examined temporal stability of the measures. The second study investigated the effects of age and gender on aggressive tendencies. The psychometric properties from first study were then compared to those reported by O’Connor et al. (2001). The psychometric properties of the two scales were similar, and the scores on the APQ were also positively correlated with those on the AQ and the Trait-Anger Scales. The results also provided evidence for temporal stability of the French version of the APQ. However, the results from second study contradicted popular views about the effects of age and gender on aggressive tendencies. Analysis of the interaction of gender with age category indicated exceptionally high aggressive responses by young women (19 - 25 years old) and middle-aged men (26 - 44 years old).

Currently popular is the idea that men are more aggressive and perform more acts of physical aggression than do women. In this article, we examine sex differences in aggression by analyzing the existing literature, stressing the growing utility of analyzing these behaviours using a multidimensional approach taking into account the larger sociocultural context. This will allow us to examine the major controversies surrounding sex differences in aggression. Finally, having revealed some challenging questions regarding limitations in data and methodologies used specially in terms of the sociocultural changes, we propose to explore sex differences in aggression based on the folk theory of aggression.

The main goal of this study was to analyze the justification of interpersonal aggression various situations or contexts. For this purpose, a self-report instrument was employed that measures different kinds of aggressive behaviors in situations in which it may be considered justified: the Cuestionario de Actitudes Morales sobre Agresión (CAMA; Ramirez, 1991), a reliable and valid test to measure the different degrees to which youth and adolescents may justify interpersonal aggression (Ramirez & Andreu, 2006). A large sample (N = 735) of participants from various educational centers of Madrid was utilized. Results revealed that normative beliefs vary as a function of age, sex, and the instrumental-reactive context. Reactive situations elicited higher levels of justification than instrumental situations and higher levels in the justifying beliefs about severe aggression were found among men than among women and in adolescents than in young adults. There were no significant differences in the justifying beliefs about moderate aggression.

Cette etude avait pour objectif d’effet de la pratique des jeux video violents sur les tendances agressives, deux facteurs ont fait l’objet de manipulation : le contexte normatif de leur mesure (ludique versus quotidien) et la violence du jeu (tres violent versus peu violent). Les jeunes etudiantes apres avoir joue au jeu video ont repondu au questionnaire de provocation de l’agression (version standard versus version ludique) mesurant leurs ressentis emotionnels et leur intentions comportementales. Puis, les participants ont evalue les qualites du jeu retenu ainsi que leur pratique de jeux video. Les resultats montrent que lorsque le contexte renvoie au ludique les participantes adoptent plus frequemment des comportements agressifs et expriment des sentiments negatifs plus intenses que lorsqu’il renvoie au quotidien.

Les travaux de la decennte passee sur des traits de personnalite indiquent qu’il existe une serie de traits emotionnels sur lesquels les individus different. Par ailleurs, d’autres recherches ont montre l’existence d’aptitudes specifiques au traitement des emotions et de l’information emotionnelle, regroupes sous le concept d’intelligence emotionnelle. Cent adultes ages de 20 a 50 ans ont fait la passation des adaptations francaises des mesures de traits emotionnels et d’intelligence emotionnelle. Notre etude montre la fiabilite et le pouvoir discriminant de l’adaptation de ces mesures ainsi que l’existence d’interrelations entre ces caracteristiques emotionnelles stables. Une analyse factorielle en composante principale avec rotation varimax met en valeur l’existence de cinq facteurs que nous identifions comme les dimensions Clairvoyance. Richesse emotionnelle. Identification, Comprehension et Maitrise des emotions. Les profils emotionnels moyens construits a partir de ces cinq facteurs different en fonction du sexe et de l’âge. Nous observons notamment une plus grande richesse emotionnelle chez les femmes et chez les personnes les plus âges de notre echantillon L’etude de ces facteurs permettra de mieux comprendre les relations entre ces aspects emotionnels et les performances cognitives ainsi que leurs implications dans des syndromes cliniques.

In recent decades, researchers in various areas of psychology have challenged the claims of a single mode of information processing, and developed dual-process models of social behaviors. Although these theories differ on a number of dimensions, they all share the basic assumption that two different modes of information processing operate in making decision and copying behavior. In essence, the common distinction in these perspectives is between controlled vs. automatic, conscious vs. unconscious, and affective vs. cognitive modes of processing. The purpose of Berkowitz's article is to go beyond the notion of automatic processes in order to use classic notions of conditioning and displacement to explain aggressive behavior. I assert that an explanatory framework for psychology of aggression must be anchored not only in the new but also classic theoretical paradigms. However, progress in psychology does not rest solely on the accumulation of theoretical insights. It demands a large body of empirical facts, with attention to incongruities, discordances, and conceptual clarifications. Language: en

Recent advances in the study of affective-cognitive regulation of aggressive behavior suggest positive correlations between poor executive capacities (ECF) and dispositional negative reactivity (Posneramp; Rothbart, 2000). If the global assumption is correct what are the likely implications of predicted relation? The central issue in present research was to verify this assumption and examine how situational characteristics could alter executive performance in persons with Dysexecutive Syndrome (DES, Baddeley, 1998) and healthy adults (students, health workers) to explore some of the consequences of those modifications for aggressive tendencies. Precisely, we expected the positive correlations between poor executive performances and high aggressive tendencies at dispositional as well situational levels, except for health workers, given their professional duties. In order to assess cognitive capacities and dispositional as well as situational aggressive tendencies, during two studies (First study: N=60 students; Second study: N= 60 students, N= 24 patient with Dysexecutive Syndrome, ; N= 45 health care workers) right-handed French-speakers participants completed twice, during an initial phase of the study and one week after, a series of standard executive functions neuropsychological tests and aggression questionnaires. During second phase, participants executed a task introducing the experimental feedbacks (success, neutral, failure) before completion of neuropsychological tests and questionnaires. The results provided evidence of a dispositional relationship between poor executive functioning and aggressive tendencies, and extended it to situational level. For all participants, it showed that increases in impulsiveness (negative emotionality and aggressive choices) due to a negative feedback were concomitant with an inability to focus individuals' attention on ongoing tasks.

The automatic skeletal motor responses of 20 male and 20 female student subjects (aged 20–36) receiving a painful stimulation (electric shock) were studied by examining voluntary concomitant extensions and flexions of the arm. These movements were either of long duration, allowing for an on-line control of their execution or, of short duration, requiring extensive pre-programming. Subjects were instructed either to push or to pull a lever upon receipt of an acoustic signal, which was paired or unpaired with an electric shock. Latencies for long duration movements (regardless of direction) were reduced by reception of painful stimulation. Latencies of short duration extensions and flexions were respectively reduced and increased by painful stimulation. Latencies of short duration movements were larger for females than males, regardless of movement direction. These data suggest that painful stimulation elicits automatic movements which affect programming of the termination of simultaneous voluntary movements. Implications of these findings for the study of aggressive behavior are discussed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

A study examining affective information processing in persons with Multiple Sclerosis and healthy adults was carried out. It was hypothesized that individual characteristics could modulate participants’ emotional categorization and reaction times for categorization decisions. For example, individuals with negative valenced emotional profile (e.g. anxious) should choose negative emotional alternatives faster and more frequently. Participants consisted of two different populations: 80 right-handed healthy French-speakers, and 40 right-handed French- speakers with multiple sclerosis. The results showed a positive correlation between high- level of negative emotional sensibility and emotional categorization (decision and decision speed) for affective information presented on the right-side of the screen. For all participants there were more frequent emotional choices and faster decisions for left-side presented emotional alternatives. It seems individuals’ emotional differences in general and in MS populations modulate hemispheric asymmetry of processing emotional judgments.

Our commentary is focused on the idea that “freedom” takes on its full significance whenever its relativistic nature, in the short- and long terms, is taken into account. Given the transformations brought about by “globalization,” application of a general model of freedom based on ecological-economic factors clearly seems to be rather untimely. We examine this idea through egocentric and ethnocentric views of the social and environmental analyses of “freedom.”

This commentary focuses on how third parties impact the course of acts of revenge based on their world views, such as belief in a just world. Assuming this belief to be true, the following questions could be asked: (a) What are the consequences of a third party's worldview in terms of secondary victimization? (b) Are bystanders actually aware of these consequences? (c) If so, then why do they let it happens?

The frequency of extensions and flexions of the arms of 12 men and 12 women (ages 20–30 years) responding to a neutral tone or to an electric shock was recorded. Subjects had to choose between pushing or pulling a lever upon receipt of an acoustic signal which was paired or unpaired with an electric shock. They were instructed to perform either long duration movements, allowing for on-line control of the execution, or short duration movements with prior specification of amplitude. Regardless of duration of movements, the aversive signal increased the frequency of extensions and intraindividual variability of choices of the men but decreased the frequency of extensions and intraindividual variability of choices of the women. These findings show that stimuli such as pain or fear automatically elicit patterns of terminal motor states corresponding to fight or flight, initiating processes of preparation of spatially oriented movements which are automatic and sex-typed and impair the use of the terminal cues for simultaneous preprogrammed voluntary movements.

The effects of presentation of an aversive stimulus and simultaneous failure on a bogus intelligence test upon a subject's aggressive reactions were studied. The subject's fist clenching was used as an indicator of aggression. Four conditions, generated by the combinations of two kinds of stimulus delivered to the subjects (aversive or nonaversive) and two outcomes of the task (failure or success), were investigated. 20 female and 20 male students (ages: 17–34 years) were instructed, upon the reception of an aversive or nonaversive acoustic signal, to press with the right hand a device that displayed a slide. Each slide presented an item from an intelligence test, to which the subjects were either allowed to answer successfully (success) or not (failure). Failure increased the subject's autonomic arousal, as measured by photoplethysmographic sensors, in all stimulation conditions, but only the condition with aversive stimulation increased the speed of clenching. This was interpreted as indicating subject's tendencies to aggression. These results are discussed in relation to the effects of frustration.

The effect of presenting images of firearms on the speed of clenching of the fist of human subjects simultaneously receiving an aversive stimulation was studied. It was thought that, whereas the classic interpersonal experimental situation confounds the effects of the stimulus presented and several interpersonal processes, speed of fist clenching in a noninterpersonal setting could constitute a valid measure of the subject's readiness to fight. Twenty-four male and 24 female students (ages > 20 and

Le questionnaire de la prise de décision dans le champ d’assurance (IDMQ) a été conçu pour valider un instrument de mesure permettant d’évaluer la prise de décision dans le champ d’assurance, sur la base de scénarios et d’échelles, et prenant en compte les différences interculturelles. Dans un premier temps, nous avons analysé les réponses de 42 participants français (N = 22) et sénégalais (N = 19) ayant répondu via Internet aux 75 items (Prétest). Après avoir effectué une analyse exploratoire sur 101 Français (N = 54) et Sénégalais (N = 48) et un test-retest sur 33 Français (N = 17) et Sénégalais (N = 16), les résultats présentent une validité interne temporelle satisfaisante, et sont proches de ceux obtenus par Jafarkarimi, et al. (2017). Nous avons désormais un instrument de mesure en langue française présentant différentes mises en situation réelles, ayant des qua- lités psychométriques acceptables permettant d’évaluer la prise de décision dans le champ d’assurance., The Insurance Decision-Making Questionnaire (IDMQ) was designed to validate a measurement instrument that assesses insurance decision-making on the basis of scenarios and scales and that takes cross-cultural differences into account. First, we analysed the responses of 42 French (N = 22) and Senegalese (N = 19) partic- ipants who responded via the Internet to the 75 items (Pretest). After having carried out an exploratory analysis on 101 French (N = 54) and Senegalese (N = 48) participants and a test-retest on 33 French (N = 17) and Senegalese (N = 16) participants, the results show a satisfactory internal and temporal validity, and are close to those obtained by Jafarkarimi, et al. (2017). We now have a measurement instrument in French that presents different real-life scenarios, with acceptable psychometric qualities, which can be used to evaluate decision-making in the field of insurance.

In 1996, the universal conscription has been replaced by a new form of military organization: the voluntary enlistment. Then, the professionalization of the military institutions appears, soldiers are not conscripted anymore, but choose to enlist in the French Land Army, considering it as a possible career path. Therefore, the apprehension of the military profession as a common profession may be questioned. Can we really consider the military profession as a profession practiced in the civilian sphere? Can we analyze work conditions and prevent the psychosocial risks in the same way as for the other professions? This last question constitutes the real challenge of our research. In order to answer these questions, we took an interest in the military specificity that we defined and examined during the course of a study about social representations of the military profession. The results are useful to understand that a set of elements characterizing the military profession exists, and these elements, if they are co-present, could characterize only the military profession and thus make it specific compared to the other professions. Then, we focused on the soldiers' reasons to enlist in the French Land Army and their involvement once they are enlisted. Another study has been conducted and allowed us to distinguish different reasons for enlistment depending on the time the soldiers enlisted themselves. Differences in terms of involvement have also been observed. The results we have observed in the two first studies made us conclude that the military profession cannot be apprehended in the same way as for the other professions. To prevent the psychosocial risks that are specific to the military profession, we needed detection tools that were particular to the military institution. In the last part of this research, we created a detection tool for the military psychosocial risks, using the elements highlighted in the previous studies. The tool has been tested and a first diagnostic in a population of 2000 militaries has been realized.; En 1996, la conscription universelle est remplacée par une nouvelle forme d'organisation militaire, l'engagement volontaire. On assiste alors à la professionnalisation des institutions militaires, puisque les soldats qui les composent ne sont plus appelés, mais ont choisi de s'engager dans l'armée, la considérant comme une voie professionnelle possible. Dès lors, la question de l'appréhension de l'activité militaire en tant que métier comme les autres se pose. Peut-on vraiment considérer le métier de militaire comme ceux qui peuvent être exercés dans le monde civil ? Et peut-on procéder à une analyse des conditions de travail et à une prévention des risques psychosociaux potentiellement présents de la même façon que dans le monde civil ? Cette dernière interrogation va constituer tout l'enjeu de notre recherche. Pour répondre à ces questions, nous nous sommes intéressés à la spécificité militaire, que nous avons définie et examinée au cours d'une étude sur les représentations sociales du métier de militaire. Les résultats de cette étude permettent alors de comprendre qu'il existe un certain nombre d'éléments caractéristiques du métier de militaire qui, s'ils sont coprésents, ne caractérisent que le métier de militaire, autrement dit, le rendent spécifique par rapport aux autres métiers. Nous nous sommes ensuite concentrés sur les raisons de l'engagement dans l'Armée de Terre et l'implication des militaires une fois engagés. Une nouvelle étude a été menée et nous a permis de distinguer différentes raisons à l'engagement en fonction l'époque à laquelle se sont engagés les militaires interrogés. Des différences d'implication dans le travail ont également été observées. Les résultats observés lors des deux premières études nous ont permis de conclure que le métier de militaire ne pouvait pas être appréhendé de la même façon que les autres métiers. Pour prévenir les risques psychosociaux spécifiques à ce métier, il fallait donc des outils de détection qui soient propres aux caractéristiques de l'institution. En dernière partie de cette recherche, nous avons donc créé un outil de détection des risques psychosociaux militaires, autour des éléments caractéristiques mis en évidence lors des précédentes études. L'outil a été testé et un premier diagnostic sur une population de plus de 2000 militaires a été réalisé.

Moral values take part in the effective functioning of a group or society by setting prescriptive and proscriptive norms (Haidt & Kesebir, 2010, Janoff-Bulman, Sheikh, & Hepp, 2009). When witnessing the violation of a social or moral norm, people sometimes wish to punish the transgressor, even if they do not suffer any negative consequences of the violation (Chekroun & Brauer, 2008 ; Fehr & Fischbacher, 2004). The function of this kind of sanction would be an upholding of the social order and cooperation between group members (Fehr & Gächter, 2002 ; Ginits, Henrich, Bowles, Boyd, & Fehr, 2008 ; Jensen, 2010). In order to better understand this phenomenon, we studied how moral values can trigger such third-party punishment. Numerous studies highlight the motivational nature of moral values, driving people to act in line with these ideals (e.g., Hertel & Kerr, 2001 ; Maio, Pakizeh, Cheung, & Rees, 2009). With this in mind, we suggested the existence of a second motivational component, specific to moral values, driving the individual to enforce them by punishing their transgressors. Firstly, we tested this hypothesis through the impact of the individual moral system on punitiveness in morally ambivalent situations describing a protagonist respecting a value (e.g., fairness) at the expense of another (e.g., loyalty). According to the results, the more participants agreed with a value, the more they wanted to see someone who violated the value being punished. Then, we studied the influence exerted by moral values on punitiveness when they are salient within the situation, using different priming procedures. We tested the priming effects of one specific value, loyalty, using morally ambivalent situations and ecological designs. According to the results, priming loyalty led to an increase of punishment severity and to a decrease of prosocial intentions toward a person who didn't act loyally. However, these effects seem to be moderated by the level of personal involvement vis à vis the situation. This research also revealed that when a value is accessible (chronically or temporarily), one tends to perceive the events through the value. All in all, the results gathered through this series of studies reveal the influence exerted by moral values, linked to their levels of accessibility and desirability, which drive people to enforce them by sanctioning their transgressors.; En fixant des normes et des interdits, les valeurs morales participent du bon fonctionnement d'un groupe ou d'une société (Haidt & Kesebir, 2010 ; Janoff-Bulman, Sheikh, & Hepp, 2009). Lorsqu'une norme sociale ou morale est transgressée, l'individu est parfois pris du désir de sanctionner l'auteur de la transgression, même s'il n'en a pas lui-même souffert les conséquences (Chekroun & Brauer, 2008 ; Fehr & Fischbacher, 2004). Ce type de sanction aurait pour fonction de maintenir l'ordre social et la coopération entre les individus (Fehr & Gächter, 2002 ; Ginits, Henrich, Bowles, Boyd, & Fehr, 2008 ; Jensen, 2010). Afin de mieux comprendre ce phénomène, nous avons étudié le rôle joué par les valeurs morales dans le déclenchement de ces conduites punitives « désintéressées ». De nombreuses études ont mis en évidence la force motivationnelle dont sont pourvues les valeurs, poussant l'individu à agir en adéquation avec elles (e.g., Hertel & Kerr, 2001 ; Maio, Pakizeh, Cheung, & Rees, 2009). Partant de cet état de fait, nous avons postulé l'existence d'une deuxième composante motivationnelle propre aux valeurs morales, conduisant l'individu à les faire respecter en sanctionnant les personnes qui ne les respectent pas. Nous avons testé dans un premier temps cette hypothèse à travers l'impact du système moral individuel sur le jugement punitif dans le cadre de situations moralement ambivalentes dans lesquelles le protagoniste respectait une valeur morale (e.g., l'équité) aux dépens d'une autre (e.g., la loyauté). Les résultats suggèrent que plus les individus adhèrent à une valeur, plus ils souhaitent voir sanctionnées les personnes transgressant cette valeur. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié à l'aide de différentes procédures d'amorçage l'influence momentanée que peuvent avoir les valeurs morales sur les tendances punitives lorsque le contexte les rend saillantes. Les effets de l'amorçage spécifique d'une valeur, la loyauté, ont été testés dans le cadre de situations fictives moralement ambivalentes ainsi que dans des conditions écologiques. Les résultats montrent que l'amorçage spécifique de la loyauté entraine une augmentation de la sévérité du jugement punitif ainsi qu'une baisse des tendances prosociales à l'égard d'une personne ayant agi de façon déloyale. L'apparition de ces effets semble néanmoins dépendre du niveau d'implication des individus vis-à-vis de la situation. Ce travail de recherche nous a aussi permis de constater que lorsqu'une valeur est accessible (de façon chronique ou temporaire), l'individu a davantage tendance à percevoir les événements à travers celle-ci. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats obtenus à travers cette série d'études mettent en évidence l'influence exercée par les valeurs morales, liée à leur niveau d'accessibilité et de désirabilité, entrainant les individus à les faire respecter en sanctionnant leurs transgresseurs.