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The most common infection among young women that increases the risk of developing cervical cancer (CC) is human papillomavirus (HPV). In this study, we are going to assess whether HPV16 DNA concentration helps indicate cervical cancer progression ,As well as for age groups and their relationship to cervical cancer.Present study included 93 adult females suffering from cervical cancer during the period from 2017 to 2020. Molecular detection of HPV was done using amplification of the L2 gene (minor capsid protein).Present results showed that 60 (65%) of the patients from 93 cervical cancer cases were infected by HPV16 while only 5 (8%) of healthy patients from the control group were positive for HPV16. So, the current study revealed high HPV16 load in cervical cancer ranged from 1.09 × 10HPV16 viral load is significantly associated with cervical carcinoma among women in Dhi-Qar Province.

Induced resistance techniques for plant disease management are one of the robust and constructive approaches against plant pests. The present study conducted to trigger the plant-mediated resistance in tomato cv. “K-21” against Meloidogyne incognita by the involvement of dl-β aminobutyric acid (BABA) under salt stress conditions. Results indicate that seedlings elicitors (dl-β aminobutyric acid) strongly suppressed multiplication of nematode population. At the same time, we could not observe this effect in an inoculated control. Additionally, treated tomato roots with BABA and BABA, coupled with NaCl, showed significant improvement in growth parameters and phenolic compounds. Application of BABA (1.21 mM) + NaCl (100 mM) in combination significantly reduced the root-knot index by 48%. Whereas the same combination significantly improved the phenolic compounds and dry weight content up to 75% and 64% respectively. The minute amount of BABA, in combination with salt stress, resulted in greater efficacy as compared to the higher quantity of BABA (2.42 mM) that might be the cause of synergistic interaction. However, the lowest % increase in phenolic compounds by 60% and decrease of the root-knot index by 40% as we observed in the highest dose of BABA (4.84 mM). Findings of our study suggest that the application of BABA alone and in combination with salt is a promising tactic to inflate the tomato resistance against M. incognita that might be associated with the enhanced defence response in tomato. Moreover, the stress modulation reaction of BABA under salt stress would be linked with resistance in plants.

Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) is one of most damaging pathogen of vegetables, including carrot (Daucus carota L.). We evaluated nematicidal potential of chitosan in c...

Meloidogyne incognita is one of the prime restricting factors of yield in crops. Approaches to diminish the populations are consistently raised, and the application of elicitors as resistance inducers is an option for managing the disease. Thus, this study was conducted to examine the potential of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), a chemical activator, as a soil drench to induce resistance against M. incognita infestation with and without salt stress. Results demonstrated that alone and under salt stress, ASM was able to reduce root-knot nematode population in tomato. The applied treatments significantly reduced the root-knot nematode reproduction, increased growth and phenolic compounds in the plants. Treatment of ASM (0.254 mM) with NaCl (100 mM), significantly reduced the root-knot index by 58.0% compared to untreated control. The same combination significantly enhanced the phenolic compounds and dry matter up to 60.6% and 59.0%, respectively, compared to inoculated control. However, the application of the highest concentration of ASM (1.019 mM) alone was the most potent in reducing the eggmasses and root-knot index by 74.4% and 68.0% respectively compared to inoculated control. Additionally, the lowest increase (23.0%) of phenol was observed in ASM (0.509 mM). NaCl alone also reduced the root-knot index by 32.0% and increased phenol accumulation by 47.5%. Moreover, lower concentration of ASM (0.254 mM) in combination with salt stress (NaCl 100 mM) showed significantly higher efficacy. The study revealed that application of ASM through stress modulation effect can activate the inherent M. incognita resistance in tomato, which could contribute substantially in sustainable management of nematode infestation.

This review deals with the mechanism of antagonistic action of bacterial and fungal biocontrol agents such as the production of antibiotics, siderophores, enzyme secretion, competition for nutritio...

Soil amendment with biochar is widely used to improve soil fertility and crop productivity. However, its effect on plant nematodes has not been examined properly. The present study investigates the effects of biochar on root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita under in planta conditions. In pots experiment, biochar (45 g) when paired with oil cakes (15 g) suppressed the M. incognita and improved the plant growth of tested plant. Significant suppression in nematode infestation in terms of egg masses and eggs by (56.0 and 52.7%) and maximum improvement in plant growth in plant length and dry weight by 74.1 and 63.8%, respectively was observed when combined soil application of biochar and mustard cake was applied in the soil. The effect was least when biochar was applied alone. The study has suggested that biochar amendment along with mustard oil cake can control root knot nematode infestation in lentil.

Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium, and Blastocystis are some parasites primarily responsible for human infections. Giardia lamblia, also known as Giardia intestinalis or Giardia duodenalis, is a common pathogenic protozoan found in the human duodenum and jejunum that causes giardiasis. This study collected stool and blood samples from patients with diarrhea aged less than 1 month to 15 years, from September 2020 to December 2020, in Thi-Qar province. Our study aimed to reveal the diagnosis of Giardia lamblia using direct microscopy examination and detect some immunological parameters such as IL-17 and IL-35 in patients infected with giardiasis.

The present study was conducted to investigate serum calcium level in various eye anomalies like cataract, glaucoma, and keratoconus in Pakistani population. Venous blood samples of 68 affected individuals and 30 unaffected individuals were collected. Serum extraction was done by using the standard protocol. The samples were further analyzed through atomic absorption spectrophotometer to calculate serum concentration of calcium ion. The normal range of calcium ion is 8.5-10.2mg/dl. The average value of calcium in patients of cataract, glaucoma and keratoconus were found to be: 10.851 mg/dl, 10.606, 10.60 mg/dl and 10.099 mg/dl respectively. While in case of control samples the average value was 8.5 mg/dl. Statistical analysis of the data showed a significant association between high calcium level and all mentioned eye diseases (cataract= 0.00, glaucoma= 0.00, Keratoconus = 0.00). Therefore, this research predicts that high calcium levels involve in the progression of these diseases. The role of ion imbalance of calcium in these diseases can act as a supportive therapeutic approach in the treatment and prevention of ophthalmic diseases. Calcium channel blockers can be used to prevent the progression of these diseases. Keywords: Calcium, Glaucoma, Anomalies, Keratoconus, Cataract.

Objective: Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation is the generally new method and was proposed for the cure of back agony analyzed from the joints of the spine. We wanted to evaluate the viability of this new strategy in our patients suffering from disorders of lumbar characteristics in our Algology Division. Methods: In this review, the observational investigation, the restoration records of 498 patients with lumbar aspect disorders treated with RFT in 2017-2019, were verified. Altogether information was gained from torment assessment sheets in patients' documents and noted. Information on age, gender, scores on the Simple Visual Scale (SVS) when treated and post-treatment achievement scores were recorded from the patients' treatment records. Torment scores on the Simple Visual Scale (SVA), daily exercises (1= poor to 4 = generally excellent) and achievement scores (1= poor to 4 = phenomenal) before the technique and on Day 1, Day 2, and subsequently at several weeks, 2 weeks, one month, half a year and one year after the strategy remained studied and noted. Results: The average VAS score before treatment was 9.04 ± 2.07, one month after treatment it was basically decreased and one and a half year after treatment it was 2.19 ± 0.77. Achievement scores were found to be substantially higher after treatment. Developmental scores were found higher after treatment than before treatment. No entanglement was noted in any of patients. Conclusion: Authors believe that radio recurrence thermocoagulation can lead to a substantial longstanding enhancement in lumbar agony, and may recover physical capacity to the larger degree in cases having appearance disorders. Key words: Facet disease; Low back agony; Pain dimension; Radiofrequency thermocoagulation; VAS.

Background: Anemia in this research may interrupt mothers besides neonates. Objective: The main purpose of the current research endured to incline threat characteristics similarly severity of iron shortage anemia in pregnant females recognized in third place Trimester similarly outcome on intrauterine development of the current babies. Methodology: Short-term Cross-Sectional research. Our existing research endured conducted via From February 2017 to July 2018 in Jinnah Hospital Lahore. Entire 130 pregnant women endured selected for this research, consistently, that had anemia in third trimester of outcome. Anemia endured acknowledged on past, examination similarly researches. Altogether pregnant females who agonize as of anemia in addition to iron lack anemia, remained excepted as of our research. Afterwards analysis, pregnant females had anemia. They remain confidential as light, average and heavy contingent on equal of hemoglobin. Slight anemia remained labeled as 12-12.6 g / dL, Slight anemia, 9–11.7 g / dl and plain anemia, 6–8.5 / m / dl. Danger aspects for anemia in pregnant females in addition consequences. The examination of infants remained led. The information in SPSS version 23 has been arrived in additional researches. Results. Available 130 pregnant, 23 (21.68%) females remained 18-27 years old, 66 (59.16%) females remained 28-37 years old, 27 (25.24%) endured 38-48 years. 87 (76.72%) females remained from little socioeconomic position set besides twenty-seven (25.22%) remained from tall socioeconomic set. Harshly anemic females remained solitary 17 (14.56%), forty-three (39.52%) stayed slightly anemic and very huge sum of females 58 (53%) remained soberly anemic. Altogether infants remained carried complete tenure in slightly anemic and temperately anemic females. Thirteen infants (18.48%) of temperately anemic females remained with IUGR). Harshly anemic pregnant females distributed 5 (.467%) complete term, 13 (78.3%) preterm and 16 (56%) IUGR infants. Nutritional shortage 130 (100%), Noncompliance 108 (92.19%), Scarcity 88 (75.78%), illiteracy 78 (72%) and petite birth break 69 (61.84%) remained knowingly detected danger aspects of anemia in pregnancy. Conclusion: Anemia during pregnancy can prevent mortality and weakness to both mother and newborn. this study Shows the third trimester of pregnancy, many women were anemic and slightly anemic you ask to be taught by his mother, and the mothers with the children, you are anemic, has been increased, the retardation. Do the same with the risk of early in the morning Is the mother of the doers of the prognosis and the better it can help the prevention and treatment of, and born, an appropriate message. Keywords: Anemia, pregnancy, IUGR, Danger Features.

To evaluate the 13 carrot cultivars against Meloidogyne incognita under green house conditions; different levels of susceptibility were observed in all the examined cultivars. Cultivar Golden Rosy was resistant to nematode attack with a low root gall index (1.2) while cultivar Kamini was found highly susceptible showing the highest root gall index (5.0). Similarly, the cultivars Rose Red, Noorie, Lali, Sindhuri, and Selection 80 were susceptible; the cultivars Pearl Red, Super Red, Surbhi, and Kamboj were moderately susceptible and the cultivars Desi Red and Red King were found moderately resistant against the nematode damage. A negative and significant correlation was found between root-knot nematode infestation and plant growth parameters.

In this study effort was made to manage the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita by the utilization of selected plants such as Coccinia grandis, Commelina benghalensis, Leucas cephalotes, Phyllanthus amarus and Trianthema portulacastrum. During the in vitro experiment, the second juveniles (J2s) of M. incognita directly treated with aqueous extracts of the plant leaves at 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 ppm concentrations. As a result, the 5000 ppm concentration was found most toxic against the survival of second stage juveniles of M. incognita compared to other concentrations. Maximum mortality of 91% was observed in 5000 ppm extract of P. amarus after 72 h of exposure with LC50 value 2084.49 ppm while minimum mortality of 6.2% was found in 1000 ppm extract of T. portulacastrum after 24 h with LC50 value 9484.18 ppm. The percent mortality of juveniles calculated the LC50 values of all the treatments after 24, 48 and 72 h. Similarly, the in vitro tests showed a gradual decrease in the rate of egg hatching of M. incognita with the increasing concentrations of aqueous leaves extracts of plants, i.e., 1000 ppm to 5000 ppm and exposure period. Maximum inhibition in egg hatching was found at 5000 ppm (86.5%) after seven days in the extract of P. amarus while least was observed in T. portulacastrum at 1000 ppm (10.6%). The findings indicate that the plant extracts were found lethal to J2s and also inhibit egg hatching. In pots under greenhouse conditions, the plants treated with both the doses (50 and 100 g/pot) of fresh chopped leaves of the selected botanicals significantly experienced the reduced infestations in relation to root gall index, egg masses/root system and nematode population/250 g soil. The P. amarus treated at 100 gm / pot showed highest nematicidal efficacy with the maximum reductions in all the pathological parameters as compared to the untreated uninoculated control simultaneously resulted in maximum increase of growth and physiological parameters of carrot such as shoot and root lengths, shoot and root fresh weights, shoot and root dry weights, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and nitrate reductase activity (NRA). The information derived from this study suggests that the leaves of P. amarus plant can be used for the management of M. incognita and could be a possible replacement for synthetic nematicides. Keywords: Aqueous extract, Chopped leaves, Egg hatching, Mortality, LC50M.incognita

The most carcinogenic form of HPV is the high-risk human papillomavirus 16 (hrHPV16). However, only a few hrHPV16 infections develop into cancer. Demographic variants within the HPV16 genotype have been proposed to give differentiation into carcinogenicity. To investigate the implications of the risk of hrHPV16 variants among women in Dhi-Qar province/Iraq, during the period from 2017 to 2020, a case–control review was done as a control for 93 women with cervical cancer and 60 healthy individuals. The age of patients varied from 32 to 78 years, and the majority of people with cervical cancer ranged from 43–52 years (37%) to 32–42 years (30%) and 63–78 years, respectively (20%). Moreover, most of the cases appeared in 2018 (36%) and 2019 (29%), while the fewest cases appeared in 2017 (17%) and 2020 (18%). Further, this showed a significant difference. Therefore, the present survey detected the highest hrHPV16 infections in 2019 (78%) and 2020 (69%). Lowest infections (47%) were reported in the year 2017. Viral infections were common among young women and the infection rate decreased among older women. On the other hand, the distribution of HPV16 infections according to cervical cancer stages showed that the highest infections appeared in stage IV (70%) followed by III (68%), II (60%), and stage 0 (60%). hrHPV16 infections increased in Dhi-Qar province/Iraq during recent years especially in young women, and are associated with cervical cancer progression.

Salinity is one of the most prominent environmental stress found in the cultivated crops worldwide because many of the crops are susceptible to soil salinization resulting from the accumulation of salts in the soil. Salinity alters the physiology and metabolism of plants by a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis, respiration, protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism that lead to a reduction in yield of many crops. To overcome this problem, plants grown in saline conditions are engineered with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR agriculturally important bacteria) that inhabited in the rhizosphere of the plant. Globally, about 20% of cultivable land, as well as 50% of cropland, is under salinity stress according to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The beneficial effects of PGPR in alleviating salt stress involve boosting key physiological and biochemical pathways, viz., water and nutrient uptake, photosynthetic machinery, ion homeostasis, regulation of osmotic balance, regulation of redox status, capacity, regulation of endogenous phytohormone level, and availability of volatile organic compounds for plants. Therefore, it is recommended that the application of PGPR is an effective means to combat salinity stress in agricultural fields, thereby enhancing world crop productivity. The main emphasis of the chapter is to evaluate the salinity tolerance mechanisms exhibited by PGPR.