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Objective: To determine the effectiveness of reduction of supracondylar fracture of the humerus with neurovascular injury and the role of exploration. Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Orthopedic Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar from July 2020 till July 2021 and children with supracondylar (Gartland type II and III) fracture of the humerus were included irrespective of neurovascular complication. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Mean and standard deviation was used for quantitative data. Frequency and percentages were used for qualitative data. Shapiro Wilk’s test was done to find the normality of the data. Results: Mean age of the 65 children with Gartland type 3 closed extension type supracondylar fractures was 7 years ± 1.5 years. The female to male ratio was 1:2.2. The right side was involved in 28 (43%) left sides in 37(57%) patients. The mechanism of injury in all cases was a history of fall. At presentation 40 patients (61%) had no signs of neurovascular involvement while 25 patients (38%) had signs and symptoms of various nerve injuries, 11 of anterior interosseous nerve injury, 8 median nerve, and 6 radial nerve injuries, and no ulnar nerve injury while 6 patients had absent radial pulse with well perfused, pink hands Conclusion: Thus we conclude that in most of the cases there is no need for exploration of vessel and nerve in supracondylar fracture with neurovascular injury if the fracture is reduced properly.

Objective: To compare the role of early versus delayed fixation of intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck in young population in terms of Avascular Necrosis (AVN) of Femoral Head. Material and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in Peshawar from January 2020 till June 2021 at the Department of Orthopedic Khyber Teaching Hospital and all patients with age 18 to 60 years who had the neck of femur fracture (Garden type 1 and 2 undisplaced and Garden type 3 and 4 displaced fracture) were included who presented within one week of fracture. Group 1 consisted of the early fixation group (fixated within 24 hours) while late group 2 consisted of the late fixation group (those who fixated after 24 hours). The development of AVN was assessed on follow-up X-ray at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Mean and standard deviation was used for quantitative data. Frequency and percentages were used for qualitative data. A p-value of ? 0.05 was taken as significant. Shapiro Wilk’s test was done to find the normality of the data. Results: The mean age of the 64 included patients was 52 ± 5 years. The male to female ratio was 1:1.5. The ratio of displaced to undisplaced fracture was 2:1. A total of 34 patients belonged to group 2 while 30 to group 1. In group 2, 9 patients with displaced fracture and 2 with undisplaced fracture experienced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. While in group 1, 8 patients with displaced fracture and 1 with undisplaced fracture experienced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. No significant effect of time delay on the chances of developing osteonecrosis of the femoral head was noted in group 2 even after a delay of 24 hours with a p-value of 0.201. Conclusion: We conclude that there is no significant difference in the outcome of femoral neck fracture whether it was fixed early or late.

Salicylic acid (SA) is a stress hormone synthesized in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and the branching acid pathway. SA has two interconvertible forms in plants: SAG (SA O-β-glucoside) and SA (free form). The molecular mechanism of conversion of SA to SAG had been reported previously. However, which genes regulate SAG to SA remained unknown. Here, we report a cytoplasmic β-glucosidase (β-Glu) which participates in the SA pathway and is involved in the brown hull pigmentation in rice grain. In the current study, an EMS-generated mutant brown hull 1 (bh1) displayed decreased contents of SA in hulls, a lower photosynthesis rate, and high-temperature sensitivity compared to the wild type (WT). A plaque-like phenotype (brown pigmentation) was present on the hulls of bh1, which causes a significant decrease in the seed setting rate. Genetic analysis revealed a mutation in LOC_Os01g67220, which encodes a cytoplasmic Os1βGlu4. The knock-out lines displayed the phenotype of brown pigmentation on hulls and decreased seed setting rate comparable with bh1. Overexpression and complementation lines of Os1βGlu4 restored the phenotype of hulls and normal seed setting rate comparable with WT. Subcellular localization revealed that the protein of Os1βGlu4 was localized in the cytoplasm. In contrast to WT, bh1 could not hydrolyze SAG into SA in vivo. Together, our results revealed the novel role of Os1βGlu4 in the accumulation of flavonoids in hulls by regulating the level of free SA in the cellular pool.