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Background: Urothelial carcinoma is the most common malignancy encountered in genitourinary tract. Urinary bladder cancer is the 7th most common malignant tumor worldwide. It is a disease of older age group. Objective: To determine the demographic characteristics of urinary bladder cancer and to analyze the cases of urothelial carcinoma according to gender, age, grade, invasion, histologic subtype, presenting complaints and pathologic stage of specimens. Study Design: Retrospective study. Settings: Pathology Department of Faisalabad Medical University from Department of Urology of Allied Hospital Faisalabad Pakistan. Duration: Three years (January 2015-December 2018). Methodology: Total 305 cases were included in this study. Results: 226 were male patients (74%), and 79 (26%) were females. Majority of the patients (62%) with urothelial carcinoma in this study were in their 5th and 6th decade of their life. Only 27 patients (8.8%) were below 40 years. Of total cases 149(48%) were of low grade, 150(49%) were of high grade and only 6 cases (2%) fell under the category of lesion named PUNLMP. 151(49%) cases were detrusor muscle invasive and 151(49%) were non-invasive and only 3 (1%) cases were found in which no muscle biopsy was identified. 99% of patients were diagnosed with commonest type of tumor that is transitional cell carcinoma, while only 3 (1%) cases were of transitional cell carcinoma with squamous differentiation. Painless visible hematuria was the most common presenting complaint (96%) followed by dysuria (3%) and storage symptoms (1%). Majority patients lie under the pathologic stage pT1(50%) then in pT2(48%). A significant co-relation was found between gender and a grade of tumor. Female patients (60%) presented with higher grade and aggressive disease. Patients of younger age group (below 40) were diagnosed with low grade carcinoma. Conclusion: Urothelial carcinoma is a disease of elderly people with a significant predominance of male patients. Painless hematuria is the most common presenting symptom.

Breast cancer is a complex disease that comprises of various biological sub-types with different natural history. Matrix metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1) expression has been reported to inversely correlate with the survival. The current study was conducted to classify breast cancer into four subtypes based on IHC, to assess the immunohistochemical expression of MMP-1 in primary breast carcinoma, to compare its expression with ER/PR and HER2/neu.A descriptive study was conducted on 100 mastectomy specimens of breast carcinoma after being fixed in 10% formalin at Department of Histopathology, University of Health Sciences Lahore. Sections were taken on frosted slides for HE and on lysine coated slides for immunohistochemistry (IHC). Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) and IHC for oestrogen receptor/progesterone receptor (ER/PR), HER2/neu and Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1) were performed according to protocol.The mean age was 48.4411.79 Years (ranging 25 to 90 years). 97 cases were of Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) type, two showed the features of invasive lobular carcinoma and only one case was found to be of mucinous type, 19 cases were found to be in grade I, 74 in grade II and seven cases were in grade III. Breast cancer has been classified into four major groups based on IHC profile ER/PR and HER2/neu expression. The groups were: Triple positive, ER/PR+, HER2-, ER/PR-, HER2/neu+ and triple negative) cases. Among 100 cases of breast cancer, 9 were of triple positive type, (ER/PR +, HER2/neu+), 28 cases were of ER/PR +, HER2- type, 19 were ER/PR-, HER2/neu +ve and 44 cases were of triple negative type (ER/PR-, HER2/neu-ve). 13 cases were of score 1 MMP-1out of which 7 (25.0%) were ER/PR+, HER2-, 1 (5.3%) case was ER/PR-, HER2/neu +ve and 5 (11.4%) cases were triple negative. Among 30 cases of MMP-1 score 4, 5(55.6%) cases were of triple positive type, 3 (10.7%) cases were of ER/PR +, HER 2/neu-ve type, 12(63.2%) cases were of ER/PR-, HER 2/neu+ve type, and 10 (22.7%) cases were of triple negative type. A significant p-value of0.05 was obtained.Among four IHC based subtypes, most frequent were triple negative breast cancers which showed high IHC score of MMP-I which is reported to be an important marker for metastatic potential in breast carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been increasing among Pakistani males. Aim: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the role of TGF-β-1 gene polymorphism as a risk factor in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected HCC patients in Pakistan. Patients & methods: A total of 286 subjects were recruited into three different groups (Group I: 96 healthy controls, Group II: 96 HCV, Group III: 94 HCC). Results: A significant increase in genotype and allele frequencies of TGF-β-1 gene was observed in HCC, HCV with OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.275–2.871; p > 0.05, OR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.12–2.51; p > 0.05 and OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.036–1.923; p > 0.05. Conclusion: A higher frequency of the TT genotype and T allele of the TGF-β-1 gene is observed in Pakistani HCV and HCC patients.

Nanomaterial-based strategies can overcome barriers faced by traditional antimicrobials, including antibiotic resistance. Nanomaterials containing antimicrobials can promptly be utilized as antiseptics as well as disinfectants for external use in ex vivo operations. The material structure can be customized to accomplish maximum selectivity toward microscopic organisms. Nanomaterials display a robust capacity to cure external skin diseases, incorporating healing organic layers. Nanomaterials have emerged as new tools that to combat deadly bacterial infections. In this chapter, we highlight the many nanomaterial-based approaches to eliminate bacterial infections, providing crucial insight into the design elements that play critical roles.

In recent years, researchers have developed tremendous interest in nanomaterial-based strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of neurological disorders. Currently, FDA-approved drugs are available on the market, but these have minimum efficiency owing to restrictions imposed by the blood-brain barrier. In this regard, the encapsulation of drugs by employing nanoparticles is an efficient scheme in imaging/diagnostic and therapeutic actions to targeted regions. The advantages of the nanocarrier drug delivery system involve the deeper penetration of drugs while their degradation is inhibited. This chapter discussed the potential application of nanotechnology in neurological disorders.

Therapeutic inventions in the biomedical field have led to a great achievement in increasing human life expectancy. Nevertheless, cardiovascular diseases represent a leading cause of morbidity and mortality all around the world. Among cardiovascular diseases, heart failure, myocardial infarction, coronary cardiac disease, and inflammatory heart disease are huge health issues. In this regard, various measures in addition to therapeutic drugs have been introduced to delay disease progress and raise the standard of living. Unfortunately, these conventional therapeutic modes only cure the associated symptoms, with no ability in regeneration or repairing of damaged tissue; they also cause severe side effects. Accordingly, there should be novel drugs and technologies to meet the inadequacies of conventional methods. Recent progress in nanotechnology presents an amazing prospect for the safe and reliable diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Nanomedicine deserves much of the interest and excitement it has generated in both the scientific community and the public. A wide range of innovations in nanomedicine stands to impact nearly every medical specialty. Owing to the potential for improving the quality and duration of life, nanomaterials have been proposed for use in diagnosis, tissue engineering, genomics, proteomics, and other areas of biomedicine. Nanomaterials from laboratory sites to clinical use are also very important. Many challenges are needed to overcome the nanomaterials for use in nanomedicines. Nanomaterials can address some of the most challenging problems of medical diagnosis and therapy. Some questions have been raised about the possible toxicities of nanomaterials. Therefore, this requires contributions from both physical and biological scientists. Communication between practitioners of both disciplines is a key to the success of nanomedicines.

Objectives: The most important prognostic factor in patients of breast carcinoma is axillary lymph node metastasis. Current study was conducted to find the frequency of lymph node metastasis in hundred cases of primary breast carcinoma and association of lymph node status with immunohistochemical expression of ER/PR,HER2/neu and MMP-1(matrix metalloproteinase-1).Design: Descriptive study. Period: Aug 2012 to Jun 2013. Setting: U.H.S laboratory of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology Lahore. Materials and methods:One hundred mastectomy specimens with axillary lymph node dissection were included. After gross examination, tissue processing and microtomy the tissue slices of 4 micrometer were taken on frosted and lysine coated slides. H/E and IHC for ER/PR,HER2/neu and MMP-1 were done according to protocol. Results: Among 100 breast cancer subjects, 72 were positive for lymph node metastasis while 28 subjects were negative. A significant association between lymph node status and ER IHC expression was noticed. When Chi square test was applied with p-value of 0.001 was observed.Also a significant association between lymph node status and PR IHC expression was noticed. Chi square test was applied and the p-value of 0.004 was obtained.Association between lymph node status and HER2/neu IHC expression was analysed. Chi square test was applied with a p-value of 0.467 was obtained (not significant).A significant association between lymph node status and MMP-1 IHC expression was observed. Chi square test was applied anda p-value of 0.004 was obtained. Conclusions: Most of the primary breast carcinomas were presented with axillary lymph node metastasis (72%).Significant associations were observed between lymph node status and ER/PR immuonohistochemical expressions however the association between HER2/neu IHC and lymph node status was not statistically significant. The immunohistochemical expression of MMP-1 is significantly associated with lymph node status. It shows that it is an important marker for metastatic potential in breast carcinoma.