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Persistent organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are hazardous trace contaminants frequently observed in food ingredients, such as edible oils. This study aimed to measure PAHs in forty brands of edible oils marketed in southwest Iran. Additionally, we characterized the daily intake of MOE and ILCR using Monte Carlo simulation. To analyze the content of PAHs, the liquid-liquid extraction method followed by GC-MS was utilized. The average concentration of PAHs was mostly lower than the maximum value for individual PAH (2 μg/Kg); however, the average concentration of fluorene (3.86 μg/Kg) and benzo(a)anthracene (3.13 μg/Kg) was more than the permitted level. The highest residual concentrations of PAHs were mostly observed in canola and corn oils. The daily intake of BaP and 4-PAH for 95% of consumers was 0.01 ng/kg BW/day and 0.04 ng/kg BW/day, respectively. Also, MOE was more than 10,000 for the percentiles of 5%, 50%, and 95%. The modeled ILCR showed that consumption of oil does not currently pose a cancer risk for Iranian consumers due to PAHs exposure. Concerning potential health risks, consumption of edible oils is safe; however, regular monitoring and assessment are required.

The biological agents are carried from deserts and dried lands to long distances by high dust volumes. Their adverse effects can be reduced by specifying and controlling dust sources and their related biological agents. Thus, the current work examined the relationship between the bacteria in air and soil samples by taking samples from the soil surface of two dust sources, as well as from air samples during spring from Khorramshahr and Abadan cities. The dust event is the most influential factor on airborne bacteria. There is an insignificant negative (-0.06), insignificant positive (0.14), and weak positive (0.24) correlation between airborne bacteria and UV radiation, relative humidity, and temperature, respectively. After preparing a 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) clone library from the soil and air samples, operational taxonomic unit picking and taxonomic assignment were conducted using QIIME Virtual Box. In the present work, Bacillus was the dominant species. The relationship between dust sources and air samples was determined by principal component analysis. Bacteria in the Hoor-Al-Azim dust source and airborne bacteria on dusty and non-dusty days showed a more significant correlation compared to bacteria in the Shadegan dust source. Source Tracker software was used to estimate the contribution of dust sources. The primary source of dust was associated with the dried areas of Hoor-Al-Azim on the non-dusty and dusty days. Finally, the long transport of airborne bacteria was assessed by moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the back trajectory model of Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) data. The research findings can help decision-makers prioritize dust sources to control the adverse effects of dust.

Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) are a new bio-electrochemical method for converting organic matter to hydrogen gas (H2). Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is hazardous wastewater that is mostly formed during the crude oil extraction process in the palm oil industry. In the present study, POME was used in the MEC system for hydrogen generation as a feasible treatment technology. To enhance biohydrogen generation from POME in the MEC, an empirical model was generated using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design (CCD) was utilized to perform twenty experimental runs of MEC given three important variables, namely incubation temperature, initial pH, and influent dilution rate. Experimental results from CCD showed that an average value of 1.16 m3 H2/m3 d for maximum hydrogen production rate (HPR) was produced. A second-order polynomial model was adjusted to the experimental results from CCD. The regression model showed that the quadratic term of all variables tested had a highly significant effect (P

This study presents a systematic study on sequential treatment of highly resistant landfill leachate by electrocoagulation (EC)/aeration, sulfate radical advanced oxidation process (SR-AOP) and electro-Fenton (EF). In case of SR-AOP, peroxymonosulfate (PMS) catalyzed by zero valent iron (ZVI) and ultraviolet irradiation (UV) system was developed. Treatment process was optimized in respect to COD removal. Analysis of results revealed that sequential application of EC/aeration, PMS/ZVI/UV, and EF processes provide an extraordinary performance and meet the environmental regulations. The source of iron for EF process was provided from previous process reducing the cost of sequential process. Separately, EC/aeration (inlet COD = 4040 mg/L), PMS/ZVI/UV (inlet COD = 1560 mg/L), and EF (inlet COD = 471 mg/L) removed 61, 69 and 82% of COD respectively. Overall, sequential processes of EC/aeration, PMS/ZVI/UV and EF could remove the COD, TOC and ammonia of the landfill leachate around 98%, 93% and 94%, respectively. The comparison of different sequences of following processes indicated that current configuration (EC/aeration-PMS/ZVI/UV-EF) could meet the discharge standards. Furthermore, humification degree was significantly improved after oxidative processes. Biodegradability study was also performed by means of BOD/COD, average oxidation state (AOS), and Zahn-Wellens test, and the best results associated with these indices were obtained 0.56, 2.37, and over 98%, respectively. Phytotoxicity of leachate was remarkably reduced and the final effluent can be considered as a non-phytotoxic wastewater.

Enhancing the degradation of ciprofloxacin in water using Oxone activated by urchin-like cubic and hollow-structured cobalt@N-doped carbon.

Nitrogen-containing phenolic contaminants (NCPCs) represent typical pollutants of industrial wastewaters. As catalytic reduction of NCPCs is a useful technique and Cu is an efficient metal catalyst, Cu-carboxylate frameworks (CuCF) are favorable materials. However, they are in powder form, making them difficult to use; thus, in this study, CuCF was grown on macroscale supports. Herein, we present a facile approach to develop such a CuCF composite by directly using a Cu mesh to grow CuCF on the mesh through a single-step electrochemical synthesis method, forming CuCF mesh (CFM). CFM could be further modified to afford CuCF mesh with amines (NH2) (CFNM), and CuCF mesh with carboxylates (COOH) (CFCM). These CuCF meshes are compared to investigate how their physical and chemical characteristics influenced their catalytic behaviors for reduction/hydrogenation of NPCPs, including nitrophenols (NPs) and dyes. Their nanostructures and surface properties influence their behaviors in catalytic reactions. In particular, CFCM appears to be the most efficient mesh for catalyzing 4-NP, with a much higher rate constant. CFCM also shows a significantly lower Ea (28.1 kJ/mol). CFCM is employed for many consecutive cycles, as well as convenient filtration-type 4-NP reduction. These CuCF meshes can also be employed for decolorization of methylene blue and methyl orange dyes via catalytic hydrogenation.

Landfill leachate is classified as special wastewater because it contains a large amount of hazardous materials that can lead to the pollution of surface water, generating polluted water with landfill leachate (PWLL) with high organic load. This study investigated the treatment of PWLL by peroxymonosulfate (PMS)/O3/UV process. The effects of several operating parameters such as pH, reaction time, O3 and PMS dosage were investigated in detail. The results showed that PMS/O3/UV removed total organic carbon (TOC) (74%), color (98%), ammonia (93%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (81%), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (69%) in 75 min at optimal conditions (pH=7, PMS=5 mM, O3=1.7 mg/min). According to the results, O3 and UV can well activate PMS and promote the ability of the process to remove TOC from PWLL. Adding ferrous ion to PMS/O3/UV increased the TOC removal efficiency (77%), but cobalt ions had no significant effect on the TOC removal. The elimination of TOC by the PMS/O3/UV process follows pseudo-first-order kinetic model with the reaction rate constant of 0.0203 min−1. Compared to peroxone/ UV, PMS/O3/UV showed high yield in TOC, COD, color and ammonia removal. Thus the PMS/O3/UV process can be a new approach for treatment of polluted water in low volume.

Aerobic oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-Diformylfuran (DFF) using O2 gas represents a sustainable approach for valorization of lignocellulosic compounds. As manganese dioxide (MnO2) is validated as a useful oxidation catalyst and many crystalline forms of MnO2 exist, it is critical to explore how the crystalline structures of MnO2 influence their physical/chemical properties, which, in turn, determine catalytic activities of MnO2 crystals for HMF oxidation to DFF. In particular, six MnO2 crystals, α-MnO2, β-MnO2, γ-MnO2, δ-MnO2, e-MnO2, and λ-MnO2 are prepared and investigated for their catalytic activities for HMF oxidation to DFF. With different morphologies and crystalline structures, these MnO2 crystals possess very distinct surficial chemistry, redox capabilities, and textural properties, making these MnO2 exhibit different catalytic activities towards HMF conversion. Especially, β-MnO2 can produce much higher DFF per surface area than other MnO2 crystals. β-MnO2 could achieve the highest CHMF = 99% and YDFF = 97%, which are much higher than the reported values in literature, possibly because the surficial reactivity of β-MnO2 appears to be highest in comparison to other MnO2 crystals. Especially, β-MnO2 could exhibit YDFF > 90% over 5 cycles of reusability test, and maintain its crystalline structure, revealing its advantageous feature for aerobic oxidation of HMF to DFF. Through this study, the relationship between morphology, surface chemistry, and catalytic activity of MnO2 with different crystal forms is elucidated for providing scientific insights into design, application and development of MnO2-based materials for aerobic oxidation of bio-derived molecules to value-added products.

In this study, hematite nanoparticles (HNPs) were used as the persulfate (PS) activator for the sonocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A (BPA). The physicochemical properties of the synthesized HNPs were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effect of different operational parameters (pH, nanoparticle dosage, persulfate concentration, and ultrasonic power) on catalytic activity were evaluated. The BPA degradation rate was improved when ultrasonic (US) irradiation was used simultaneously with HNPs for activating PS. According to the results, 98.94% of BPA (10 mg/L) was degraded within 15 min of reaction time at 4 mM persulfate and 0.01 g/L HNPs under ultrasonic irradiation of 250 W. The degree of mineralization of BPA was measured using chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 36.98% was achieved under optimum conditions. Quenching tests were done using different scavenger compounds; these showed that both hydroxyl and sulfate radicals were reactive species in BPA degradation. According to the results of reusability tests, the degradation efficiency decreased to 86.34%, indicating that HNPs can be recycled several times. All of the anions tested, but mainly hydrogen phosphate, had an inhibitory effect on BPA degradation. The results showed that the US/HNPs/PS process is effective for the degradation of the organic pollutants.

As sulfate-radical (SR)-based advanced oxidation processes are increasingly implemented, Oxone has been frequently-used for generation of SR. While Co3O4 nanoparticle (NP) has been widely-accepted as a promising catalyst for activating Oxone, Co3O4 NPs tend to aggregate in water, losing their reactivity. Thus, many attempts have immobilized Co3O4 NPs on supports, especially carbonaceous substrates, because combination of Co NPs with carbon substrates offers synergistic effects for boosting catalytic activities. Moreover, carbon substrates doped with hetero-atoms (N and S) further increase electron transfer and reactivity. Therefore, it is even promising to immobilize Co NPs onto N/S-doped carbon (NSC) to form Co-embedded NSC (denoted as CoNSC) for enhancing Oxone activation. In this study, a convenient and facile technique is proposed to prepare such a CoNSC via a simple carbonization treatment of a coordination polymer of Co and trithiocyanuric acid (TTCA). The resulting CoNSC exhibits the sheet-like hexagonal morphology with the core-shell configuration, and Co NPs are well-embedded into the N/S-doped carbonaceous matrix, making it an advantageous heterogeneous catalyst for Oxone activation. As Azorubine S (ARS) decolorization is employed as a model reaction of Oxone activation, CoNSC exhibits a higher catalytic activity than pristine Co3O4 and NSC for Oxone activation to decolorize ARS. In comparison to the other reported catalysts, CoNSC also possesses a much lower Ea for ARS decolorization. CoNSC can be also reusable and stable for Oxone activation over multiple cycles without loss of catalytic activity. These features validate that CoNSC is a promising and useful Co-based catalyst for Oxone activation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of photocatalytic ozonation process using graphene-dioxide titanium nanocomposite in removing Pentachlorophenol (PCP) from aqueous solutions. In this study, nanocomposites with graphene to TiO2(G/T) ratios of 1:10 and 1:20 were synthesized by hydrothermal method, and its characteristics were assessed using various analyses, SEM, XRD, FTIR, TEM, BET and TGA. In this process, the effects of parameters including O3 concentration (0.25–1.25 mg/L), nanocomposite concentration (50–500 mg/L), initial PCP concentration (10–100 mg/L), and time (10–60 min), were studied. The results showed that PCP removal efficiency was increased by decreasing solute concentration. Increasing nanocomposite dose to 100 mg/L was led to an increase in efficiency (99.1%), but then a decreasing trend was observed. Increasing the concentration of ozone, up to specific value, also enhanced the efficiency but then had a negative effect on process efficiency. Furthermore, the optimum ratio of the catalyst was determined to be 1:20. The highest efficiency of the process for initial pentachlorophenol concentration of 100 mg/L was obtained 98.82% in optimum conditions (catalyst dose of 100 mg/L and 60 min). It is concluded that the photocatalytic ozonation process using graphene-dioxide titanium nanocomposite had the highest efficiency in removal and mineralization of PCP.

Natural organic matter reacted with chlorine used for disinfection, and finally, trihalomethanes (THMs) are formatted. The main purpose of this study was to determine four THM concentrations and human health cancer risk and non-cancer risk assessment from exposure through oral ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation for males and females in Abadan. Two sampling sites were selected, and five samples before and after treatment by two different water treatment systems (RO and ion exchange) were collected every week. Results showed that total THM concentrations before and after treatment by RO were 98.1 and 8.88 μg/L, and ion exchange ranged between 101.9 and 14.96 μg/L, respectively, that before treatment was upper than the maximum of 80 mg/L recommended by USEPA. Inhalation was the primary route of exposure by around 80–90% of cancer risk. Total cancer risk was higher than the USEPA acceptable limit of 10−6 via three exposure routes. Oral route has the higher hazard index values than dermal ways.

Hematite nanoparticles (Fe2O3, HNPs) were synthesized to be used in washing machine wastewater treatment as a complex matrix. In order to activate persulfate (PS), HNPs and Ultraviolet-C (UVC) radiation were used to generate sulfate radicals due to photocatalytic activity of HNPs and higher energy input of UVC. The effect of operational parameters such as pH, catalyst dose, PS concentration and reaction time was investigated. The results showed that PS/UV/HNPs could remove organic pollutants from washing machine wastewater. Based on the results, the PS/UV/HNPs process can effectively remove chemical oxygen demand (COD) (77.5%) and total organic carbon (TOC) (65.9%) at optimal conditions (pH = 7, PS = 8 mM, HNPs =1.0 g/L) within 150 min. The COD and TOC removals followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model with the rate constants of 0.0109 and 0.0074 min−1, respectively. Reusability experiments revealed that HNPs could keep its performance for three-time use. The electrical energy was also calculated: 158.7 kWh/m3 is required to reach 77.5% COD removal. Based on the achieved results, it can be concluded that the PS/UV/HNPs process is an effective process for COD and TOC removals in washing machine wastewater.

As oxidative conversion of lignin-derived compound, vanillic alcohol (VA), to vanillin aldehyde (VL) represents as a useful process for lignocellulosic biomass valorization. While catalytic aerobic oxidation by Cu and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TPO) with O2 as an oxidant is proposed as a promising oxidative process for VA conversion, this conventional Cu/TPO employs homogeneous Cu ions and TPO, making recovery of homogeneous Cu ion and TPO from reaction media extremely challenging. Herein, Cu species and TPO are integrated into a single heterogeneous catalyst through a co-precipitation method to embed TPO into copper benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (CuBTC) metal organic frameworks (MOFs), forming a bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst. The resulting TPO-embedded CuBTC (TEC) retained the typical octahedral morphology and crystalline structure of CuBTC, while encapsulating TPO within CuBTC. The TEC exhibited higher conversion efficiencies of VA than the simple combination of pristine CuBTC and TPO. A higher TPO embedment in TEC, higher temperature and longer reaction time substantially enhanced VA oxidation, and thus TEC with 12.5 wt% of TPO embedment at 120 °C and 2-h reaction time could achieve CVA > 98%, SVL = 100% and YVL > 98%. The TEC is also proven to be reusable for continuous VA oxidation. These features indicate that TEC is a promising heterogeneous catalyst which incorporates the dual catalytic functions of Cu sites and TPO moieties into a catalytic system to continuously, effectively and selectively oxidize VA to VL.

Background: Dissolved air floatation (DAF) is one of the methods has been used for the sludge thickening in wastewater treatment plants. This study aimed to investigate the effects of coagulation and sonication processes as additional configurations on the efficiency of a lab-scale DAF process for thickening of the biological sludge of an industrial wastewater treatment plant in Kashan, Iran. Methods: The required amounts of sludge samples were collected from a wastewater treatment plant and kept at temperature of 4°C. Variables, such as pressure (3, 5, and 7 atm), flotation time (5 and 10 minutes), ultrasonic irradiation power (0, 75, and 150 W), and presence/absence of Fe-based coagulant were considered on a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) included coagulation, flotation, and sonication processes, respectively. Results: The use of ultrasonic waves led to an insignificant increase in the DAF efficiency (P>0.05), however, the application of coagulant significantly increased the thickening efficiency (PConclusion: According to the results, DAF has a proper efficiency for thickening of biological sludge. Coagulation compared to sonication has a greater effect on the efficiency of the process.

Landfill Leachate (LL) is considered an important environmental burden, being a high-strength wastewater with high organic load, considerable toxicity, dark color, as well as high concentrations of ammonium and dissolved solids. These characteristics render LL a difficult effluent to treat. Nowadays, the application of persulfate, as a novel treatment strategy, is increasing in the treatment of contaminated waters. LL has recently received great attention from researchers as a challenge for the performance evaluation of persulfate-based processes. This chapter focuses on describing LL treatment by persulfate-based processes as a hazardous wastewater. LL characterization and persulfate chemistry are introduced in the current chapter. Several persulfate activation methods and their applications on LL treatment have been discussed in detail. The following sections present LL persulfate-mediated treatment by different activation methods. (I) Homogeneous persulfate activation by transition metals, (II) heterogeneous persulfate activation by transition metals, (III) persulfate activation by high energy input (microwaves, heat, ultraviolet, and ultrasound), and (IV) other persulfate activation methods. Furthermore, a reflection on the current status, literature, and challenges of persulfate application for LL treatment is included. The topics included in this chapter can serve as a comprehensive guide for environmental engineers, in the successful development of persulfate application for LL treatment.

As UV-light stabilizers, Bis(4-hydroxy)benzophenone (BBP), are extensively consumed to quench radicals from photooxidation, continuous release of BPs into the environment poses serious threats to the ecology in view of their xenohormone toxicities, and BBP shall be eliminated from water to avoid its adverse effect. Since sulfate radical (SR)-based chemical oxidation techniques have been proven as effective procedures for eliminating organic emerging contaminants, this study aims to develop useful SR-based procedures through activating Oxone for degrading BBP in water. In contrast to the conventional Co3O4, cobalt sulfide (CoS) is particularly proposed as an alternative heterogeneous catalyst for activating Oxone to degrade BBP because CoS exhibits more reactive redox characteristics. As structures of catalysts predominantly control their catalytic activities, in this study, a unique nanoplate-assembled CoS (NPCS) 3D cluster is fabricated via a convenient one-step process to serve as a promising heterogeneous catalyst for activating Oxone to degrade BBP. With NPCS = 100 mg/L and Oxone = 200 mg/L, 5 mg/L of BBP can be completely eliminated in 60 min. The catalytic activity of NPCS towards Oxone activation also significantly surpasses the reference material, Co3O4, to enhance degradation of BBP. Ea of BBP degradation by NPCS-activated Oxone is also determined as a relatively low value of 42.7 kJ/mol. The activation mechanism as well as degradation pathway of BBP degradation by NPCS-activated Oxone was investigated and validated through experimental evidences and density functional theory (DFT) calculation to offer valuable insights into degradation behaviors for developing SR-based processes of BBP degradation using CoS catalysts.

UV-E-chlorination/hematite nanoparticles (UV/E-Cl/HNs) as a heterogeneous photocatalytic activation of electrogenerated chlorine was assessed for the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) as a new approach based on the generation of reactive chlorine and oxygen species. The prepared sample was characterized using multiple techniques, such as XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDS, and BET-BJH. An excellent decontamination efficiency of 99.4% was achieved within 40 min of electrolysis under optimum conditions (pH of 5, HNs dosage 100 mg/L, current density of 20 mA/cm

Owing to the rapid development of modern industry, a greater number of organic pollutants are discharged into the water matrices. In recent decades, research efforts have focused on developing more effective technologies for the remediation of water containing pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Recently, sulfate radicals-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) have been extensively used due to their high oxidizing potential, and effectiveness compared with other AOPs in PPCPs remediation. The present review provides a comprehensive assessment of the different methods such as heat, ultraviolet (UV) light, photo-generated electrons, ultrasound (US), electrochemical, carbon nanomaterials, homogeneous, and heterogeneous catalysts for activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS). In addition, possible activation mechanisms from the point of radical and non-radical pathways are discussed. Then, biodegradability enhancement and toxicity reduction are highlighted. Comparison with other AOPs and treatment of PPCPs by the integrated process are evaluated as well. Lastly, conclusions and future perspectives on this research topic are elaborated.

The effect of the zeta potential of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) and carbocatalyst on the activation of persulfate was investigated. The oxidation experiments were performed on three different compounds, with variously modified nZVI and three distinct carbocatalysts. From the obtained results, an evident linear correlation between nanoparticles’ zeta potential and reaction rate constants of these three compounds oxidation may be observed. This phenomenon is not mechanism-specific and occurs for the radical and non-radical processes. The present work indicates the critical influence of the surface charge of nZVI and carbocatalysts on the persulfate catalytic activation.

Sunset yellow (SY) dye removal from aqueous solution was assessed by ultrasound/peroxymonosulfate/CuFe2O4 nanoparticles. CuFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized and their properties were well determined by several advanced techniques. The effects of pH, catalyst dosage, peroxymonosulfate (PMS) concentration, and ultrasound (US) intensity were investigated on the decolorization. The best results (95.8% removal) were observed at pH=7, CuFe2O4= 25 mg/L, PMS=1.5 mM, US=200 W and 30 min. Nitrite and bicarbonate ions demonstrated high inhibition effect on the decolorization. PMS depicted high activity in the presence of CuFe2O4 compared to S2O 8 2- and H2O2. Around 40% reduction in the decolorization was observed in reusability experiments. Sulfate and hydroxyl radicals were the major species of SY degradation based on quenching experiments. A mineralization of 50% was obtained only in 30min reaction time. This process can be effective for the destruction of organic dyes in colored wastewater.

A graphite felt/magnetite nanocomposite (GFMN) was synthesized and the corresponding characteristics were studied through X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Catalytic activity of GFMN was investigated on peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation to decolorize acid yellow 36 (AY36). Complete decolorization was obtained under conditions of PMS = 2 mM, 128 mg/L GFMN, pH = 6 and 25 min time. Heat regeneration of GFMN was an efficient method for six cycles of reuse. GFMN also exhibited high activity for the activation of other chemical oxidants (persulfate, hydrogen peroxide and percarbonate) to degrade AY36. Both radicals (SO 4 − and HO ) were responsible in the degradation of AY36. Intermediates of AY36 degradation were identified and a plausible pathway was proposed. Overall, GFMN was a reusable, efficient and stable nanocomposite for catalytic degradation of organic pollutants.

In current work, electrocoagulation (EC)/ozone process was applied for the treatment of greywater. The effects of several parameters were studied on chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) removals from greywater. The results showed that 85% of COD and 70% of TOC were removed during 60 min electrolysis time, at pH = 7.0, 47.4 mg/L ozone and 15 mA/cm2 current density. EC with Fe electrode exhibited high catalytic activity for ozone activation in contrast with Al electrode. According to the results, ozone had a superior compared to other chemical oxidant (peroxidisulfate, peroxymonosulfate and hydrogen peroxide) in combination with EC process for greywater treatment. UV irradiation improved the performance of EC/ozone considerably while ultrasound could not affect EC/ozone process. In the presence of UV irradiation, 95% of COD and 87% of TOC were eliminated. Moreover, 4 logs of total coliform and 96% of Escherichia coli were removed by EC/ozone/UV process. The calculated costs of EC/ozone and EC/ozone/UV were 1.9 and 4.03 $/m3 respectively. Hereupon, current system is an efficient and executable process for the treatment and disinfection of greywater.

Dust events impose negative socio-economic, health, and environmental impacts in vulnerable areas and reflect physiochemical and biological characteristics of their sources. The purpose of this study was to assess the impacts and contribution of two dust sources on concentration and diversity of airborne fungi in one of the most frequent dusty area in the world. Air masses arriving at study area were assessed using ground wind rose and HYSPLIT model. To explore the relationship between fungi in dust sources and downwind area, the sampling was carried out from airborne dust in Arvand Free Zone as targets areas and soil of dried part of Hor-alazim and Shadegan wetlands as sources areas. The samples were analyzed in the lab to extract DNA, PCR and sequencing. The Raw DNA data were processed using Qiime virtual box to pick OTUs and taxonomy assignments. The most common fungi at the Genus level were in the order of Penicillium > Aspergillus > Alternaria > Fusarium > Paradendryphiella > Talaromyces. The similarity between air and soil fungal genera was investigated using richness and diversity indices estimation, phyloghenetic tree, PCA analysis. results show the ambient fungi community structures in Hor alazim, and Shadegan dust sources were more similar to those on dusty days than non-dusty days. To quantify the contributions of known dust sources to airborne fungi, Source tracker model was used. Results show that the main known airborne fungi sources were the Hor-alazim in dusty and non-dusty days. This study's results can help managers to identify and prioritize dust sources in terms of fungal species.

Dust events impose negative socio-economic, health, and environmental impacts on vulnerable areas and reflect their sources’ physiochemical and biological characteristics. This study aimed to assess the impact of two dust sources on the concentration and diversity of airborne fungi in one of the dustiest areas in the world. This study is the first attempt to investigate the relationship between dust sources fungal community and those in airborne dust. Also, the contribution of dust sources to airborne fungi was estimated. Air masses arriving at the study area were assessed using local wind rose and the HYSPLIT model. Sampling was carried out from airborne dust at the Arvand Free Zone as target areas and soil in the dried parts of the Hor al-Azim and Shadegan wetlands as source areas to explore the relationship between fungi in the dust sources and the downwind area. The samples were analyzed in the lab to extract DNA. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the rDNA gene were amplified using the primers ITS1F and ITS4, and then PCR products were sent to the lab for sequencing. The raw DNA data were processed using the QIIME virtual box to pick operational taxonomic units and taxonomy assignments. The most common fungi at the genus level were in the order of Penicillium > Aspergillus > Alternaria > Fusarium > Paradendryphiella > Talaromyces. The similarity between air and soil fungal genera was investigated using richness and diversity indices, the phylogenetic tree, and principal component analysis. The results showed that the community structures of ambient fungi in the Hor al-Azim and Shadegan dust sources were more similar to those on dusty days than non-dusty days. The source tracker model was used to quantify the contributions of known dust sources to airborne fungi. The results showed that the main source of airborne fungi was Hor al-Azim on dusty and non-dusty days. This study’s results can help managers identify and prioritize dust sources regarding fungal species.