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Abstract This study aims to assess the kinetics of Fischer–Tropsch (FT) reaction over the cobalt-manganese nanoparticles supported by silica oxide. Nanoparticles were synthesized by the thermal decomposition method using "[Co(NH3)4CO3]MnO4" complex and characterized by XRD, TEM, and BET techniques. The kinetics of the process were evaluated using a combination of Langmuir–Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) and response surface methodology. Correlation factors of 0.9902 and 0.962 were obtained for the response surface method (RSM) and LHHW, respectively. The two methods were in good agreement, and the results showed that the rate-determining step was the reaction of the adsorbed methylene with the adsorbed hydrogen atom, and only carbon monoxide molecules were the most active species on the catalyst surface. A temperature of 502.53 K and a CO partial pressure of 2.76 bar are proposed as the optimal conditions by RSM analysis. The activation energy of CO consumption reaction was estimated to be 61.06 kJ/mol.

Background: Anosmia is a physical sign in post-traumatic patients, which significantly reduces the quality of life. Anosmia occurs in up to 30% of cases with head trauma. In this study we aimed to compare the Olfactory Bulb Volume (OBV) in patients with posttraumatic anosmia in different impact positions and also with healthy individuals to find the relation between the two variables. Methods: Thirty-eight patients with posttraumatic anosmia and 27 healthy individuals with normal olfactory function were recruited in this case-control study performed in Amir Alam Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Variables of age, sex, time of trauma, site of trauma (frontoparietal/occipital), side of trauma, OBV, the results of olfactory identification tests and olfactory threshold were extracted and evaluated. We used non-contrasted 1.5-Tesla coronal brain MRI for the measurement of OBV.Results: There were no significant differences between cases and controls regarding sex and age. Olfactory bulb volume was significantly smaller in cases compared to the controls (P=0.004). Among the case group, OBV was smaller in anterior versus posterior head traumas (P=0.02). OBV was also smaller in ipsilateral rather than the contralateral side of trauma (P=0.01). Conclusion: The direction of trauma had a significant effect on OBV and it was smaller in traumas to the anterior and also ipsilateral sides of the head. It seems that changes in OBV differ due to the direction of head trauma and it can be helpful in predicting the prognosis of posttraumatic anosmia. Further studies are required for more conclusive statements.

Abstract Community‐acquired necrotizing pneumonia is a rare but potentially fatal infection, mainly caused by specific pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Escherichia coli is extremely rare as a pathogen for community‐acquired necrotizing pneumonia, typically accompanied with bloodstream infection. Here, we report an unusual case of a 60‐year‐old man with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and no bloodstream infections, who had severe necrotizing E. coli pneumonia leading to massive hemoptysis and death. Clinicians should be aware of this pathogen in respiratory infections, as it requires immediate pathogen detection and usually aggressive antibiotic treatment.

Clinical Key Message In patients receiving anti‐TNF‐α drugs for ankylosing spondylitis, monitoring purpuric and ischemic skin lesions is crucial. This case underscores the significance of identifying and addressing drug‐induced vasculitis while stressing the necessity for prompt evaluation and exploration of alternative treatment options to safeguard patient well‐being. Abstract The case discusses a 38‐year‐old female with a history of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) who presented with skin lesions, including purpuric skin lesions and ischemia of her right foot digits, after initiating treatment with adalimumab. After excluding other potential causes, such as infections and malignancies, the patient received a diagnosis of moderate‐sized vascular vasculitis associated with adalimumab use. Discontinuation of adalimumab and treatment with high dose glucocorticoids and intravenous pulse of cyclophosphamide resulted in the resolution of her ischemic lesions. This case underscores the importance of considering drug‐related side effects in patients with new skin lesions, particularly in the context of rheumatic diseases such as AS.

IntroductionA potential overlap in symptoms between post-acute COVID-19 syndrome and post-COVID-19 vaccination syndrome has been noted. We report a paired description of patients presenting with similar manifestations involving the central (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS) following SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination, suggesting that both may have triggered similar immune-mediated neurological disorders in the presence of anti-idiotype antibodies directed against the ACE2 protein.Patients and methodsFour patients exhibited overlapping neurological manifestations following SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination: radiculitis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, and MRI-negative myelitis, respectively, sharing positivity for anti-ACE2 antibodies. Autoantibodies against AQP-4, MOG, GlyR, GAD, and amphiphysin, onconeural antibodies for CNS syndromes, and anti-ganglioside antibodies for PNS syndromes tested negative in all patients.DiscussionAnti-idiotype antibodies against ACE2 have been detected in patients who recovered from COVID-19 infection, and it has been hypothesized that such antibodies may mediate adverse events following SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination, resulting in the activation of the immune system against cells expressing ACE2, such as neurons. Our data reveal clinically overlapping syndromes triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination, sharing positivity for anti-ACE2 antibodies. Their presence, in the absence of other classic autoimmune markers of CNS or PNS involvement, suggests that they might play an active role in the context of an aberrant immune response.ConclusionAnti-idiotype antibodies directed against ACE2 may be triggered by both SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, possibly contributing to neurological autoimmune manifestations. Their pathogenic role, however, remains to be demonstrated in large-scale, more structured studies.

The main object of the present study is focused on the systematic processing heat-input design based on directed energy deposition (DED) methodology, enrolling carbon steel phase transformation to control the mechanical properties. Three different 4-layer low-carbon alloy steel (ER70S-6) walls are fabricated to investigate this matter with varying heat-inputs. To justify heat-inputs, single layers by metal-inert gas (MIG) welding with different heat-inputs were carried out, and the results were used as input data to the 4-layers fabrication. In addition, to get a more homogenous structure, some walls' heat-inputs have descended from the first layer to the top layer. The microstructural studies show that reducing heat-input causes a higher solidification rate and the formation of finer columnar grains, which significantly affects the mechanical properties. Electron microscopy analysis reveals that a higher cooling rate in the wall with descending heat-input from bottom to top (496 J/mm to 382 J/mm), motivates formation of the acicular ferrite and bainite, which significantly enhances the mechanical properties. The exceptional tensile toughness of the wall, ∼28.86 GPa%, with an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of ∼740 MPa, yield stress of ∼560 MPa, and an elongation to failure of ∼38 % depicted the impact of fine and multi-constituents' microstructure by heat-input control.

Classroom structure includes organizing and designing the class. Based on the theory of achievement, the context and structure of the educational environment affect student's performance, motivation, and emotion. The present study was conducted to find out whether the perception of classroom structure can predict mental health of the students? The design of this research was correlation. Participant includes 287 pupils (140 girls and 147 boys) at Shirazhigh school students, Iran, selected by multistage cluster random sampling method. In this study, the depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS 21) and perceived classroom structure questionnaire were used. The results of the research were analysed by SPSS_16 and it was shown that, all three dimensions of DASS_21 had a negative correlation with task and authority, while there was a positive correlation with harsh evaluation and DASS_21 subscales. In addition, the component of task predicted stress and total score of DASS, negatively. Harsh evaluation predicted depression, anxiety, stress and total score of DASS, positively. The results of this research consistent with literature showed a significant relationship between perception of classroom structure and mental health of the high school students.

Abstract Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is widespread worldwide. On the other hand, social inequality and socioeconomic status (SES) can affect all aspects of health. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between SES indicators and NAFLD. Methods This was a cross-sectional study using data from the registration phase of the Hoveyzeh Cohort Study, which included 10,009 individuals aged 35–70 years from May 2016 to August 2018. Fatty liver disease was determined based on Fatty Liver Index (FLI). The crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated by logistic regression analysis to estimate associations between the fatty liver index and SES after controlling the potential confounders. Results According to the FLI index, there were 2,006 people with fatty liver (28%) and 5,246 people without fatty liver (72%). Several 4496 people (62%) were women. The chi-square test showed significant relationships between the educational level and skill level (P

BackgroundThere is little information on the trajectory and developmental fate of Lin-CD34+DNAM-1bright CXCR4+ progenitors exiting bone marrow during systemic inflammation.ObjectiveTo study Lin-CD34+DNAM-1bright CXCR4+ cell circulation in cancer patients, to characterize their entry into involved lung tissue and to characterize their progenies.MethodsFlow cytometric analysis of PBMC from 18 patients with lung cancer on samples collected immediately before the first and the second treatment was performed to study Lin-CD34+DNAM-1bright CXCR4+ precursors. Precursors were purified (>99%) and cultured in vitro from all patients. Paired PBMC and tissue samples from patients undergoing tumor resection were analyzed by flow cytometry to assess tissue entry and compare phenotype and developmental potential of Lin-CD34+DNAM-1bright CXCR4+ cells in both compartments.ResultsSignificant circulation of Lin-CD34+DNAM-1bright CXCR4+ precursors was observed 20d after the first treatment. Precursors express CXC3CR1, CXCR3, CXCR1 consistent with travel towards inflamed tissues. Flowcytometric analysis of lung tissue samples showed precursor presence in all patients in tumor and neighboring uninvolved areas. Successful purification and in vitro culture from both blood and lung tissue generates a minor proportion of maturing NK cells (85%) of α/β T-progenies with innate-like phenotype expressing NKG2D,NKp30,DNAM-1. Innate-like maturing T-cells in vitro are cytotoxic, can be triggered via NKR/TCR co-stimulation and display broad spectrum Th1,Th2 and Th1/Th17 cytokine production.ConclusionIn advanced stage lung cancer CD34+DNAM-1brightCXCR4+ inflammatory precursors increase upon treatment, enter involved tissues, generate functional progenies and may thus represent an additional player contributing to immune balance in the highly SDF-1/CXCR4-biased pro-metastatic tumor microenvironment.

Leishmaniases and Chagas disease pose significant health challenges, particularly in tropical regions among impoverished communities. These conditions prevail in areas characterized by limited resources and have necessitated the continuous development of various techniques for the detection and identification of causative parasites of both diseases since the early 20th century. The demand for rapid, sensitive, and practical diagnostic tools, especially for point-of-care applications, has led to the exploration of biosensors as a promising approach to addressing this critical need. This review discusses Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technology, as a robust and sensitive tool to assess proteins from Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi, as well as their interplay within host organisms. Closely related methodologies, encompassing both SPR and SPR Imaging (SPRi), underscoring their contributions to unraveling the intricate dynamics inherent to the host-parasite interface are addressed. Furthermore, practical aspects of SPR experimentation, including the utilization of sensor chips featuring self-assembled monolayer-based gold surfaces and non-cross-linked carboxymethylated dextran, are shown as an update on our understanding of SPR assays in the context of molecular recognitions within the parasite-host interaction framework. Recent discoveries encompassing parasite biology, interactions with compounds relevant to chemotherapy, and the intricate interplay of cellular, humoral, and innate immune responses, all facilitated by SPR technology are discussed.

BACKGROUND: Long-term implant durability is a key concern when considering total hip arthroplasty (THA) in young patients. The ideal bearing surface used in these patients remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to analyze trends in THA bearing surface use from 2006 to 2016 using a large, pediatric national database. METHODS: This was a retrospective review from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2016, using the Kids Inpatient Database. International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision and 10th revision codes were used to identify patients who underwent THA and create cohorts based on bearing surfaces: metal-on-metal, metal-on-polyethylene, ceramic-on-polyethylene (CoP), and ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC). Annual utilization of each bearing surface and associated patient and hospital demographics were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 1004 THAs were identified during the 11-year study period. The annual number of THAs performed increased by 169% from 2006 to 2016. The mean patient age was 17.1 years. The most prevalent bearing surface used in 2006 was CoC (37.3%), metal-on-metal (31.8%) in 2009, and CoP in 2012 and 2016 (50.6% and 64.8%, respectively). From 2006 to 2016, utilization of CoP increased from 5.0% to 64.8%, representing a 1196% increase over the study period. CONCLUSIONS: The number of THAs performed in pediatric patients is increasing significantly. Although CoC was previously the most commonly used bearing surface in this patient population, CoP is currently the most common. Further investigation is needed to determine whether bearing longevity and clinical outcomes with CoP are superior to other bearing surfaces.

Background: Hemoglobin J is one of the fast hemoglobin that has a more negative charge due to β77His→Asp substitution. Acquisition of this hemoglobin is not associated with any specific clinical sign, but the combination of this hemoglobinopathy with beta-thalassemia and other hemoglobinopathies can cause challenges. Case Presentation: In this article, two cases with hemoglobin J are introduced; the first patient for premarital testing and the other for his fatigue. The hemoglobin electrophoresis was done by Sebia capillary zone electrophoresis and Hb J as heterozygote and homozygote were determined. Conclusion: It must be noted that although this hemoglobinopathy is not related to any problem alone but could be confusing in combination with other hemoglobinopathies or thalassemia. In this paper, these two cases are introduced and an attempt was made to investigate the importance of molecular follow-up.

Iranians have faced the problem of water shortage since ancient times, and this has caused great ideas in various fields of water extraction, storage, and transfer, such as reservoirs and Qanats. On the other hand, the high consumption of water for various purposes of drinking, agriculture, and industry has reduced the running and underground water resources. With the help of technology and science, new methods have been created to absorb water from air humidity. In one of these methods, obstacles are placed in the path of air movement, and when the air hits them, water molecules suspended in the air are absorbed and transferred to a specific tank. In this research, we investigated the process of absorbing water from air humidity, aiming to achieve the composition of the water extraction device with the help of architectural elements such as solar chimneys, towers, volume, and aspect of the building. Descriptive-analytical research methods and library studies (examination of similar samples in different regions of the world), related software (drawing, analysis), field surveys have been used, and villages that have the necessary capacity in terms of climate have been identified. The results show that The villages of Tehran's Firouzkoh region, including Amin Abad village, are suitable areas for extracting water from air humidity; because these areas are located on the southern slope of the Alborz mountain range and have characteristics such as humidity above 50%, the required direction and prevailing wind, sunlight, slope and suitable features of the land. These factors cause the production of fog in the valleys and create the ability to harvest water from the fog. The method of extracting water from the fog by three-dimensional water-absorbing fabric is proposed. By selecting and placing the device, architectural design in harmony with the specific features of the region, and the use of absorbent curtains with a high percentage of water absorption, the desired result can be achieved. The proposed method can provide water for the daily use of 8 selected residential units in this village without depending on water sources and energy generators.

Plenty of methods have been introduced to treat the consumed water where the advantages and disadvantages of each method define their applications. Advanced oxidation processes have become a scientific trend due to high removal efficiency. As one of the AOP methods, heterogeneous Fenton method has received plenty of interest because of its high operational capability. In this study, cellulose/CuBDC/Fe3O4 nanocomposite was utilized as heterogeneous Fenton catalyst to remove Direct Blue 71 toxic dye from aqueous media. The catalyst was synthesized as granulated beads to eliminate the operational limitations of utilizing powdered catalysts. The catalysts were characterized by SEM, EDX, FTIR and XRD analysis to validate the successful synthesis procedure. The effects of each component of the nanocomposite on the removal efficiency were investigated. The effective operation of independent parameters such as the initial dye concentration, H2O2 concentration and catalyst dosage were modeled and optimized by RSM design of experiments method. At the optimum point, the removal efficiency of 86.93% was achieved. In addition, the COD of the wastewater was decreased by 73.52%, which demonstrated the high potential of granulated cellulose/CuBDC/Fe3O4 nanocomposite in decomposing organic matter to H2O, CO2, NO2 and SO2. The prepared granulated catalysts retain their removal characteristics over 8-cycle operation.

BackgroundAlthough previous reports link exposure to insulating materials with an increased risk of mesothelioma and chronic respiratory diseases, studies evaluating their associations with the risk of coronary artery diseases (CAD) are lacking.AimsWe aimed at evaluating the associations between exposure to insulating materials and the 10-year risk of CAD among insulators.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we recruited 643 adults (≥18 years), full-time insulators from the Local 110 Heat and Frost Insulators and Allied Workers Union in Edmonton, Alberta. We obtained demographic information, personal and family history, and job-exposure history, including experience (years) and types of exposure to insulating materials. Clinical profiling including Framingham risk scores (FRS) was assessed.ResultsOf all insulators, 89% were men (mean ± SD age: 47 ± 12 years), 27% had a parental history of cardiac diseases, and 22% had a comorbid chronic respiratory disease. In total, 53% reported exposure to asbestos, while 61, 82, and 94% reported exposure to ceramic fibers, fiberglass, and mineral fibers, respectively. In single-exposure multivariable regression models adjusted for experience, marital status, and body mass index (BMI), asbestos was found to be associated with higher FRS (β: 1.004; 95%CI: 0.003–2.00). The association remained consistent in multi-exposure models and a higher association was found between asbestos exposure and FRS among insulators with comorbid chronic respiratory disease.ConclusionOur study demonstrates that apart from cancer and chronic respiratory diseases, asbestos exposure may also have a cardiac effect, thus warranting the need for systematic surveillance to protect workers from the adverse effects of these materials.

Conventional fossil-based energy sources have numerous environmental demerits; sustainable and renewable sources are attracting the undivided attention of researchers owing to their valuable physical and chemical features. Several industrial-scale technologies are employing hydrogen as a green energy source as the most preferential source. Not only is hydrogen a potent energy carrier but also it is not detrimental to the environment. Among many other hydrogen production processes, steam reforming of methanol (SRM) is deemed a practical method due to its low energy consumption. Cu, Ni, noble metals, etc., are the salient catalysts in SRM. Many researchers have conducted thorough studies incorporating improvement of the catalysts’ activity, mechanism predictions, and the impacts of operational parameters and reformers. This review concentrates on the SRM catalysts, supports, promoters, and the effect of the operational parameters on the process efficiency and H2 production yield. In this regard, the methanol conversion, H2 and CO selectivity, and operating parameters are notably contingent on the surface characterization and chemistry of the catalysts. Herein, Cu-, Ni-, and noble metal-based catalysts on various metal oxide supports, such as Al2O3 and ZnO, are assessed meticulously in the SRM process from the standpoint of mechanism and catalyst characterization. Most of the peer-reviewed studies had encountered agglomeration, metal particle sintering at high temperatures, coke formation, and deactivation of catalysts as the prevalent barriers. Hence, the novel methods of conquering the above-mentioned obstacles are evaluated in this review. Employment of diverse synthetic methods, bimetallic catalysts, distinct catalyst promoters, and unconventional supports, such as metal–organic frameworks, carbon nanotubes, and zeolites, are the salient routes to overcome the metal dispersion and thermal stability issues. In addition, the influence of operational parameters (temperature of the process, steam/carbon ratio, and feed flow rate) has been weighed painstakingly, along with introducing the research gap and future perspectives in the territory of SRM catalysts.