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3. Unintended Consequences of National Climate Policy on International Electricity Markets—Case Finland’s Ban on Coal-Fired Generation

Author

Farsaei, Anahita, Syri, Sanna, Olkkonen, Ville, Khosravi, Ali, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Energy efficiency and systems, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University

Subjects
decarbonization, lcsh:T, CO2 emission, electricity import, lcsh:Technology
Abstract

Finland has adopted a high profile in climate change mitigation. A national target of achieving carbon neutrality by 2035 has been declared. As a part of this, the use of coal for energy purposes has been banned from May 2029 onwards. The Nordic electricity market was a world fore-runner in creating a liberalized, multi-national electricity market in the 1990s. At present, the electricity systems of Finland, Sweden, and Norway are already very low-carbon. The Baltic countries Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania joined the Nordic market about a decade ago. Estonian electricity production is the most carbon-intensive of all the EU countries due to the extensive use of domestic oil shale. Especially Lithuania still suffers from capacity deficit created by the closure of the Soviet time nuclear reactor Ignalina in Lithuania. This paper presents the ambitions of the EU and national level energy and climate policies and models the multi-national impacts of Finland’s forthcoming closure of coal-fired generation. We also take into account Sweden’s planned decrease in nuclear generation. We find that these national-level policies have an impact on the Baltic countries as reduced import possibilities and increasing electricity prices, and the expected rise of the EU CO2 allowance prices amplifies these. We further find that the abandonment of coal and nuclear power plants increases the net import and increases CO2 emissions in neighboring regions.

Published
2020

6. Wind power impact on market power on the Finnish electricity market

Author

Farsaei, Anahita, Insinööritieteiden korkeakoulu, Syri, Sanna, Hansson, Helena, Farsaei, Anahita, Insinööritieteiden korkeakoulu, Syri, Sanna, and Hansson, Helena

Abstract

Wind power has been the fastest growing form of electricity production worldwide since the 1990s. In Finland we have seen a remarkable increase in wind power from 2011 onwards. Numerous small wind power companies have entered the market since then. Finland has together with the Nordic countries been a forerunner in the deregulation of its electricity market. In a deregulated electricity market prices are pushed down due to competition between producers instead of being regulated by an authority. If the market is lacking competition, a market participant can control the prices in their favour, and is then said to exercise market power. Wind power, and its rapid growth, can have affected the competition on the market. Therefore the impact of wind power on market power potential on the Finnish wholesale electricity market is studied. To analyse the market power potential, two well-known indices were chosen, the Herfindahl-Hirschman-index and the Lerner index. The HHI gives an overview of the market concentration for one year at the time based on the companies’ installed capacities. The Lerner index shows the hourly price-cost margin on the electricity market taking wind power production into account in the calculations. The HHI is calculated for years 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2018 to overview the development of wind power. The Lerner index is calculated to take a closer look into the years 2015-2018. With low HHI-values, the market has been unconcentrated and developed towards less concentration, which implies less potential for market power, as wind power capacity has increased. This is due to the large amount of small wind power companies that have entered the market. The Lerner index does not show a strong connection with wind power production, but a trend of the Lerner index following the spot price can be seen. We can see an impact of wind power as the highest Lerner index values occur with low wind power and accordingly, the low Lerner index values occur with high wi, Vindkraft har sedan 1990-talet varit den snabbast växande elproduktionsformen i världen. I Finland började tillväxten år 2011, varefter ett flertal små vindkraftsproducenter har kommit in på marknaden. Finland har tillsammans med de övriga Nordiska länderna varit en föregångare inom liberaliseringen av elmarknaden. På den öppna elmarknaden drivs priserna ner tack vare konkurrens mellan producenterna, istället för att kontrolleras av en myndighet. Om konkurrensen är bristfällig kan en producent driva upp marknadspriserna till sin fördel och sägs då ha marknadsinflytande. Vindkraft kan med sin snabba tillväxt ha påverkat konkurrensen på elmarknaden. Därför undersöks vindkraftens inverkan på marknadsinflytande på den finska elmarknaden. För att analysera marknadsinflytande används två välkända index, Herfindahl-Hirschman-indexet och Lerner indexet. HHI ger en överblick av marknaden på årsnivå, på basis av producenternas installerade kapacitet. Lerner indexet ger den rela-tiva skillnaden mellan pris och marginalkostnader för varje timme. I beräkningarna tas också vindkraftsproduktionen i beaktande. HHI är beräknat för åren 2005, 2010, 2015 och 2018 för att ge en överblick över utvecklingen av vindkraft i Finland. Lerner indexet räknas för att ge en djupare inblick i de närmaste åren, för åren 2015-2018. HHI-indexet ger låga värden, vilket betyder låg koncentration på marknaden. Då mera vindkraft installerats har marknaden utvecklats mot ännu lägre koncentration, vilket tyder på lägre risk för marknadsinflytande. Detta beror på den höga siffran små vindkraftsproducenter som har kommit in på marknaden. Lerner indexet visar inte på en tydlig inverkan av vindkraft. Istället kan vi se en trend där Lerner indexets värde följer marknadens spotpris. Vindkraftens påverkan kan ses i och med att de högsta Lerner index värdena uppmäts vid låg vindkraftsproduktion medan de lägsta Lerner index värdena uppmäts vid hög vindkraftsproduktion. I motsats till HHI, ger Lerner indexet höga v

Published
2019

7. Trade-off Curves and Elasticity Analysis in Multi Fuel Options System and Combined Problem

Author

NAZEMİ, Ali, GHADERİ, Seyed Farid, MOGHADAM, Shadi Khalil, and FARSAEİ, Anahita

Subjects
lcsh:GE1-350, emission elasticity, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, iranian electricity market, combined economic-emission dispatch, Combined economic-emission dispatch,Emission elasticity,Iranian electricity market,Multi objective optimization model,ε-Constraint, ε-constraint, lcsh:HD9502-9502.5, multi objective optimization model, lcsh:Environmental sciences, lcsh:Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade
Abstract

Recent environmental concerns and policies have reformulated the traditional economic dispatch problem by including the emission impacts in the mathematical model. The combined economic and emission dispatch problem is a multi-objective non-linear optimization problem. This paper presents a method to consider the fuel costs and environmental emissions simultaneously. The -constraint method for bi-objective optimization has been used to generate Pareto front. Furthermore, trade-off curves have been developed for different types of emission. The elasticity of cost with respect to the emission (say, emission elasticity) has been estimated for all Pareto optimal points and different types of emissions that provides invaluable information for the system operator to run the system with sufficient flexibility subject to technical constraints while the operator has multi fuel options. Moreover, the emission elasticity is effective tool for competition in the electricity market. The Iranian Electricity Market is considered as empirical evidence.

Published
2016

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