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Hadi Zare-Zardini,1– 3 Ashraf Alemi,4 Asghar Taheri-Kafrani,5 Seyed Ahmad Hosseini,6 Hossein Soltaninejad,7,8 Amir Ali Hamidieh,9 Mojtaba Haghi Karamallah,10 Majid Farrokhifar,11 Mohammad Farrokhifar12 1Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; 2Department of Sciences, Farhangian University, Isfahan, Iran; 3Medical Nanotechnology &Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; 4Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; 5Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; 6Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; 7Tissue Bank & Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 8Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; 9Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 10Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, Iran; 11Department of Pediatrics, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran; 12Kar Higher Education Institute of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, IranCorrespondence: Ashraf Alemi Tel/ Fax +986153384008Email alemi.ashraf@gmail.comIntroduction: Ginsenoside Rh2, purified from the Panax ginseng root, has been demonstrated to possess anticancer properties against various cancerous cells including colorectal, breast, skin, ovarian, prostate, and liver cancerous cells. However, the poor bioavailability, low stability on gastrointestinal systems, and fast plasma elimination limit further clinical applications of Ginsenoside Rh2 for cancer treatments. In this study, a novel formulation of niosomal Ginsenoside Rh2 was prepared using the thin film hydration technique.Methods: The niosomal formulation contained Span 60 and cholesterol, and cationic lipid DOTAP was evaluated by determining particle size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, the polydispersity index (PDI), and surface morphology. The cytotoxic effects of free Ginsenoside Rh2 and Ginsenoside Rh2-loaded niosomes were determined using the MTT method in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line. For the investigation of the in vitro cellular uptake of Ginsenoside Rh2-loaded niosome, two formulations were prepared: the Ginsenoside Rh2-loaded niosomal formula containing 5% DOTAP and the Ginsenoside Rh2-loaded niosomal formula without DOTAP.Results: The mean size, DPI, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency of the Ginsenoside Rh2-loaded nanoniosomal formulation containing DOTAP were 93.5± 2.1 nm, 0.203± 0.01, +4.65± 0.65, and 98.32% ± 2.4, respectively. The niosomal vesicles were found to be round and have a smooth surface. The release profile of Ginsenoside Rh2 from niosome was biphasic. Furthermore, a two-fold reduction in the Ginsenoside Rh2 concentration was measured when Ginsenoside Rh2 was administered in a nanoniosomal form compared to free Ginsenoside Rh2 solutions in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line. After storage for 90 days, the encapsulation efficiency, vesicle size, PDI, and zeta potential of the optimized formulation did not significantly change compared to the freshly prepared samples. The cellular uptake experiments of the niosomal formulation demonstrated that by adding DOTAP to the niosomal formulation, the cellular uptake was enhanced.Discussion: The enhanced cellular uptake and cytotoxic activity of the Ginsenoside Rh2 nanoniosomal formulation on the PC3 cell make it an attractive candidate for application as a nano-sized delivery vehicle to transfer Ginsenoside Rh2 to cancer cells.Keywords: nanoniosomal, Ginsenoside Rh2, chemotherapy, PC3 prostate cancer cell line

This research presents an accurate comprehensive cost function for the problem of optimal location of subtransmission substations. Technical constraints and economical parameters are investigated in the modeling. Genetic algorithm is used to optimize the cost function. Coding of decision variables is done in a way that finding the correct solutions is achieved faster. For the first time in this study, free capacity of medium voltage distribution feeders is used for optimal location of subtransmission substations. Also cost of coupling to upward grid in candidate substations with considering different levels of subtransmission voltage is presented. Efficiency of the proposed algorithm is evaluated via several case studies. Key words: Optimization, genetic algorithm, power system planning, medium voltage feeder, INTRODUCTION The main target of power system planning and developing in each part of generation, transmission and distribution is response to consumption growth through confident method with maximum reliability and [...]

Calculation of Current Transformers (CTs) magnetic and thermal properties are very complex due to the complexity of their construction, different properties of their materials and non-linearity of core B-H curve. Finite Element Methods (FEMs) are very capable and reliable methods for these problems solution, such as Ansys software. In this study Ansys software is applied in analysis of an 800-400/5-5 CT. These analyses consist of 2D static normal, open circuit and short circuit condition of CT. Magnetic and thermal analysis are made and the results will be discussed. Key words: Current transformer, magnetic analysis, thermal analysis, ansys software, INTRODUCTION Modern protective systems require a faithful reproduction of primary short circuit current. Often, specially, in high power installations an important part of the current during a few cycles at [...]

This research studies the forces on the windings of transformer due to inrush current. These forces are compared with the corresponding forces due to short-circuit of the windings. Two-dimensional finite element computation of a single-phase shell-type transformer is carried out based on the maximum permissible inrush current value where its amplitude is the same as the rated short-circuit current. To verify the computation results, they are compared with those recently obtained using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Key words: Inrush current, transformer, short circuit, finite element method, INTRODUCTION One of major reason for fault in power transformers is deterioration of winding and insulation of conductors due to the oscillations resulted from the electrodynamics forces. The over-current and [...]

To cure a market which is infected by market power, or to vaccinate the market against it, first of all market power should be detected then, measured and identified via appropriate tools and indices. Therefore more powerful methods and indices to search created market power or market power potential will result the most appropriate solution to decrease it. In this paper, different methods of analysis, identification and detection are studied and then drawbacks and advantages of each one encountered to different conditions of market power applying are proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]