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Egypt, one of the “cradles of civilization”, boasts a history spanning thousands of years, and a richness of archaeological and geosites, unmatched by many other countries in the world. Abu Roash is located within Greater Cairo, 9 km north of the Great Pyramids of Giza. In the present work worked out to establish a Geopark in the studied area, the main question of the study is can the area be a Geopark with local community support? A detailed field work was done in the study and enables the authors to put a detailed map for the future Geopark could be established in the area, The study also attempted, by means of a questionnaire, to assess the knowledge and attitudes of different stakeholders with regards to the geoheritage and the establishment of a geopark. The data compiled were intended to help formulate a strategy towards the design and promotion of what would be the first geopark in metropolitan Cairo. We believe that this geopark would offer geoeducational opportunities to the scientific community and to the general public at large, and would help expand geotourism in Egypt. Geotourism in Abu Roash can easily be coupled with tours of ancient Egyptian sites in the same area. This would provide significant economic benefits to residents of Abu Roash City.

Introduction Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is microangiopathy causing ischemia leading to proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular edema. Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) reverses the ischemia leading to regression of neovessels. Most previous studies showed the large vessel effects of PRP, while optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) allowed noninvasive quantification of microvascular retinal changes. Aim To study the effect of PRP on microvascular retinal vessels in a detailed manner at different retinal and choroidal levels using OCTA. Patients and methods This study was a prospective interventional study. 30 eyes of 18 diabetic patients with PDR were included. All patients were evaluated clinically and with OCTA (Avanti RTVue-XR system, Optovue) to evaluate superficial and deep vessels density (VDs), choroidal flow, and FAZ area before PRP (base line) and 1 month and 6 months after PRP. Results PRP improved vessels density at superficial (SCP), deep (DCP), and choriocapillaris levels. Foveal vessel density at SCP and DCP were statistically significantly increased. SCP was 28.76 ± 2.56 at base line and was increased to 29.84 ± 2.47 and 30.89 ± 2.20 after 1 month and after 6 months, respectively. DCP was 34.08 ± 5.59 at base line and was increased to 34.93 ± 5.66 and 36.09 ± 5.62 after 1 month and after 6 months, respectively. Foveal choriocapillaris was statistically significantly increased from 63.04 ± 2.66 at base line to 63.48 ± 2.65 and 63.98 ± 2.78 after 1 month and 6 months, respectively. Choroidal flow was increased from 1.74 ± 0.07 at base line to 1.75 ± 0.09 at 1 month which was nonsignificant (P = 0.72), but it was significantly increased to 1.87 ± 0.27 6 months after PRP (P = 0.009). FAZ area was significantly improved after PRP. FAZ area was decreased from 0.56 ± 0.27 at base line to 0.50 ± 0.21 after 1 month and to 0.46 ± 0.21 after 6 months. Conclusion OCTA parameters were significantly improved by PRP in PDR patients, possibly due to redistribution of blood in occluded capillary plexuses. Trials registry: NCT04976361.

Purpose: To evaluate the anatomical effects of implantable phakic contact lens (IPCL) (Care Group, India) on anterior segment and its visual outcomes .Patients and methods: In a prospective interventional case series study, 60 highly myopic eyes of 32 patients were subjected to IPCL implantation in the Ophthalmology Department of Minia University Hospital, Egypt from January 2019 to June 2021. All patients had complete ophthalmic examination and were followed up for 1 year. Pentacam was used for preoperative and postoperative estimation of anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber angle (ACA), anterior chamber volume (ACV) and IPCL vault in the 1st, 3rd, and 12th months. Assessment of corneal endothelium was done using specular microscope preoperatively and after 12 months. Preoperative and postoperative refraction and visual acuity were measured. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in ACD, ACA, and ACV. There was no significant difference between preoperative and postoperative mean intraocular pressure (IOP) by the 12th month (P=0.163). The mean preoperative endothelial cell count (ECD) was significantly reduced from 2929.3±248 cells/mm2 to 2737.9±303 cells/mm2 at the 12th month (PPP=0.209). In the 12th month, the mean vault was 240±540 μm. No sight threatening complications occurred.Conclusion: Although IPCL induced anatomical changes, it was safe and effective for correction of high myopia.

Background:Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as the development of carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy, excluding overt diabetes. GDM poses a risk of short-term adverse perinatal outcomes and long-term metabolic morbidity to women and their newborns. Objectives:The aim of this study was to determine the role of first trimester glycosylated haemoglobin as a predictor of gestational diabetes mellitus. Patients and methods: The study was carried out at Qena University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The glcosylated hemoglobin investigation included 200 high risk pregnant ladies from the start trimester taking care of our outpatient facility and in tolerant from May 2019 to May 2020. Results: Patients who developed gestational diabetes mellitus with HA1c < 5.7% were 12.4% while with HA1c ≥ 5.7% were 47.3%. Also, there is significant statistically difference between both groups (p value= 0.015).ROC curve for HbA1c in 1st trimester as a predictor of gestational diabetes mellitus showed that the cut-off point was ≥6.2%, sensitivity was 93.3% and specificity was 90.0%. Conclusion: The detection of glycosylated hemoglobin in the first trimester is a promising predictor biomarker for diagnosis of GDM and in the future may replace other basic investigations.

The present study concerns the structural interpretation and tectonic evolution of the Syrian Arc structures of the Kattaniya Basin, northeast Western Desert, Egypt. Published subsurface data on this basin indicates a positive inversion of Jurassic-Early Cretaceous extensional structures during the Late Cretaceous time. In the northeastern part of the Kataniya Basin, the Abu Roash area offers unique and excellent exposures to examine the structural style and constrain any deformational events. Upper Cretaceous strata of the Abu Roash area are deformed by a series of NE-trending left-stepped en echelon oblique folds, which are sequentially dissected by faults of the following development order; ENE- and WNW-trending right lateral wrenches, NE-trending reverse faults, N–S to NNW-trending left-lateral faults and NW-tending normal faults. The Abu Roash area is subdivided into nine structural assemblages locating on both sides of the Cairo-Alex Road. Detailed surface mapping and structural analysis indicate that these structural assemblages were developed throughout a transpressional wrenching mechanism (oblique inversion) with different convergence angles (α = 45° at the northern margin and α = 30° at the southern margin). In summary, the tectonic history of the northeastern segment of the Kattaniya inverted basin is dominated by an extension during the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous times. Such an extension was rejuvenated during the Late Cretaceous as manifested by the angular relationships within Turonian strata of the Abu Roash Formation. This extensional phase was followed by a compressional phase. Tectonic inversion started during the Santonian time, reaching its paroxysm by the Late Senonian. Inversion gradually abated, and there is evidence for complete cessation at the latest Senonian and non-deposition of the Lower Eocene sediments. During the Middle-Late Eocene, this compressional regime had completely ceased. Later during Oligo-Miocene times, the study area recorded a NE-extension and was crossed by NW-trending normal faults.

Produce and compare soft cheese with potential benefits of human health from Egyptian buffalo's and cow's milk was studied. Eight Egyptian lactating buffalos and cows were fed a total mixed ration supplemented with either 0% oil (CD), 2% flaxseed oil (DFO), 2% soybean oil (DSO), or 2% of their mixture (1:1, DFSO) according to a double 4 x 4 Latin Square design. Milk yield was similar between buffalo's diets but was higher in cows fed a DFO, DSO or DFSO resulting in 11.15, 8.21% or 8.97% increases compared with the control diet, respectively. Milk composition was not significantly affected in both buffalos and cows fed diets. The DFO, DSO or DFSO displayed decreased short-chain fatty acids, especially DSO and DFSO (3.73 and 3.33%, respectively) when compared to CD for buffalo milk (6.32%). The DSO and DFSO were more effective for increasing unsaturated fatty acids followed by the DFSO in buffalo's milk fat (42.31 and 41.90 %), whereas DFO and DFSO were more effective in cow's milk fat (39.67 and 39.84%), respectively. DFO, DSO or DFSO had no significant effect on the yield, composition and sensory properties of resultant soft cheese compared to the CD for both lactating cows and buffalos. During storage, a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids enhances protein proteolysis and antioxidant activity of soft cheese during storage compared to the CD especially for soft cheese produced from buffalo's milk.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for complicated proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Patients and methods The study included 20 eyes of 20 patients (25-68 years old) with complicated PDR. All patients underwent 23-G PPV, and all of them received an intravitreal injection of 1.25 mg bevacizumab 1 week before planned vitrectomy and at the end of surgery. Results The mean surgical time was 60.5 ± 20.2 min (range 40-95 min). Iatrogenic breaks were reported in four eyes (20%) and silicone oil was used in these cases (20%). Final visual acuity showed improvement in 17 eyes (85%), whereas postoperative best-corrected visual acuity remained unchanged in three eyes (15%). The mean preoperative corrected visual acuity was 1.47 ± 0.73 logMAR units. A statistically significant increase in the mean corrected visual acuity was observed in all study eyes at 3 months after surgery (0.60 ± 0.48 logMAR units; P Conclusion Injection of bevacizumab, 1.25 mg (0.05 ml), 1 week before PPV and at the end of operation is safe and effective, resulting in a decrease in the operation time, iatrogenic retinal breaks, intraoperative and postoperative bleeding, and improved visual acuity in PDR patients.

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a serious complication of prematurity treatment and can lead to blindness unless recognized and treated early. Objective: The objective was to estimate the prevalence of ROP in preterm infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), to identify the risk factors which predispose to ROP, and to assess the outcome of these cases. Materials and Methods: A ROP prospective screening survey was performed enrolling all prematures admitted to the NICU from January 2009 to December 2010, with a gestational age of 32 weeks or less at birth and a birth weight of 1500 g or less. Infants whose gestational age was >32 weeks or birth weight was >1500 g were included if they were exposed to oxygen therapy for more than 7 days. A total of 172 infants (84 males and 88 females) had retinal evaluation by indirect ophthalmoscopy from the fourth postnatal week and followed up periodically. Perinatal risk factors for ROP were assessed using univariate and multivariate analysis. Infants who progressed to stage 3 ROP were given laser therapy. Results: Out of the studied 172 infants, 33 infants (19.2%) developed ROP in one or both eyes; 18 (54.5%) cases stage 1, 9 (27.3%) cases stage 2, and 6 (18.2%) cases stage 3. None of the studied neonates presented ROP at stages 4 or 5. The six cases diagnosed as ROP stage 3 underwent laser ablative therapy. Univariate analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the occurrence of ROP and gestational age (P = 0.000), sepsis (P = 0.004), oxygen therapy (P = 0.018), and frequency of blood transfusions (P = 0.030). However, an insignificant relationship was found between the occurrence of ROP and sex, mode of delivery, birth weight, respiratory distress syndrome, patent ductus arteriosus, intraventricular hemorrhage, hypotension, phototherapy, duration of oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and CPAP (all P > 0.05). Gestational age, sepsis, oxygen therapy, and frequency of blood transfusions remained significant variables after logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: The prevalence of ROP in this study was 19.2%; low gestational age, sepsis, oxygen therapy, and frequent blood transfusions were significant risk factors for ROP. Laser was effective in treatment and decreasing the progression of ROP. As this is a unit-based study, a comprehensive countrywide survey on ROP in Egypt is recommended to determine any regional differences in disease prevalence.