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Growing evidence has suggested that the consumption of probiotics can decrease depressive symptoms. However, even the results of meta-analyses are conflicting. In this regard, we performed an umbrella meta-analysis and proposed the decisive impacts of probiotics on depressive symptoms. The following international databases were searched up to July 2021: PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. Meta-analyses investigating the impact of supplementation of probiotics on depression symptoms in adults were included. According to the studies, random-effects model was used to perform the analysis. Subgroup analysis was performed by dosage of probiotics, duration of supplementation and total sample size. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's, Begg's and visual inspection of funnel plot. Ten meta-analyses (n = 8886 participants) were included in study. The pooled data indicated that probiotic supplementation significantly reduced depression symptoms (ES= −1.41; 95% CI: −2.53, −0.30, p = 0.016; I2 = 99.4, p = <0.001). Subgroup analysis of studies with intervention duration >8 weeks and dosage >10 × 109 CFU demonstrated a more robust effect of probiotics on decreasing depression symptoms. There was also significant between-study heterogeneity in which dosage was identified as source of it. The results of present umbrella meta-analysis suggest administration of probiotics for relieving depression symptoms for >8 weeks with dosage of >10 × 109 CFU. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2051164 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory Alkalosis due to changes in sympathetic hyperarousal during pathological emotional states can change our cognitive abilities. This occurs through the effects of Alkalosis upon cerebral vasoconstriction and the amount of ionized calcium in the serum. The effects on our cognition and "sense of self " could be considerable.

Abstract Aim To identify personality dimensions of mothers with a constipated child and compare it with those mothers of children without defecation problems. Methods We compared mothers of 150 children with functional constipation to mothers of 150 children with no such a problem attending to pediatric hospital of Tabriz University of medical sciences. Personality dimensions were evaluated by NEO five factor inventory after excluding any psychiatric disorders by an interview. Results Mean age (SD) was 28.8(18.6) months in constipated children and 20.0(19.3) months in controls, 54.6% of constipated children and 56.7% of controls were male. Mean age (SD) was 30.9(7.1) years in mothers of children with functional constipation and 30.1(7.6) years in controls. Mothers of children with functional constipation scored lower in neuroticism and scored higher in extraversion, conscientiousness and agreeableness. Conscientiousness was the dominant dimension of personality in both groups. Conclusion Our results suggest the maternal personality as a factor to directly influence toileting behavior of their children resulting in functional constipation.

Background: Studies about cognitive functioning of patients with schizophrenia (language problems in particular) are very limited in Iran. This study aims at evaluating the affective reactivity of speech in Turkish-speaking schizophrenic patients and their non-schizophrenic relatives. Methods: In a cross-sectional setting, 30 outpatients with schizophrenia were compared with 30 first-degree non-schizophrenic family members and 30 non-clinical controls. The audio-taped speech samples (10 min each) were analyzed blindly for frequencies of referential communication failure. Levels of referential communication disturbance in speech samples (Communication Disturbance Index, CDI) during two separate sessions were compared in affectively positive versus affectively negative conditions. Results: All three groups showed significantly higher frequencies of communication disturbances in the affectively negative condition. The affective reactivity of speech was significant in patients with schizophrenia compared with the controls but not the unaffected relatives. The severity of positive or negative symptoms was not correlated with CDI or level of affective reactivity. Conclusion: This study was carried out in a Turkish-speaking sample and supports the idea that referential communication disturbances may be linked to vulnerability to schizophrenia while affective reactivity is associated with manifest illness. Language differences may affect the observed impact of symptom severity on communication failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with schizophrenia suffer from wide range of deficits in neurocognitive functions of the brain, including visuospatial working memory. Aims: This study aims at evaluating the effect of short-term smoking abstinence on different components of visuospatial working memory in smoker patients with schizophrenia as well as possible reversal effect of a nicotine patch. Methods: In this trial, 45 male smoker patients with schizophrenia (Razi Hospital, Tabriz, Iran, 2010) were randomly divided into three groups. One group experienced a short time (overnight) smoking abstinence; one group used a single dose of nicotine patch (21 mg) after an overnight smoking abstinence and one group with no intervention or restrain on smoking was considered as control. The function of visuospatial working memory was tested by the brief visuospatial memory test-revised (BVMT-R) at the baseline and after the intervention. Results: The three groups were matched regarding age, educational level and the initial elements of cognitive performance. Between-the-group analysis showed that patients with an overnight smoking abstinence had a significant decrease in percent retained score and an increase in recognition biases compared to patients using nicotine patch and controls. No significant changes were observed in patints using nicotine patch or controls. Conclusions: Smoking abstinence results in visuospatial disabilities in male smoker patients with schizophrenia, including delayed recall and recognition biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders which affects married couples frequently. The present study aims to explain the role of family processes, social support and demographic factors in marital satisfaction of women with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Method: In this cross-sectional study, 188 women with MDD were randomly selected among the patients who visited Bozorgmehr Clinic of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. The sample selection was carried out through structured psychiatric interviews based on DSM-TV-TR criteria. Data were collected using Index of Marital Satisfaction (IMS), Family Process Scale (FPS) and Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire (NSSQ).The Mann Whitney U, Multivariate and ANOVA tests were used to analyze the data. Results: No relationship was observed between age, educational level, age difference of couples and number of children with family processes and marital satisfaction (p=0.05). The patients with low educational level reported less social support (p=0.05).Marital satisfaction and family coherence were lower when the husband had a psychiatric disorder (P=0.01). The family processes (family coherence, problem-solving skills, communication skills and religious beliefs) and social support positively predicted marital satisfaction, while the husband's psychiatric disorders negatively predicted marital satisfaction. Conclusion: The findings highlight the significance of family processes, social support and husband's psychiatric disorders in marital satisfaction of women with MDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders which put a huge burden on individuals and society. Personality elements are based on the nature and character of depressed patients in different countries. Since the pattern of personality elements have varied considerably among people of different nations, including Iranians, one wonders whether or not these elements differ among depressed Iranian patients. Methods: 160 patients diagnosed with standard major depression, determined by a psychiatrist, and 145 healthy subjects with similar characteristics participated in the present study as the control group. The participants were all Iranian; the mean age of the patients was 31.31 ± 9.15 years and that of the control group was 32.72 ± 10.15. Personality elements were evaluated by TCI-125 questionnaire and these elements were compared between the case and control group subjects. Results: Novelty seeking elements in the nature and self-expression in the genus were similar in patients and control group. Other elements shoes significant or very significant changes;these elements included increasing risk aversion, rewarding and persevering in nature, as well as self-directed and cooperative nature of patients. Conclusion: While, similar to the present research several studies have associated risk aversion and self-directed behaviors associated with depression, the present study suggests the relationship between high rewarding and persistent relationship, and low cooperation with depression among Iranian patients; this difference can be due to the cultural and social differences of Iranians, especially in the field of relations of people in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]