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The present study explores how Black and White youth respond to measures of subjective well-being within the context of critical race theory (CRT). Three levels of measurement invariance (i.e., configural, metric and scalar) were examined for indicators of subjective well-being. We hypothesized that there would be limited measurement invariance across groups based on the premise established by CRT that youth of color experience and perceive life differently than their White peers, which was supported. The findings of this study demonstrate that the measures work as expected within groups, but there is a considerable lack of invariance across groups. This study also provides some evidence that racial/ethnic differences cannot be taken for granted when assessing SWB in youth.

Major- and trace-element data together with Nd and Sr isotopic compositions and 40Ar/39Ar age determinations were obtained for Late Cretaceous and younger volcanic rocks from north-central Colorado, USA, in the Southern Rocky Mountains to assess the sources of mantle-derived melts in a region underlain by thick (≥150 km) continental lithosphere. Trachybasalt to trachyandesite lava flows and volcanic cobbles of the Upper Cretaceous Windy Gap Volcanic Member of the Middle Park Formation have low εNd(t) values from −3.4 to −13, 87Sr/86Sr(t) from ~0.705 to ~0.707, high large ion lithophile element/high field strength element ratios, and low Ta/Th (≤0.2) values. These characteristics are consistent with the production of mafic melts during the Late Cretaceous to early Cenozoic Laramide orogeny through flux melting of asthenosphere above shallowly subducting and dehydrating oceanic lithosphere of the Farallon plate, followed by the interaction of these melts with preexisting, low εNd(t), continental lithospheric mantle during ascent. This scenario requires that asthenospheric melting occurred beneath continental lithosphere as thick as 200 km, in accordance with mantle xenoliths entrained in localized Devonian-age kimberlites. Such depths are consistent with the abundances of heavy rare earth elements (Yb, Sc) in the Laramide volcanic rocks, which require parental melts derived from garnet-bearing mantle source rocks. New 40Ar/39Ar ages from the Rabbit Ears and Elkhead Mountains volcanic fields confirm that mafic magmatism was reestablished in this region ca. 28 Ma after a hiatus of over 30 m.y. and that the locus of volcanism migrated to the west through time. These rocks have εNd(t) and 87Sr/86Sr(t) values equivalent to their older counterparts (−3.5 to −13 and 0.7038–0.7060, respectively), but they have higher average chondrite-normalized La/Yb values (~22 vs. ~10), and, for the Rabbit Ears volcanic field, higher and more variable Ta/Th values (0.29–0.43). The latter are general characteristics of all other post–40 Ma volcanic rocks in north-central Colorado for which literature data are available. Transitions from low to intermediate Ta/Th mafic volcanism occurred diachronously across southwest North America and are interpreted to have been a consequence of melting of continental lithospheric mantle previously metasomatized by aqueous fluids derived from the underthrusted Farallon plate. Melting occurred as remnants of the Farallon plate were removed and the continental lithospheric mantle was conductively heated by upwelling asthenosphere. A similar model can be applied to post–40 Ma magmatism in north-central Colorado, with periodic, east to west, removal of stranded remnants of the Farallon plate from the base of the continental lithospheric mantle accounting for the production, and western migration, of volcanism. The estimated depth of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary in north-central Colorado (~150 km) indicates that the lithosphere remains too thick to allow widespread melting of upwelling asthenosphere even after lithospheric thinning in the Cenozoic. The preservation of thick continental lithospheric mantle may account for the absence of oceanic-island basalt–like basaltic volcanism (high Ta/Th values of ~1 and εNd[t] > 0), in contrast to areas of southwest North America that experienced larger-magnitude extension and lithosphere thinning, where oceanic-island basalt–like late Cenozoic basalts are common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is motivated by the observed variability in trace element isotopic and chemical compositions of primitive (SiO2< ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}< $52 wt %) basalts in southwest North America (SWNA) during the Cenozoic transition from subduction to extension. Specifically, we focus on processes that may explain the enigmatic observation that in some localities, basalts with low Ta/Th, consistent with parental melts in a subduction setting, have εNd ${\varepsilon }_{Nd}$ signatures consistent with continental lithospheric mantle (CLM). In locations with the oldest CLM (Proterozoic and Archean), Cenozoic basalts with low Ta/Th have εNd ${\varepsilon }_{Nd}$ well below zero. We model channelized magma transport through the CLM using simple 1D transport models to explore the extent to which diffusive and reactive mass exchange can modify Nd isotopic compositions via open system melt‐wallrock interactions. For geologically reasonable channel spacings and volume fractions, we quantify the reactive assimilation rates required for incoming melt with a different εNd ${\varepsilon }_{Nd}$ than the wall‐rock to undergo a substantial isotopic shift during ≈ ${\approx} $10 km channelized melt transport. In the presence of grain boundaries, enhanced diffusion between melt‐rich channels and melt‐poor surrounding rock contributes to isotopic equilibration, however this effect is not enough to explain observations; our models suggest a significant contribution from reactive assimilation of wall‐rock. Additionally our models support the idea that the observed covariability in Ta/Th and εNd ${\varepsilon }_{Nd}$ in Cenozoic basalts cannot be attributed to transport alone and must also reflect the transition from subduction‐related to extension‐related parental melts in SWNA. Plain Language Summary: Over the past half century, the abundances and isotopic ratios of trace elements such as Nd in basalts have been widely used to infer aspects of the source region where mantle melting occurs. This assumes that when the mantle melts, trace element characteristics of source rocks are inherited by the generated melts and these are not further modified as melts ascend through the tectonic plate (lithosphere) to be erupted as basalt. We reassess this assumption inspired by enigmatic observations from southwest North America, where basalts that have undergone minimal processing (primitive basalts), show trace element characteristics of both the mantle lithosphere and of the asthenosphere. We use 1D transport models to show that melts moving in channels through the lithosphere may undergo significant trace element changes by interacting with the walls as they ascend, thereby explaining the observations with geologically reasonable scenarios. Key Points: Trace elements in primitive basalts from southwest North America suggest both asthenosphere‐ and lithosphere‐related signaturesOpen system interactions between ascending channelized melts and wallrock may affect the trace element composition of erupted basalts1D transport models quantify the role of diffusion and wallrock assimilation to produce significant Nd isotopic shifts over 10 km of transport [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals living in public housing communities often experience access issues when it comes to advocating for community resources and services, especially services supporting people with disabilities (Anderson et al., 2021). Research has also pointed to the importance of stakeholder engagement in public housing communities (Mouratidis, 2020). Developing solutions with all stakeholders empowers individuals to help direct available resources towards new opportunities (Browne et al., 2017; Kennedy, 2018). Addressing the needs of diverse communities, including people with disabilities, needs to be in the forefront. There has been a paucity of disability research in a public housing environment. Furthermore, residents with disabilities may face even greater challenges acquiring services and advocating for their needs (Park, Cho, & Chen, 2019). This research employed a quantitative approach to understanding insights from community residents about their perceived needs. The research was conducted to understand the needs of residents with and without disabilities. For residents with disabilities, the programs that were ranked highest include: developing community projects, building age-focused programs, and addressing health related services. These findings offer suggestions for future programming, policies, and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sought to examine the direct and indirect associations between school size and parents' perceptions of the invitations for involvement provided by their children's school in a school system that has actively attempted to reduce the negative effects of school size. Using data from the New York Public Schools' annual Learning Environment Survey, path analysis was used to examine the role that school climate plays in mediating the relationship between school size and parents' perceptions of invitations for involvement. Results from an analysis of middle and high school parents who participated in the annual school survey provided evidence that parents' perceptions of safety and of respect from the school mediated the relationship between school size and perceptions of the extent of the invitations for involvement provided by the school. The indirect effect of school size via perception of safety and respect was larger than the direct effect of school size on parents' perceptions of invitation for involvement. (Contains 3 figures and 2 tables.)

Social workers responsible for developing rape prevention programs on college campuses must have valid evaluation instruments. This article presents the challenges encountered by the authors when they attempted to keep rape myth measures relevant to student populations by updating the language to reflect the subtleties involved with rape myths. The development of a modified version of the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale is described. Focus groups were conducted to gather feedback about the language used by college students related to sexual encounters and rape. The instrument was then tested with 951 undergraduate students at a large northeastern university. Exploratory structural equation modeling was used to assess the factor structure of the scale. In addition, multiple-indicators multiple-causes modeling was used to assess the potential differential item functioning of the measure's items by gender, previous experience with sexual assault prevention programming, and knowing someone who was sexually assaulted. A four-factor structure was hypothesized and a five-factor structure supported, indicating a separate factor that looks at alcohol and accountability. Implications for social workers are discussed, including the necessity of continuously updating rape myth measures to ensure validity.