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Spatial modelling approaches to aid land‐use decisions which benefit both wildlife and humans are often limited to the comparison of pre‐determined landscape scenarios, which may not reflect the true optimum landscape for any end‐user. Furthermore, the needs of wildlife are often under‐represented when considered alongside human financial interests in these approaches.We develop a method of addressing these gaps using a case‐study of wild bees in the UK, an important group whose declines may adversely affect both human economies and surrounding ecosystems. By combining the genetic algorithm NSGA‐II with a process‐based pollinator model which simulates bee foraging and population dynamics, Poll4pop, we 'evolve' a typical UK agricultural landscape to identify optimum land cover configurations for three different guilds of wild bee. These configurations are compared to those resulting from optimisations for farm income alone, as well as optimisations that seek a compromise between bee populations and farm income objectives.We find that the land cover proportions in landscapes optimised for each bee guild reflect their nesting habitat preferences rather than foraging preferences, highlighting a limiting resource within the study landscape. The spatially explicit nature of these optimised landscapes illustrates how improvement for a given target species may be limited by differences between their movement range and the scale of the units being improved. Land cover composition and configuration differ significantly in landscapes optimised for farm income and bee population growth simultaneously and illustrate how human agents are required to compromise much more when the multifaceted nature of biodiversity is recognised and represented by multiple objectives within an optimisation framework. Our methods provide a way to quantify the extent to which real‐life landscapes promote or compromise objectives for different landscape end‐users.Our investigation suggests that optimisation set‐up (decision‐unit scales, traditional choice of a single biodiversity metric) can bias outcomes towards human‐centric solutions. It also demonstrates the importance of representing the individual requirements of different actors with different landscape‐level needs when using genetic algorithms to support biodiversity‐inclusive decision‐making in multi‐functional landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the determinants and extent of crop diversification and its impact on farm households’ income and income diversification in rural Bangladesh, utilizing data from 450 households across the districts of Manikganj, Tangail, and Gaibandha. The findings reveal moderate to high levels of crop and income diversification across these sites. Using a Tobit model, the study identifies significant socio-economic factors influencing crop diversification, including literacy, farm size, and market distance. Additionally, it shows that crop diversification intensity, the household head’s age and education, and on- and off-farm income significantly affect income diversification. These factors, along with farm size, also significantly impact crop income. This research addresses a significant gap in the literature by exploring the underexamined interaction between crop diversification and income diversification in Bangladesh. It contributes to a broader understanding of how diversification strategies can enhance agricultural productivity and income stability and offers valuable policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A three-year multi-location trial on the farmer's field was conducted in West Bengal, India to evaluate the impact of integrated nutrient management (INM) on the performance of kharif rice cv. Swarna Sub 1. The experiment employed a randomized block design (RBD) across eleven farmers' fields with similar soil properties, texture, topography, and historical fertilizer application patterns. Three treatments were tested: T1 – common practice of applying N:P:K @ 55:32:27 kg ha−1, T2 – soil test-based application (STA) of ∼75% recommended N dose through chemical fertilizer + ∼ 25% through Azolla, and T3 – soil test-based application of ∼ 75% recommended N dose through chemical fertilizer + 20% N from vermi-compost + 5% N through Azolla. The result of the experiment revealed that the T3 exhibited significant improvements in plant height, leaf area index (LAI), effective tillers meter−2, number of panicles plant−1, and 1000-grain weight compared to T2 and T1. Among the different nutrient management practices, the T3 recorded maximum rice grain productivity than the T1, and T2, Further, the benefit-cost ratio was noticed significantly higher under T3 (1.29) followed by T2 (1.27) and T1 (1.23). The soil organic carbon (SOC), available nutrient was enhanced by the soil test-based application of ∼75% recommended N dose through chemical fertilizer + 20% N from vermicompost + 5% N through Azolla. Thus, our study indicated that the balanced nutrient application through combined sources (T3) could improve crop growth; and sustain rice productivity, besides enhancing the farm income, and soil different soil properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livelihood diversification (LD) is crucial for rural households due to increasing climate variability and declining farm incomes in the global south. Literature has extensively documented the benefits of LD in emerging economies. However, there is still a gap in the econometric evidence of LD on the food security of rural households in Ghana. This study addresses this gap by examining the factors that influence LD using the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS 7) data collected from 133 rural households in Northern Ghana. Results from the censored Tobit regression model, multiple linear regression, and Simpson Diversification Index (SDI) indicated that diversification averaged 0.313 and ranged from 0.000 to 0.709 (zero to 70.9%). Total food expenditures (TFE) measured as a proxy of food security declined at low levels of diversification. Beyond the diversification level of 0.480, total food expenditure increased steadily. The findings revealed that only 24.6% of the households had diversification scores higher than the turning point of 0.480. The Tobit model also showed that remittance income, technical education, household size, marital status, access to extension services, and ownership of mobile phones were significant drivers of LD. The findings have demonstrated that LD improves food security in rural Ghana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focused on investment, profitability, and input–output specific technical and scale efficiencies and suggested appropriately for its sustainable development in Andhra Pradesh. Farmers (n = 60) were interviewed, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, B-C ratio, C-D production function, and DEA techniques. The results depicted that majority of the farmers' primary occupation was aquaculture and 53% of them were farming on leased land. Yield (kg/ha) was highest for large farmers (5247 kg) followed by medium (5200 kg) and small farmers (4800 kg) which resulted the net incomes of $8771 for large farmers, medium ($7377), and small farmers ($6186). The share of feed cost and medicine cost was higher for large farmers, while feed and other costs were highest for medium and small farmers. Net returns were found to be proportional to the land holdings, while labor days have a negative effect. Inefficiency scores given by the DEA model suggest farmers were able to produce the same level of output with combination of inputs corresponding to the minimum cost of production. Adoption of scientific farming practices and CAA guidelines may ensure sustainable farm income. The DoF, AP has to frame policies for the promotion and monitoring of inland low-saline shrimp culture for the mutual benefit of all stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using primary data from 180 cocoa farmers in Osun State, Nigeria, the study defined the externalities associated with cocoa production, evaluated farmers' willingness to pay for externalities and identified the determinants impacting farmers' willingness to pay for externalities in cocoa production. To analyze the demographic traits of the sampled farmers in the research area, descriptive statistics were used. Farmers' willingness to pay for externalities and the price they are willing to pay for them were estimated using the double-hurdle model. The findings showed that the majority of the examined farmers were able to name externalities brought on by pesticide leaching and bad odor, but very few of them could name externalities brought on by fermentation. For pesticides leaking, offensive odor and fermentation externalities, the average projected amount farmers were willing to pay per kg of cocoa is 60, 81 and 54 k, respectively. The findings also indicated that a variety of explanatory factors, including age, household size, years of schooling, farming experience, participation in farmers' associations, farm size and income from cocoa farms, had an impact on farmers' decisions to pay for the identified externalities. According to the study's findings, producers were willing to spend an estimated average of 140.54 k per kilogram of cocoa produced in order to compensate for the externalities. Therefore, if conveyed through market mechanisms, the hidden costs and benefits resulting from identified externalities could lead to efficiency in the price of cocoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper applies the farm accountancy data network (FADN) approach to conduct a comparison analysis of the revenue of EU fruit producers. The study constitutes a significant contribution to the requisite development of more accurate metrics and appropriate approaches, which are necessary for assessing the economic success of EU fruit production in the principal sector of EU agriculture. The metrics used to measure the economic success in fruit production include farm net value added (FNVA), farm net income (FNI), annual working unit (AWU) of FNVA, and farm family income (FFI/FWU). An agricultural farm's overall productivity can be determined by dividing its entire output (production) by the inputs employed in its operations, such as specific expenses and intermediate consumption. The FADN approach, which tracks the increase in agricultural revenue and assesses the effects of European policies on the agricultural sector, improves monitoring and meeting of performance goals. Finding economic, technological, and other aspects that will improve agricultural farms' businesses and, by extension, agriculture as a whole will require applying an appropriate methodological approach to portray the actual situation and results of these farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many farming households in Nigeria are deprived, and poor, hence, the need for economic empowerment intervention. Sweetpotato production, due to its short cycle and low input requirement could be projected on a larger scale for farming households' economic empowerment. However, data regarding ability of sweetpotato farming for farming households' economic empowerment is scarce. Therefore, farming households' sweetpotato production and economic empowerment in Nigeria's Niger-Delta Area was investigated. 364 sweetpotato farming households were chosen through a five-stage sample process. Descriptive statistics, Pearson Product Moment Correlation, T-test, and multiple regression were used to analyze the data that interview schedule was used to collect. Most respondents were female and aged 42.7±11.9 years. Farm size; farming experience; and income from sweetpotato, other crops, and non-crop livelihood activities were 2.6±3.4 hectares; 17.2±12.4 years; and N1,327,723.0±1,639,414.0 yearly, N2,385,815.0±2,615,273.0 yearly, and N1,828,004.0±2,336,270.0 yearly, respectively. The sweetpotato production and economic empowerment were low and high amongst farming households, respectively. Age, farm size and income from sweet potato were significantly related to economic empowerment. The economic empowerment status of high and low sweetpotato producers differed significantly. Between farming households with low and high income from sweetpotato production, their economic empowerment status significantly differed. Farming households' economic empowerment was mostly predicted by farming experience; and income from sweetpotato, and non-crop livelihood activities. Sweetpotato production influenced farming households' ability to prosper economically. Agricultural policies oriented towards improving economic empowerment should be promoted to emphasize increased sweetpotato production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bag, a sustainable post‐harvest storage technology, can address the high postharvest losses that are a major threat to economic development, food security and the environment in Africa. However, there is limited empirical research on this technology. This study therefore aims to fill this knowledge gap by analysing the factors influencing the diffusion and adoption rates of PICS bags and estimates the impact of the technology adoption on postharvest losses, farm income and income inequality in the Ashanti region of Ghana. The results show that less than 20% of farmers adopt the PICS bag, suggesting low adoption despite the widespread exposure of 51.75%. The technology adoption rate could be increased by 20% if all the farmers were exposed to it. It reduces postharvest losses by 14.2%–19.1%, increases farm income by 89.7%–91.2% and reduces income inequality by 51.33%. These findings suggest that promoting the technology can stimulate sustainable rural development by improving farmers' welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using primary data collected from 389 sample households in Dangla district, Amhara region of Ethiopia, this study examined smallholder farmers' willingness to pay for ZM-GrowTM foliar fertiliser. The study employed the Tobit model to estimate the determinants of the maximum willingness to pay and a seemingly unrelated bivariate probit model to estimate the mean willingness to pay for foliar fertiliser. The results of the Tobit regression model showed that the education level of the farm household, total annual income, access to credit service, access to agricultural extension service, perception about fertiliser, and cost of the existing fertiliser have a positive and significant effect on farm households' willingness to pay. On the other hand, the age of farm households, availability of labour, and initial bid price have negative and significant effect on farm households' willingness to pay for ZM-GrowTM foliar fertiliser. The mean willingness to pay for ZM-GrowTM foliar fertiliser, estimated using the seemingly unrelated bivariate probit model, was 121.16 birr/litre (2.75 USD/litre). The corresponding mean willingness to pay amount estimated from an open-ended format was 161.105 Birr/litre (3.65 USD/litre). The results suggest that foliar fertilisers could be good alternatives to the existing fertilisers and its adoption can be further facilitated through improved access to knowledge and finance/credit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water use practices in Menz Mama Midir woreda are very traditional and inefficient. To lessen this problem, water pricing (valuation) has been considered to be a promising tool. This study, therefore, examined smallholder farmers' willingness to pay and determinants affecting their decisions to pay for improved irrigation water use in Menz Mama woreda, North Shewa zone, Amhara national regional state of Ethiopia. Cross-sectional data collected from 215 randomly sampled irrigation beneficiaries were used for analysis. The mean WTP from double bounded dichotomous elicitation method ranges from 164.027 Birr (4.17 USD) to 221.059 Birr (5.62 USD) per year per hectare of irrigable land. The result from the seemingly unrelated bivariate probit model estimation revealed that the sex of the household head, total annual farm income, size of irrigable landholdings of the household, frequency of extension contacts, amount of credit, and dissatisfaction with the existing irrigation service positively and significantly influenced farmers' WTP decisions. In contrast, off-farm income and bid values were negatively related to WTP decisions. Therefore, the aforementioned factors affecting farmers' decisions to pay should be taken into consideration when constructing irrigation schemes in the study area and areas with similar economic and socio-cultural settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weather variations have posed enormous barriers to water resources, availability of food, human health, infrastructure, and natural environment. These phenomena underscore the need for climate smart practices in South Africa. The study examined in context, the socio-economic determinants, and acceptance of climate smart agriculture practices in Mzinti, Nkomazi Local Municipality South Africa. From a known population of 455 farmers, 212 samples were selected for the survey and considered realistic for the study. This survey comprised questions that were clear, unbiased, and relevant to the research questions. Enumerators were further briefed on the study objectives and the importance of consistent and ethical data collection. The team comprised of four primary data enumerators. A pilot survey with 20 randomly selected smallholder farmers was undertaken to identify and address any questionnaire that may be ambiguous. Based on this pilot, minor revisions were made to improve the questionnaire and ensure accurate reflection of intended variables, thus enhancing the reliability of the data collection instrument. A randomized sampling method was employed to select respondents who participated in the study. This allowed every participant to have a fair chance of being chosen. The study used the structured questionnaire, and the field survey was done between the month of April 2023 and July 2023. Descriptive statistics: frequency count, tables, and percentages, were used to explain the socio-economic determinants for acceptance of climate smart agriculture practices. The hypothesized variables were assessed using the binary logistic regression to determine the correlation between the socio-demographic characteristics and dependent variables. The result revealed that age (p< 0.007), crop yield (p<0.001), farm income (p<0.047) farm size (p<0.020, and food shortages (p<0.001) were correlated and statistically significant in determining the acceptance of climate smart agriculture practices. The study concluded that climate smart agriculture practices enhance farmer productivity, and it is influenced by factors such as age, farm size, and scarcity of food, crop yield, and farm income. The adoption of climate smart agriculture enables farmers to have increased crop yields, have access to food, increased income of the farm. Thus, it can be concluded that CSA practices effectively enhance the productivity of vegetable farming and food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high rice prices of 2023 have highlighted the need for increasing rice productivity. But improving productivity, especially in low‐performing rice‐producing regions, should also improve incomes for the numerous smallholder cultivators. This article examines what we can learn from the experience of high‐performing rice‐growing regions, which have both high rice yields and incomes. We focus on two best‐performing villages from Kerala, southern India and Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Using a detailed case study approach combining farm budget analysis, counterfactual simulations using agricultural household models, and qualitative insights, our analysis shows the contribution of price support, irrigation, and agricultural research in these two regions to the current situation. While price support was the prominent factor in Keralaʼs village, irrigation and extending the cropping intensity was important for farm incomes in the Mekong Delta village. This comparative analysis demonstrates the need for an ongoing evaluation of price and non‐price factors and supplementing farm incomes through specific interventions for developing low‐performing rice‐producing regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The reduced utilisation of inputs in milk production holds significant importance from both sustainability and profitability perspectives. Aim: This study examines the efficiencies of each input separately utilised in specialised milk farms across the European Union (EU) countries and explores the factors that influence input efficiencies by using non-radial data envelopment analysis (DEA) model with Russell measure method. Methods: Data from the dairy report of the EU milk-specialised farms compiled by the European Commission (EC) and the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) covering the period from 2013 to 2020 were analysed. The study employed a DEA model to assess efficiency, with a focus on energy, labour, dairy cows, homegrown feed, purchased feed, and operating costs. Key results: Ireland, Italy, Malta, and the Netherlands demonstrated full efficiency across various aspects of milk production, highlighting their exemplary performance in resource utilisation within the EU. Furthermore, the study identified significant potential for efficiency improvements across the EU countries, with potential reductions ranging from 48.8% to 65.616% in various input usage categories. Conclusions: The analysis underscored the importance of improving input efficiency to enhance competitiveness in the dairy sector. Implications: As milk prices and economic performance improve, specialised milk farms tend to become more efficient in managing operating expenses. However, expanding the land area for forage may lead to diminishing returns in resource efficiency, indicating complex interactions and trade-offs affecting input efficiency. Understanding input efficiency in specialised milk farming is crucial for enhancing sustainability and productivity in the European Union (EU) dairy sector. This study addressed the problem of inefficient resource utilisation in EU milk farming, discovering that countries such as Ireland and the Netherlands achieve full efficiency, whereas others have significant potential for improvement. The findings indicated that improving resource efficiency can lead to significant cost savings, environmental benefits, and increased competitiveness within the dairy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the contribution of wage income to the overall earnings of agricultural households in India. Utilising data from the 2019 "Land and Livestock Holding of Households and Situation Assessment of Agricultural Households" conducted by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) in 2018–19, the study offers an in-depth analysis of the proportion of income derived from wages by farmers across various states and landholding sizes. Additionally, the paper investigates the impact of public employment programmes, such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), on rural wages and the income of agricultural households. Findings from the paper point towards increasing landlessness among small and marginal farmers, as they increasingly rely on wages to supplement their livelihood. While a focus on increasing agricultural growth rate by the policymakers may contribute towards farmers' welfare, policies need to be focused towards increase in non-farm employment. Rural employment programmes help to address the issue of chronic unemployment and alleviate rural poverty. Public investments in the form of irrigation facilities and other rural infrastructure are also required to promote sustained agricultural growth and thereby foster well-being among the rural agricultural households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Agriculture is a hazardous industry but the frequency and severity of agricultural injuries are not well documented as nonfatal injuries to self‐employed farmers are excluded from national surveillance. The aim of this study was to provide new injury rate and cost estimates in US agriculture. Methods: Injury data were obtained from 2018 to 2020 Farm and Ranch Health and Safety Surveys. Responses from 7,195 farm/ranch operators included injury frequency, medical expense, and lost work time data. These injury rate and cost data were used to estimate national injury costs for self‐employed farmers using Census of Agriculture operator count, injury costs for hired agricultural workers using Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) nonfatal injury count, and fatal injury costs using BLS count of fatal injuries. Results: The injury rate for self‐employed farmers and ranchers was 15.25 injuries per 100 operators or 11.9 "recordable" injuries per 100 full time equivalent operators (FTE). Average costs for nonfatal injuries were: $10,878 for medical care, $4735 for lost work time, and $15,613 in total per injury case. The total national agricultural injury cost estimate was $11.31 billion per year; 11.3% higher than the earlier benchmark using 1992 data; both in March 2024 dollars. The cost burden was 2.1% of the US national gross farm income and 13.4% of the net farm income in 2019. Conclusions: Injuries result in significant economic losses to farm and ranch operators, their family members, workers, and society. Preventive efforts should be scaled up to reduce the frequency and costs of agricultural injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed reductions in farm input uses foreseen in the European Green Deal may penalize European farm production while increasing environmental leakages to foreign countries where production may expand. These expected impacts have led to calls for a more restrictive trade policy based on mirror clauses. This paper considers as a case study a potential ban on glyphosate in vegetable and fruits production. We develop an original computable general equilibrium model with endogenous adoption of new European production standards by foreign producers on currently latent markets. We find in our case study that adding mirror clauses to the Green Deal marginally improves European farm income and the global environmental footprint of food. We find that foreign producers as a whole can gain from these clauses and not lose as in a standard analysis. European households support these clauses by paying higher food bills while consuming vegetables and fruits produced without glyphosate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to analyze the income of coffee farmers in Bengkulu province based on the poverty level as per Sajogyo’s 1996 theory, in the form of the “rice exchange rate”, and analyze the causal factors. Primary data was obtained from 326 farmers, interviewed using a purposive questionnaire. To identify factors causing poverty, it was analyzed using a logit function approach. As many as 19.33% of farmers are in the poor category, 21.78% are in a very poor condition, and 40.49% are in the poorest condition. Land ownership status and education are the keys for farmers to be able to have a decent life and socialize in society, this goes back to the role of the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroforestry practices play a vital role in improving rural income and livelihoods, yet quantifying their contributions in Ethiopia remains limited. This study investigated the contribution of agroforestry practices to rural income and livelihoods, along with factors influencing income derived from these practices. A two-stage sampling method was employed to select 160 rural households engaged in home garden and woodlot agroforestry practices. Data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Descriptive statistics, content analysis, generalized linear model, Mann–Whitney U test, and financial analysis tools were used to analyze and interpret the data. The results demonstrated that agroforestry practices provide numerous benefits to rural households, including fuelwood, charcoal, poles, construction materials, fodder, perennial crops, food crops, and fruits for both consumption and income generation. Agroforestry practices significantly increased farm income, contributing 18.2% of the total household income. This income significantly supported annual household expenditures across various livelihood capitals. Income from woodlots was significantly higher than that from home gardens, while home gardens showed a better overall capability to improve livelihoods. Household size, agroforestry size, gender, crop income, access to seedlings, and farm elevation positively and significantly (p < 0.05) impacted agroforestry income. Overall, agroforestry practices significantly contribute to annual income and improve the human, social, natural, physical, and financial capital of rural households in the Tarmaber district. Policymakers and practitioners should consider the socioeconomic, ecological, and institutional factors influencing agroforestry income when developing policies and strategies to improve rural income and livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many countries of the world have implemented subsidy programs to maintain a minimum amount of farm production especially for rice. Agricultural support programs usually cause significant fiscal burdens on government budgets. These programs can be generally categorized into decoupled and coupled programs, and one longstanding research interest of previous literature is whether these programs are decoupled or coupled with farm production practices. In Taiwan, a unique land direct payment (LDP) program to rice farms was implemented to ease severe financial burden of the price support program with government purchase. In contrast to production control programs imposing quantity restrictions on farm production, this program is voluntary for rice farms, and participants are paid at a fixed rate per hectare of farmland. This paper examines the impacts of this program on farm income and farm production practices in Taiwan. The causal effect of the program is identified based on the exogenous rollout of the policy across multiple times and areas. We construct a dataset linking nationally representative rice farm surveys over several years and administrative records on program recipients to estimate the local average treatment effect of the program. We find that the effect is 4% of farm income. In addition, program participants rely less on price support programs and produce less rice and use less fertilizer, pesticide, and machinery. Although the LDP reduces rice production, we find that it causes overall government spending on the price support and direct payment programs to increase by 8.7% after the LDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article explores the impact of renewable fuel policies, specifically the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) and the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), on the agricultural industry. It focuses on the increased demand for corn and oilseeds, particularly soybeans, due to the production and consumption of biofuels like biodiesel and renewable diesel. This has the potential to affect soybean exports and domestic consumption. However, there are concerns about supply limitations and the volatility of crop prices. The article suggests further research is needed to understand the effects of renewable fuel policies on agricultural credit conditions and the stability of the crop sector. [Extracted from the article]

In Sub-Saharan Africa, empirical evidence has shown that irrigation can have positive impacts on agricultural production and farm incomes. This study uses a rigorous propensity score matching analysis applied to clustered data from two state-led and two farmer-led irrigation examples in Ghana to quantitatively evaluate the intersectional impacts of different types of irrigation on multiple dimensions of farmers' livelihoods. The results of our study indicate that although farmer-led irrigation enhances farmer incomes, this does not necessarily translate into poverty alleviation and prosperity. Furthermore, impacts on young men, young women and adult women are of a different nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from a survey of farm households in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and employing a sequential logit model, this paper has investigated the impact of farmers' participation in the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) subsidy scheme for micro-irrigation on crop performance. The findings show that over 91% of the farmers were aware of the scheme, 61% of them registered as potential beneficiaries and two-thirds of them actually benefitted from it. Registration is the critical transition stage for participation in the DBT scheme. Our findings show that conditional upon the ownership of tube-wells and water pumping devices, several personal and household-level factors such as age, education, access to information and membership of village-level organizations distinguish the beneficiaries of DBT from the non-beneficiaries. There appears no selection bias in the scheme as neither the farm size nor the social status of potential beneficiaries appeared significant in the sequential selection process. Further, the findings show that controlling for the farm and farmer characteristics, the DBT scheme has a positive and statistically significant impact on crop yield as well as net returns, but more on the latter implying its role in reduction in the cost of production. These findings imply the need to expand DBT scheme for its greater impact on farm income and inclusiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change threatens African countries' economic development and affects agriculture and food security. Ethiopia is especially vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change because its economy is dependent on climate-sensitive livelihoods that have limited potential for adaptation. Emerging evidence indicates that climate-smart agriculture (CSA) can help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change and increase agricultural productivity, thereby enhancing household income and food security. In the study area, different CSA practices have been adopted to mitigate the negative effects of climate change and improve agricultural productivity, income, and food security. Therefore, this study examines the impact of CSA practices on household income and food security in southern Ethiopia. A total of 385 households were selected using multistage sampling. Primary and secondary data were used, and propensity score matching with different types of matching algorithms, such as nearest neighbor, kernel, and radius matching, was employed to quantify the conditional impacts of CSA intervention on farm income and food security. In comparison with non adopters farmers that have adopted CSA practices had a higher food consumption score between 6.27 and 8.15, which was statistically significant at the 1% level. Overall, 34.55% of interviewed households had acceptable food consumption scores, 44.68% had borderline, and 20.77% had poor food consumption scores. Furthermore, households that adopted CSA practices had a 20.30% higher average annual farm income per hectare than non-adopters. The study suggests that effective extension services, accurate climate information, and sound policy support are required to promote and scale up CSA measures in the study area to improve farmers' adaptive capacity, farm income, and food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of renewable energy in agricultural landscapes has led to new debates about siting solar, wind, and other energy projects. Concerns for protecting food production and prime agricultural soils are often leading points of resistance to renewable energy projects. This resistance has grown, even as the urgency of transitioning away from fossil fuels has increased. The economic stakes are high, particularly for farmers seeking to diversify and stabilize farm income with renewables, but few studies have examined the likely magnitude of effects, either on food production or on farm incomes, implied by expanding renewables. How extensively are hosting communities likely to be impacted, and what do farmers stand to gain, or lose, in these debates? Focusing on a portion of New York State (NYS), with its aggressive solar development goals, we evaluated the effects of state solar targets on farmland and the economic potential for farmers leasing land. In comparison to current income from leading crops, land leasing alone would imply an increase of $42 million per year in local revenue, while affecting less than 12 percent of non-food producing, non-prime soils within the study area. The areal impacts are larger in our imaginations than in the real landscapes, and the debate has far-reaching implications for policy beyond farming areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the determinants of farmers' participation in agricultural information-sharing digital groups and their impacts on farm performance. Design/methodology/approach: Primary data of the 2015/2016 crop year collected from 175 cattle farmers were analyzed using descriptive statistics and econometric models. Farmers who had smartphones and participated in social groups/applications, especially those created to exchange agricultural information, were considered adopters of the technology. Findings: A Poisson hurdle model showed that farmers' decision to participate in agricultural information-sharing digital groups is determined by schooling, age (negative effect) and use of tools for planning production. The intensity of participation is affected by risk propensity, interaction with specialist advisors, use of tools for planning production and participation in cooperatives. The authors also found empirical evidence that farmers' participation in agricultural information-sharing digital groups positively affects farm income per hectare. Research limitations/implications: The results of this study are important for accelerating the diffusion of low-cost digital technologies, which are powerful tools for improving farmers' sharing and access to valuable information in real time and in locations far from urban areas. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first empirical analysis of the adoption and impacts of agricultural information-sharing digital groups/applications by Brazilian cattle farmers. The diffusion of simple digital technologies is important for reducing heterogeneity and increasing the efficiency of cattle production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the dependence of the fattening qualities of pigs and the economic efficiency of their breeding on their genetic origin. Two groups of 28 sows of Danish and Canadian origin inseminated with semen from Durok boars served as research material. A control group consisted of F1 sows of the Landrace and Large White Danish breeds inseminated with semen from Danish Durok boars. The group II, on the other hand, consisted of F1 sows of similar breeds from Canadian selection inseminated with semen from Canadian Durok boars. The studies focused on the efficiency of the sows' reproductive function, the growth intensity of the hybrid piglets and the efficiency and profitability of their rearing and fattening. Methods of analogue pairs and statistical data analysis were used. It was found that piglets of Canadian origin had a 7.5% higher average head weight during the weaning period, which contributed to a 7.5% higher market value and at the same time to a 6.7% higher income from rearing a piglet during this period and to a 3% higher profitability of its rearing compared to analogues of Danish origin. It was shown that animals of Danish origin had a 9.6% higher gross growth of the piglet litter during the fattening period, which gave them a 7.6% higher weight at the end of the fattening period and contributed to a 7% higher cost price for this period, a 7.6% higher market value and a 10.1% higher feedlot income and a 0.77% better feedlot profitability compared to Canadian-bred counterparts. We recommend the use of sows of Danish origin if the farm intends to sell weaned piglets, in the industrial farms. If the farm intends to sell full-grown or (fattened) slaughter pigs, it is advisable to use pigs of Canadian origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of thyme and/or garlic oil administration on growth performance, immunity, antioxidant, biochemical parameters, and net farm income of Damascus goats. Forty weaned Damascus goats were allocated into four groups. The first group was the control without oral administration, while the 2nd (Th), 3rd (Gr), and 4th (ThGr) groups were orally administrated by (2 ml/goat/day) of thyme oil, garlic oil and their mixture (1:1), respectively during the whole experiment period. The final body weight of goats orally administered oil mixture was the heaviest group, it was 10, 4.5 and 3.5% than the control, Th. and Gr. groups, respectively with better feed conversion ratio and high net farm income. Goats of ThGr. group revealed the best immunity, antioxidant and general health condition than the control group with 50% reduction of MDA. Liver (AST, 33% and ALT, 38%) and kidney (creatinine, 88%) functions improved by oils mixtures orally administration compared with the control group. LDL, triglyceride and cholesterol were reduced by 47, 33 and 21% compared with the control group, respectively. Thus, mixture oil administration (thyme and garlic at the ratio of 1:1, 2 ml/goat/day) improved growth (10%), antioxidant status (MDA 50%), liver (AST, 33% and ALT, 38%), kidney function (creatinine, 88%), the FCR (17.4%) and net farm income (21%), of Damascus goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oat is a crucial fodder crop that supports small and marginal farmers in the Kachchh region by providing more fodder in saline conditions and increasing income. It is a good source of protein, fiber, and minerals in their green forage, and produce high-quality silage, hay, and excellent grazing when grown with improved practices. To promote improved oat cultivation technology with highyielding varieties JHO 822 and JHO 2010-1, KVK Bhuj conducted 30 Frontline Demonstrations (FLDs) across 12 hectares from Rabi 2020-21 to 2022-23 at different location of Kachchh Gujarat. The three years’ data revealed that the average yield of JHO 2010-1 increased by 12.60%, from 254 q/ha (existing practice) to 286 q/ha (improved practice). The average technology gap, extension gap, and technology index for JHO 2010-1 were 20 q/ha, 32 q/ha, and 6.54%, respectively. For JHO 822, the yield increased by 10.82% in demo plots over conventional practice with an average technology gap, extension gap, and technology index of 59 q/ha, 40.67 q/ha, and 12.30%, respectively. Economically, the demonstrations showed an increased net return of Rs. 35,900/ha with a benefitcost ratio (BCR) of 2.03 for JHO 2010-1, compared to Rs. 29,166.67 /ha and a BC ratio of 1.85 under local practices. For JHO 822, the net return increased to Rs. 68,066.67 /ha with a BC ratio of 2.89, compared to Rs. 59,466.67 /ha and a BC ratio of 2.73 for local practices. By conducting these FLDs, the yield potential of the oat crop and the income level of the farming community can be significantly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lives of rural households are predominantly based on agriculture and its allied activities. However, there are signs of an agricultural crisis resulting in dependence on alternative sources of income. This paper analyzes the factors that influence the decision of farm households to participate in non-farm activities for alternative income. The official data for two years on the Situation Assessment Survey of Agricultural Households are explored and a pooled probit regression model is run to examine the determinants of income diversification. Our findings reveal that farm income and irrigated land negatively influence diversification. However, diversification of those having lower access to farm holdings, socioeconomic deprivation, and improved access to education, informal credit, and crop insurance point out positive participation in non-farm enterprises. In addition, the population belonging to hilly and coastal plain regions and the age group 30–64 years are more likely to diversify. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous leafy vegetables (ILVs) play a role in food security, health, and income generation. Most of these vegetables are a treasured source of vitamins and are frequently used as a supplement for staple diets. However, there are concerns regarding the determinants that condition the use of ILVs for different purposes among rural households. As much as South Africa is known to be food-sufficient at the national level, the same cannot be said at the household level. This is because some households, particularly in rural areas, have been battling with food insecurity and lacking means of earning a living. One way some rural households may seek to cope with the threat of food and nutrition insecurity is to include indigenous vegetables in their daily diets. Therefore, this study analyzed the determinants of the use of ILVs by rural households in Alfred Nzo District, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. A sample of 106 rural households was considered using a simple random sampling method through a lottery technique, and crosssectional primary data was collected using a questionnaire via face-to-face interviews. Household heads were used as units of analysis. The study used a multinomial logistic regression model to analyze the determinants for different uses of ILVs. Results revealed that the age of a household head, education status, nutrition, and health benefits from ILVs positively influence the households to use ILVs as an income or food source. Household size, gender of a household head, farm income, employment status of a household head, and seasonal production or availability of ILVs negatively influenced households to use ILVs as an income or food source. The results further revealed that the age of a household head, farm income, nutrition, and health benefits from ILVs positively influenced the households to use ILVs as a medicinal or food source. On the other hand, household size, education status, employment status of a household head, and seasonal production or availability of ILVs negatively influenced households to use ILVs as medicinal or food sources. The study recommends that South Africa use public governments to encourage and create awareness of the economic and social value of ILVs and strengthen the use of ILVs in the communities, particularly vulnerable communities, and groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Income comparisons between farm and non‐farm households play a crucial role in many aspects of farm policy. Using household income data from tax returns of all Norwegian taxpayers in the period 2006–2015 we study these income differences. We find that the unconditional mean income is higher for farm households, but with important differences depending on the comparison group considered. We also find that the income difference is reduced when we control for differences in the personal characteristics of the different non‐farm comparison sub‐groups. This finding implies that income comparison using unconditional means, as frequently done in agricultural policy making, is potentially misleading. We also show that the income effect of personal characteristics is not the same for different comparison sub‐groups, as has been assumed in previous studies of income disparities. Differences in personal characteristics, and the income effect of those characteristics, therefore need to be accounted for if income comparisons between farmers and non‐farmers are to inform farm support policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 15 studies highlighted in this special issue collectively underscore the significant impacts of market participation on farmers' well-being, income, poverty reduction, dietary diversity, and rural economic growth. They also delve into the importance of marketing channel choice and the role of e-commerce in enhancing farmers' market linkages. In addition, they address farmers' preferences for market access interventions and the examination of market power within the agricultural industry, especially in low-income countries. The key findings include: (1) Market participation is critical for improving farmers' subjective and objective well-being, with studies demonstrating positive impacts on income, poverty reduction, and dietary diversity; (2) The choice of marketing channels significantly influences income, with evidence suggesting online sales can substantially increase farmers' earnings; (3) E-commerce plays a pivotal role in connecting farmers to broader markets, leading to income growth and enhanced market visibility; (4) Understanding and addressing farmers' preferences for market access through interventions like systematization policies and joint ventures can facilitate better market integration and support inclusive business models; (5) Analysis of market power within the primary foods industry reveals rising markups, particularly affecting low-income countries. These findings suggest that policies and interventions aiming to improve market access, promote e-commerce, and consider farmers' preferences and market power dynamics can significantly impact farmers' incomes, poverty levels, and overall rural economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the increasing attention on smart farms as a solution to rural issues such as aging agricultural populations, a shortage of young farmers, decreased production area, and reduced investment leading to stagnant income, exports, and growth rates, many farms still rely on traditional methods like cultivating tangerines in open fields. Despite this, increasing farm income requires producing high-quality tangerines and selling them at premium prices, with fruit sweetness being a crucial factor. Therefore, there is a need to examine the close correlation between tangerine quality and sweetness. In this paper, we use deep learning with the PyCaret library to predict and analyze tangerine sweetness using data from seven regions in Jeju and 13 comprehensive factors influencing sweetness, including terrain, temperature, humidity, precipitation, sunlight, wind speed, acidity, sugar-acid ratio, and others. Although applying all 13 factors could achieve over 90% accuracy, our study, limited to seven factors, still achieves a respectable 82.4% prediction accuracy, demonstrating the significant impact of weather data on sweetness. Moreover, these optimistic predictions enable the estimation of tangerine quality and price formation in the market for the coming year, allowing tangerine farmers and related agencies to respond to market conditions proactively. Furthermore, by applying these data to smart farms to control factors influencing tangerine sweetness, it is anticipated that high-quality tangerine production and increased farm income can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Journal of Agricultural Sciences (SJAS) is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Indonesian Agribusiness / Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The management of individual weights in broiler farming is not only crucial for increasing farm income but also directly linked to the revenue growth of integrated broiler companies, necessitating prompt resolution. This paper proposes a model to estimate daily average broiler weights using time and weight data collected through scales. In the proposed model, a method of self-adjusting weights in the bandwidth calculation formula is employed, and the daily average weight representative value is estimated using KDE. The focus of this study is to contribute to the individual weight management of broilers by intensively researching daily fluctuations in average broiler weight. To address this, weight and time data are collected and preprocessed through scales. The Gaussian kernel density estimation model proposed in this paper aims to estimate the representative value of the daily average weight of a single broiler using statistical estimation methods, allowing for self-adjustment of bandwidth values. When applied to the dataset collected through scales, the proposed Gaussian kernel density estimation model with self-adjustable bandwidth values confirmed that the estimated daily weight did not deviate beyond the error range of ±50 g compared with the actual measured values. The next step of this study is to systematically understand the impact of the broiler environment on weight for sustainable management strategies for broiler demand, derive optimal rearing conditions for each farm by combining location and weight data, and develop a model for predicting daily average weight values. The ultimate goal is to develop an artificial intelligence model suitable for weight management systems by utilizing the estimated daily average weight of a single broiler even in the presence of error data collected from multiple weight measurements, enabling more efficient automatic measurement of broiler weight and supporting both farms and broiler demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In agricultural growth, the horticulture subsector holds a crucial place. However, one of the most common and productive challenges that farmers deal with is capital limits. Lack of financing is frequently cited as a barrier to addressing rising production costs and erratic commodities selling prices. Financing for factors of production becomes challenging as a result. This study aims to analyze the influence of farm production factors on the income of horticultural farmers in East Java. Data collection was conducted in two locations, namely Wonomulyo Village, Poncokusumo District, Malang Regency, and Pacet Village, Pacet District, Mojokerto Regency. These two locations were chosen purposefully because they are horticulturally producing centers in East Java with the most financial institutions, with a total of 160 respondents. Data collection methods can include interviews using a questionnaire tool. To fulfill the research objective, multiple regression analysis has been used. The land area variable has the most influence since income and land area interact in such a way that as land area is utilized, revenue rises accordingly. The data indicates that there is a positive significance between land area and income in East Java's horticulture farms. Farmers need to seek to intensify horticulture to increase production on existing land with a farming venture. As well as the development of the agribusiness system through Cooperative Farming.

Abstract The present study empirically tests the relationship between crop diversification and farm income. The study area is India, the fifth largest economy of the world, and the units of study are its households which dominates India’s labor force. The propensity score matching technique is applied on the two waves of nationally representative data on agricultural households pertaining to agricultural year 2012–13 & 2018–19 to test the relationship between crop diversification and farm income. We find a strong and positive impact of crop diversification on farm income as farm income increases by around 13 per cent if non-diversified households opt for crop diversification. Furthermore, important factors such as literacy, access to market, access to irrigation, agricultural training, farming experience, and household size positively affects crop diversification at the household level. However, recent decline in the extent of diversification in India is a cause for concern. Promotion of cultivation of HVCs by giving them such institutional supports as initial capital required for switch to HVCs and other steps that insulates them from higher risks is the need of the hour in Indian agriculture.

Sustainable forest management is important to maintain the ability of forests to grow and provide a range of products and environmental services while retaining their natural features. We find that income, radiata pine prices, trade, agricultural expansion, and environmental policies have a significant impact on timber harvesting in New Zealand. Increase in income, radiata pine prices, number of farms, horticulture plantation and bank loans lead to an increase in timber harvesting. On the other hand, environmental policies, especially those to mitigate climate change, decrease timber harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Haiti is the poorest country in the Americas and has the highest levels of gender inequality. It has high burdens of malnutrition and food insecurity. Our aim in this study was to investigate differences between female and male heads of farms in their farm's size and income and in their nutritional status. Methods: We conducted a mixed-method study with a quantitative survey with 28 female and 80 male farmers and qualitative semi-structured interviews with seven women and 11 men, in nine rural communities, Plateau de Rochelois, Nippes, Haïti. Results: We found that significant inequalities existed between female and male heads of farms in this region of Haiti. Farm income was associated with farm size, with female farmers having on average smaller farms, and markedly lower farm incomes compared to male farmers, even after adjusting for the fact that their farms were smaller. Male farmers also had more access to seeds, financing and transportation to market. In addition, female farmers had markedly higher levels of overweight and obesity. In both male and female heads of farms around 1 in 20 were underweight. Discussion: These findings complement those from other settings, showing that female farmers in low- and middle- income countries typically face severe challenges in accessing resources such as land, credit, and inputs, which can limit their productivity and income-generating potential. Gender sensitive interventions to promote farmer health, well-being and productivity are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural subsidy policy can improve the planting enthusiasm of rural households by increasing their income. It is of great significance to assess and summarise the effect of the soybean and cotton target price subsidy policy and to determine future policy direction. Using the national rural fixed-observation point socioeconomic survey data from 2009 to 2017, the study employed the difference-in-differences (DID) method to evaluate the impact of the target price policy (TPP) on rural household income in China. TPP had no significant impact on the total income of rural households. Specifically, TPP increased the farm income of rural households but simultaneously reduced the wage income and had no significant impact on the other income. Moreover, the impact of TPP on rural household income varied with the planting scale and income level; the effect of TPP was strong among the non-poor or scale operation rural households. TPP implementation affected rural household farm and wage income by affecting farmers' allocation of working time and cost input. Therefore, implementing TPP should consider farmers' participation in non-farm employment, further adjust the subsidy intensity and scope, and combine direct subsidies with the poverty reduction effect in poor areas. The contribution of this article is to explore the implementation effect of target price subsidy policies from the perspective of farmers' income, to deconstruct farmers' income, and explore the mechanism of policy action. This paper provides a theoretical basis and policy inspiration for China to improve and adjust the agricultural subsidy policy, mobilise farmers' enthusiasm to cultivate, and ensure national food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]