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Eva Mazzotti,1 Benedetto Farina,2 Claudio Imperatori,2 Federica Mansutti,3,4 Elena Prunetti,3,4 Anna Maria Speranza,5 Claudio Barbaranelli1 1Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; 2Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Rome, Italy; 3Associazione di Psicologia Cognitiva e Scuola di Psicoterapia Cognitiva, Rome, Italy; 4Casa di Cura Villa Margherita, Arcugagno (Vi) Italy, 5Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Background: In this study, we explored the ability of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) to catch detachment and compartmentalization symptoms.Participants and methods: The DES factor structure was evaluated in 768 psychiatric patients (546 women and 222 men) and in 2,403 subjects enrolled in nonpsychiatric settings (1,857 women and 546 men). All participants were administered the Italian version of DES. Twenty senior psychiatric experts in the treatment of dissociative symptoms independently assessed the DES items and categorized each of them as follows: “C” for compartmentalization, “D” for detachment, and “NC” for noncongruence with either C or D.Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor structure of DES in both clinical and nonclinical samples and its invariance across the two groups. Moreover, factor analyses results overlapped with those from the expert classification procedure.Conclusion: Our results showed that DES can be used as a valid instrument for clinicians to assess the frequency of different types of dissociative experiences including detachment and compartmentalization. Keywords: Dissociative Experiences Scale, confirmatory factor analysis, detachment, compartmentalization, validity

Information on the physical and chemical properties of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system (LAS) can be obtained by geophysical investigation and by studies of petrology-geochemistry of magmatic rocks and entrained xenoliths. Integration of petrological and geophysical studies is particularly useful in geodynamically complex areas characterised by abundant and compositionally variable young magmatism, such as in the Tyrrhenian Sea and surroundings. A thin crust, less than 10 km, overlying a soft mantle (where partial melting can reach about 10%) is observed for Magnaghi, Vavilov and Marsili, which belong to the Central Tyrrhenian Sea backarc volcanism where subalkaline rocks dominate. Similar characteristics are seen for the uppermost crust of Ischia. A crust about 20 km thick is observed for the majority of the continental volcanoes, including Amiata-Vulsini, Roccamonfina, Phlegraean Fields-Vesuvius, Vulture, Stromboli, Vulcano-Lipari, Etna and Ustica. A thicker crust is present at Albani--about 25 km--and at Cimino-Vico-Sabatini--about 30 km. The structure of the upper mantle, in contrast, shows striking differences among various volcanic provinces. Volcanoes of the Roman region (Vulsini-Sabatini-Alban Hills) sit over an upper mantle characterised by [V.sub.s] mostly ranging from about 4.2 to 4.4 km/s. At the Alban Hills, however, slightly lower [V.sub.s] values of about 4.1 km/s are detected between 60 and 120 km of depth. This parallels the similar and rather homogeneous compositional features of the Roman volcanoes, whereas the lower [V.sub.s] values detected at the Alban Hills may reflect the occurrence of small amounts of melts within the mantle, in agreement with the younger age of this volcano. The axial zone of the Apennines, where ultrapotassic kamafugitic volcanoes are present, has a mantle structure with high-velocity lid ([V.sub.s] ~4.5 km/s) occurring at the base of a 40-km-thick crust. Beneath the Campanian volcanoes of Vesuvius and Phlegraean Fields, the mantle structure shows a rigid body dipping westward, a feature that continues southward, up to the eastern Aeolian arc. In contrast, at Ischia the upper mantle contains a shallow low-velocity layer ([V.sub.s] = 3.5-4.0 km/s) just beneath a thin but complex crust. The western Aeolian arc and Ustica sit over an upper mantle with [V.sub.s] ~ 4.2-4.4 kin/s, although a rigid layer ([V.sub.s] = 4.55 km/s) from about 80 to 150 km occurs beneath the western Aeolian arc. In Sardinia, no significant differences in the LAS structure are detected from north to south. The petrological-geochemical signatures of Italian volcanoes show strong variations that allow us to distinguish several magmatic provinces. These often coincide with mantle sectors identified by [V.sub.s] tomography. For instance, the Roman volcanoes show remarkable similar petrological and geochemical characteristics, mirroring similar structure of the LAS. The structure and geochemical-isotopic composition of the upper mantle change significantly when we move to the Stromboli-Campanian volcanoes. The geochemical signatures of Ischia and Procida volcanoes are similar to other Campanian centres, but Sr-Pb isotopic ratios are lower marking a transition to the backarc mantle of the Central Tyrrhenian Sea. The structural variations from Stromboli to the central (Vulcano and Lipari) and western Aeolian arc are accompanied by strong variations of geochemical signatures, such as a decrease of Sr-isotope ratios and an increase of Nd-, Pb-isotope and LILE/HFSE ratios. The dominance of mafic subalkaline magmatism in the Tyrrhenian Sea basin denotes large degrees of partial melting, well in agreement with the soft characteristics of the uppermost mantle in this area. In contrast, striking isotopic differences of Plio-Quaternary volcanic rocks from southern to northern Sardinia does not find a match in the LAS geophysical characteristics. The combination of petrological and geophysical constraints allows us to propose a 3D schematic geodynamic model of the Tyrrhenian basin and bordering volcanic areas, including the subduction of the Ionian-Adria lithosphere in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea, and to place constraints on the geodynamic evolution of the whole region. Keywords: surface waves tomography; lithosphere-asthenosphere system; petrological-geophysical model; Tyrrhenian Sea; Italian volcanic provinces; magma sources; geodynamic model

Abstract For 3D neural cultures durable hydrogels are required, which persist over a long differentiation period and thus enable the maturation of neuronal networks (NN). Here, 3D models based on human induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived neural progenitor cells that are embedded in hydrogels of either pure alginate or alginate functionalized with the extracellular matrix protein laminin 111 (L111) are established. This study analyzes material characteristics such as porosity, L111 distribution and shear viscosity, cell compatibility of hydrogels by measuring viability and cytotoxicity, and neural function by monitoring cell migration, differentiation as well as NN formation and activity on multielectrode arrays. The addition of L111 increases neural migration and enhances differentiation into neurons and astrocytes as well as synaptogenesis in alginate hydrogels. NN formed in hydrogels are electrically active for up to 206 d and L111‐supplementation further increases electrical activity, network maturation, and synchronicity compared to 2D controls and NN grown in pure alginate hydrogels. L111 addition to alginate gels further accelerates recovery of electrical activity after blockage of sodium channels with tetrodotoxin. In conclusion, NN grown in alginate‐L111 hydrogel blends are promising models for future long‐term applications in disease modeling, drug or chemical evaluation.

Introduction Demographic change in Germany is accompanied by a birth rate deficit and increasing life expectancy. One effect of the ageing population is an increase in people needing care, most of whom want to grow old in their homes and to be cared for there. At the same time, informal caregivers are a core resource in the German care system, but due to social changes, this resource is not endless. Processes of social change in German society will cause further erosion in the potential number of informal local caregivers. Therefore, it will be increasingly important to provide conditions so that individuals at a distance who support people needing care are actually able to do so. Distance caregiving is a broad field, posing questions of intergenerational and intragenerational solidarity and the balance between work, family and caring responsibilities. Systematic research is required into opportunities and limitations, including innovative technology, in the whole field of care arrangements over a distance. The demands of the different actors in the distance caregiving arrangement are not yet known and are the subject of our study.Methods and analysis This study will develop a model for distance caregiving. A qualitative multimethod research design (non-interventional study) will be adopted. The study will take place between September 2021 and August 2024. Participants will be selected by a purposeful sampling process. Phenomenological analysis will guide our data analysis. Data collected in this study will allow for triangulation, thereby increasing the trustworthiness of findings.Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval for this study has been granted by the ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (ID: EA1/371/21). Dissemination of the results will take place among the scientific community. Results will also be disseminated among the public and actors involved in healthcare and nursing care.