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Abstract Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice toward iron chelating agents (ICAs) in Iranian thalassemia major patients. Methods A total of 101 patients with thalassemia major were involved in this cross-sectional survey. A deep medication review was done, and participants’ knowledge, attitude, and practice were evaluated by a validated instrument based on a 20-scoring system. Results Statistical analyses showed 52 patients (51.5%) had a poor knowledge level (scores 15). Seventy-seven (76.2%) patients have positive beliefs regarding the dependence of their current health status on taking iron chelators, and 63 (62.4%) believed that they would become very ill without taking medication. The results also showed that the mean practice score in patients who received deferoxamine was 5.81 ± 3.50; in the patients who received deferiprone and those who received deferasirox, the mean scores were 7.36 ± 5.15 and 14.94 ± 4.14. Also, the knowledge and practice level had a direct linear correlation based on the regression analyses (P

BACKGROUND: Nursing education faces many challenges that must be identified and removed to improve nursing education and promote the quality of nursing care. Identifying the challenges of nursing education helps to solve or correct the weaknesses and achieve educational goals, which ultimately help to train skilled professionals capable of providing higher quality care to patients. The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the experiences of nursing tutors in regard to the process of challenge formation in nursing education in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a qualitative study with a grounded theory approach that was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, which took about 9 months, 18 experienced nursing tutors with managerial positions were selected by purposeful sampling from universities across the country. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, field notes, observation, and memos. Data analysis was done by Corbin and Strauss method through MAXQDA software version 10. In the next step, using the method of Walker and Avant (2011), concepts and statements were gathered within a whole and a model was presented. RESULTS: Twelve male university tutors and six female tutors participated in this study. The mean age of the participants was 45.38 ± 2.1 years, and their mean work experience was 18.66 ± 3.8 years. The findings showed that the challenges of nursing education could be categorized into three categories (defective educational cycle, efforts to restore the educational structure, and learning is a member of educational family), and 12 subcategories. After analyzing the data, trying to provide a need-based education was determined to be the central theme of this study. The components of model developed in this study were presented in the three axes of improving the tutor’s teaching skills, managing the situation and educational facilities, and facilitating student’s participation in the education process and decision-making. CONCLUSION: Identifying barriers and facilitators of need-based education in health policy making can enable nurses to build a better future for their nursing position. To provide need-based education, it is necessary to create a suitable ground and platform for proper education. Such platform and ground are a necessity of educational, therapeutic, and community environments. To achieve this goal, it is recommended to improve the professional capabilities of tutors and support educational organizations.

Background: Gastric disorders are one of the most common human ailments, which impose a huge economic burden on countries. In Persian Medicine (PM), it is possible to predict the susceptibility to gastric diseases with diagnosis of gastric Mizajes (temperaments) and dystemperaments. The semiology of gastric dystemperaments has been investigated in PM textbooks, although the value of each sign and symptom is not mentioned. Consequently, this research is designed to determine the major and minor criteria for classifying gastric dystemperaments on the basis of valid manuscripts and with the help of PM specialists in the present era. Methods: This was a consensus-based study consisting of four phases. In the first phase, reference PM textbooks were studied. Symptoms and signs of gastric dystemperaments were collected and listed in four groups. In the second phase, semi-structured interviews with a sample of PM experts were carried out. Phase three included a focused group discussion with experts. Eventually, findings were integrated from the three study phases in a two-day meeting in Sari City. Results: Selected criteria included eight major and eight minor criteria for hot-cold dystemperament, as well as six major and eight minor criteria for wet-dry gastric dystemperament. Conclusion: Modern lifestyles and the interfering factors are responsible for some changes in diagnostic signs and symptoms according to PM. This was the first step to coordinate PM diagnostic criteria for gastric dystemperaments. Further studies are recommended to reach a unique protocol in the field of PM diagnostics. The next step includes design and validation of national diagnostic tools.

Introduction: Oncology nurses should create a balance in their personal and professional life to provide holistic care to patients. The more the awareness of spirituality in oncology nurses develops, the more obviously it manifests itself in their attitudes toward spiritual care. This study aimed to assess the relationship between oncology nurses' spiritual wellbeing, and their attitudes toward spiritual care based on Neumann’s Systems Model. Methods: This descriptive correlational study tested the relationships of Neuman system-based model constructs, named oncology nurses antecedents, their spiritual wellbeing, and attitudes to spiritual care by using a causal model and path analysis. 130 oncology nurses from 12 Tehran hospitals completed the study questionnaires, having completed written informed consents. The study administration permission was approved by Urmia University of medical sciences ethical committee. The collected data were coded and entered to computer to be analyzed by SPSS 13. We used path analysis and multiple regressions for assessing the relationships among the variables of the hypothesized study model. Results: The model testing revealed, from four antecedents’ predictors’ variables, only age and spiritual wellbeing had a direct and meaningful relationship with oncology nurses’ attitudes towards spiritual care. The nurses’ antecedent and mediator variable, and spiritual wellbeing explained 32.5% of the variance in their attitudes towards spiritual care. Moreover, the nurses’ spiritual wellbeing was found to have a positive relationship with their attitude to spiritual care (β= 0.450). Conclusion: However, the study model and its constructs proved to be quite efficient in indicating oncology nurses’ attitudes to spiritual care-related factors, but it is not a comprehensive model and other studies are required for its empirical testing.

Abstract Background Measuring the quality of life (QOL) is a benchmark in today’s world of medicine. The aim of the present study was to determine the general health and QOL of infertile women and certain affecting conditions. Methods In a cross-sectional study, 161 infertile women referring to Dr. Rostami’s Infertility Center of Shiraz, Southern Iran, in 2013 were enrolled by the convenience sampling method. Data were collected via a socio-demographic, general health (GHQ28), and the QOL Questionnaire of Infertile Couples and analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics. Results According to 146 completely filled-out questionnaires, the mean age of the participants and their spouses were 29.4 ± 5.4 and 33.8 ± 5.8 years, respectively. Moreover, the general health of 57 (39%) patients was normal and that of 89 (61%) patients showed a degree of impairment. The scores for depression and physical symptoms were the highest and lowest, respectively. In addition, quite positive, positive, neutral, and negative specific QOL of infertile women were detected in 4 (2.8%), 72 (49.3%), 70 (47.9%), and 0 (0%) individuals, respectively. The total QOL scores had maximum correlation with GHQ anxiety (r = −0.596, P

Objectives: To assess the relationship between visual rehabilitation with the quality of life and visual status in children who had been diagnosed with amblyopia in the national amblyopia screening program. Methods: Information was gathered from optometric centers in the cities of Nowshahr, Chalus, and Kelardasht, or in case it was not available, from parents of participating children. The KINDL Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children was also completed by the children. Children were examined regarding visual acuity, stereopsis, strabismus, and refractive errors. Statistical tests such as one way ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient were used via SPSS software version 22. Results: Overall, the researchers obtained the records of 90 children with amblyopia, of which 76 were included in the study based on the inclusion criteria. The amblyopic children who did not have an early and timely start of treatment aid and did not complete treatment were the most prevalent group (38.2%). The lowest frequency (13.2%) pertained to those who did not have a timely start of treatment but experienced a completed treatment process. The highest proportion of children with entirely uncorrected amblyopia was those who had a timely start of treatment but did not complete the treatment. The majority of amblyopic children who had a completely corrected amblyopia had strictly acted in accordance with their therapist’s prescription. In contrast, the majority of those children whose amblyopia was left completely untreated had not acted in accordance with the therapist’s prescription. The children who had started treatment early but had not completed it obtained the lowest score on quality of life. The highest mean score was observed in the children who had completed their treatment process, either with or without an early start of the treatment. Discussion: The completion of treatment seemed to be of higher importance in the correction of amblyopia and increased the quality of life than the early start of treatment. Therefore, the authorities and therapists are recommended to pay more attention to follow-ups for completion of the treatment process and its important impact on improving eyesight and children’s quality of life.

For downloading the full-text of this article please click here. Background and Objectives: Nowadays, intensive care unit nurses face with numerous moral distress. Moral distress causes a series of responses in nurses. With recognizing these responses, strategies can be used for reducing them. This research was conducted to explain religious responses of ICU nurses to moral distress. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study (which is part of a doctoral thesis) with content analysis approach was done in order to describe of ICU nurses’ religious responses to moral distress. In this study, the data were collected by semi-structured and deep interviews with 18 individual and two group interviews with clinical nurses whom working in different cities in Iran. A Purposive sampling and data analysis with conventional content analysis were done. Results: 26 nurses were participated in this study. During the process of content analysis, 5 subcategories, and 2 categories were obtained. These categories of ICU nurses ‘religious responses to moral distress’ included: "religious beliefs", and "Impairment of religious beliefs". Results of this study showed a firm faith in God and trust in him causes positive response. Weakness and insecurity in the faith cause negative response to moral distress. Main theme in this research was religious responses. Conclusion: Results of this study showed that ICU nurses use various positive and negative responses in deal of moral distress. Nurse administrators can help ICU nurses to diminish moral distress, learn the correct religious beliefs, and prevent harmful outcomes. Teaching religious beliefs, during college, empowering and enhancing the religious capacity is necessary for coping with moral distress. Keywords: religious response, nurses, moral distress, ICU, content analysis For downloading the full-text of this article please click here.

Objective (s): The purpose of this intervention was to evaluate a theory-driven instructional multimedia about exercise behavior and health-related physical fitness among women in Tehran, Iran. Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial. In all a random sample of 130 women who were living in institutional houses in Tehran, Iran (2014) participated in the study. We designed ‘Women and Active Life’ self-taught multimedia based on the expanded theory of planned behavior (TPB) using the Flash and ActionScript3 software. This multimedia consisted of a menu with six principal actions (particularly educational sessions). The expected outcomes were analyzed at baseline, 3 and 6 months post-intervention. Results: Administering educational package was conducive in increasing and sustaining all outcome measures including the developed TPB constructs, cardiopulmonary fitness, muscular strength/endurance and flexibility in the experimental group at 3 and 6 months post-education, respectively (P0.05). Conclusion: Utilizing new technologies such as interactive multimedia grounded on the expended TPB led to improved exercise behavior, aerobic/muscular fitness and body composition in women.

Objective (s): The present study aimed to assess quality of life in infertile women. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted on infertile females visiting infertility-treatment center in Shiraz in, Iran. A number of 162 infertile females were selected based on their availability. The personal data were collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire quality of life was measured by an exclusive questionnaire. Then, the quality of life was classified into 4 levels: very poor, poor, moderate and good. Results: The results obtained from the study showed that quality of life in infertile women was generally moderate. The highest mean quality of life was related to physical aspect of life (40.60 ± 9.08) and the lowest mean quality of life score was related to emotional aspect (11.0± 5.72). There were significant relationships between some personal and social characteristics such as education (P = 0.01), history of chronic disease (P = 0.008), cause of infertility (P = 0.006) and quality of life. Conclusion: Infertile womenchr('39')s quality of life was relatively poor and affected by various personal and social factors. Therefore, identifying and modifying these factors is recommended to improve quality of life in this population.

Introduction: Biological, environmental, inter- and intrapersonal changes during the antenatal period can result in anxiety and stress in pregnant women. It is pivotal to identify potential stressors and prevent their foetal and maternal consequences. The present study was conducted to validate and examine the factor structure of the Farsi version of the Pregnancy Worries and Stress Questionnaire (PWSQ). Methods: In 2015, 502 Iranian healthy pregnant women, referred to selected hospitals in Tehran for prenatal care at 8-39 weeks of pregnancy, were recruited through a randomized cluster sampling. The PWSQ was translated into Farsi, and its validity and reliability were examined using exploratory factor analysis by SPSS version 21. Results: The content validity of items on the PWSQ was between 0.63-1. The content validity index for relevance, clarity and simplicity were 0.92, 0.98, and 0.98, respectively, with a mean of 0.94. The Kaiser–Meyer– Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was 0.863. Test–retest reliability showed high internal consistency (α=0.89; p

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Introduction: Teacher efficacy is the belief of a teacher that he can affect the behavior and academic achievement of learners. Many efforts have been made to measure teacher efficacy but there is no valid and reliable instrument to measure it in Iran. Therefore, this study was performed to translate and psychologically evaluate “teachers’ sense of efficacy scale” (TSES). Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on teachers of school of nursing and midwifery in Tehran. The questionnaire was completed by all teachers (n=140). TSES was translated and then its content, face, and concurrent validity as well as its reliability were measured using internal consistency and test re-test after two weeks. Results: Content validity index of TSES was 0.79 in part of relevancy, 0.62 for clarity, and 0.51 for simplicity respectively. Face validity of the scale was approved according to experts’ opinions and viewpoints of participants. Concurrent validity of teacher’s sense of efficacy scale was measured along with “General Self-efficacy Scale” and a value of 0.71 was calculated for their correlation. TSES scale’s Cronbach's alpha was 0.93 and 0.96 was the value attained for test re-test. Conclusion: The “Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale” (TSES) is a valid and reliable scale for measuring the efficacy of teachers in Iran.

Objective (s): HIV/AIDS transmission via sexual intercourse among women is increasing and becoming as a serious concern. Studies suggest that social support might play a role in preventing HIV related sexual behaviors. We aimed to explore the perceptions and experiences of women at risk for HIV about social support. Methods: A grounded theory methods was used for analyzing the participants' experiences and their perceptions. Twenty eight semi structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 25 women at risk of HIV/AIDS, aged 21-49 years, by purposeful sampling at voluntary counseling and testing centers or a NGO Drop in Centers (DIC) in Tehran, Iran. Qualitative analysis of the data was conducted manually and was guided by constant comparative analysis.Results: Results showed that social support was the essential concept for the women in term of their ability to protect themselves against HIV/AIDS. Love and family support, employment, finantial support and informational needs appeard as some components of social support.Conclusion: This qualitative study demonstrated the importance of considering social support from different sources for women at risk of HIV.

Objective: Quality of life is affected by many factors including stressors and coping strategies. Schizophrenia patients suffer from numerous stresses and have difficulties in coping strategies against life stressors which in turn can influence their quality of life. So it is important that coping strategies in patients with schizophrenia be known. This study has been performed in order to appraise coping strategies in schizophrenia patient and their relationship with quality of life. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive- correlational study 90 schizophrenia patients referring to psychiatry clinics of educational psychiatric hospitals in Tehran during a nine-month period were evaluated with the “World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-Brief Version” and with “The Ways of Coping Questionnaire”. Data was analyzed by Anova, Independent T test, Kruskal Wallis, Man Whitney and chi-square tests. Results: The results showed that most of the participants (42.1%) used the "avoidance” coping strategy. The results also showed that the majority of participants (77.8%) had an average level of quality of life. In addition, the results showed that there was a meaningful relationship between quality of life and coping strategies (P=0.005) such that samples who used the "avoidance” coping strategy, had lower quality of life. Conclusion: There was a meaningful relationship between "quality of life" and "coping strategies". Including teaching of coping skills in the treatment and rehabilitation plan of schizophrenia patients can increase their use of more effective coping strategies and to improve their quality of life.

Objective(s): Valid and reliable data collection requires valid and reliable tools (questionnaires). In using questionnaires in other languages, translation and psychometrics to make them compatible with target culture gain the first priority. The aim of this study was to translate KINDL questionnaire (for measuring quality of life in school-age children) to Farsi and to perform its psychometric evaluation.Methods: In this methodology study, after permission from developers of KINDL questionnaire, it was translated in 7 stages. Its English version was first translated to Farsi. Different early translations were then unified into one Farsi version. The final product was then translated back into English with revision, correction and finalization. For measuring psychometric, content validly, criterion validity and reliability by test-retest methods were used. First the KINDL questionnaire was translated and then psychometric was measured. Content validity index (CVI) of the questionnaire was measured based on the "relevance", "clarity", and "simplicity" on a four point scale. Results: The results showed that content validity index was more than %75 for all questions. In addition, the results of criterion validity of KINDL questionnaire and "Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children with Asthma" showed a significant, linear and positive relationship between the scores of the two questionnaires by Spearman statistical test. In addition, test-retest results showed a high correlation between the different domains of the questionnaire. Conclusion: Foreign questionnaires should be translated by expert people and made compatible with the target culture of each country. Researchers should be aware of this important point when they apply questionnaires from other countries. In this research, content validity index, criterion validity and reliability of KINDL questionnaire were measured and approved. Thus, it can be concluded that the questionnaire is suitable to measure quality of life in children.

Objective (s): The goal of this study was to translate and to evaluate Psychometrically of Iranian version of ‘Health Promoting Life Style Profile 2’.Methods: This methodological survey was conducted in 2011 in 3 health centers in Tehran for estimating the construct validity, content validity and reliability with participating of612people. For the purposes of study, the questionnaire was translated. At first stage of the psychometric evaluation, content validity of the questionnaire was measured by Waltz and Bussel content validity index. In order to the evaluating reliability, for determining the external stability of this instrument, test-retest and inter class correlation coefficient were used and for determining the internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. Construct validity indexes were calculated using confirmatory factor analysis.Results: Findings showed that internal correlation coefficient (Alpha Cronbach) was 0.95 for 'health promotion lifestyle profile 2’. Inter class correlation coefficient for the instrument subscales were between 0.67-0.87. Confirmatory factor analysis to assess the validity of the index, fitted χ2 was equal to 2.58, the RMSEA index was equal to 0.05, GFI index equal to 0.83, and CFI index was equal to 0.95, respectively.Conclusion: There is high correlation between the total score of "Health promotion lifestyle profile 2" and its subscale scores.

Background: Although nursing education in Iran has a positive trend in growth; it is still facing with multifaceted challenges. This study aims to explore the challenges for effective evaluation of nursing education perceived by academic managers. Materials and Methods: A qualitative study was performed by using 21 face-to-face, in-depth interviews with academic managers in medical universities and at the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in Iran. All interviews were recorded digitally, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed by qualitative content analysis. Results: The main challenges could be categorized under 3 themes, each included 3 subthemes: managerial issues (inefficacy of management, inadequacy of policies and strategies, ineffective evaluation planning); administrative issues (inefficient and affected evaluators, inappropriate implementation, and inefficacy of approaches and tools); and structural issues (inappropriate culture, clinical education complexity, lack of alumni follow-up system). Conclusions: The results emphasize the need for educational evaluation development in nursing, including systematic and regular educational evaluation planning focusing on efficient feedback system and regard to excellence models. The comprehensive educational evaluation requires participation, involvement, and collaboration among the Nursing Board, Nursing ministerial office, faculties of nursing, and Nursing Organization. Thus, it is necessary to better designate current educational evaluation systems, policies, approaches, methods, and procedures.

Aazam Dabirian, Farideh Yaghmaei, Maryam Rassouli, Mansoureh Zagheri TafreshiNursing and Midwifery School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranPurpose: Therapeutic procedures may not only treat disease but also affect patient quality of life. Therefore, quality of life should be measured in order to assess the impact of disease and therapeutic procedures. To identify clients' problems, it is necessary to assess several dimensions of quality of life, including physical, spiritual, economic, and social aspects. In this regard, we conducted a qualitative study to explore quality of life and its dimensions in ostomy patients referred to the Iranian Ostomy Association.Methods: Fourteen patients were interviewed about their quality of life dimensions by purposeful sampling. Data were gathered by semistructured interviews and analyzed using the content analysis method.Results: Nine main themes emerged using this approach, including physical problems related to colostomy, impact of colostomy on psychological functioning, social and family relationships, travel, nutrition, physical activity, and sexual function, as well as religious and economic issues.Conclusion: The findings of the study identified a number of challenges in quality of life for patients with ostomy. The results can be used by health care providers to create a supportive environment that promotes better quality of life for their ostomy patients.Keywords: ostomy, colostomy, qualitative study, quality of life

Background and Aim: Spirituality as a coping strategy plays an important role in human health. According to holistic approach, providing spiritual care for clients in different settings has been considered as a nurse’s responsibility. Despite the number of institutionalized adolescents living in residential settings, there are few studies have assessed spirituality in this group. In this regard, researchers conducted a qualitative research to explore spirituality and spiritual coping strategies in institutionalized adolescent girls. Materials and Method: In this qualitative study, 15 adolescent girls were interviewed about the role of spirituality and spiritual strategies in coping with stresses of living in institutes. Interviews were analyzed using content analysis method. Result: The main themes emerged from this study were: meaning in life, reliance on God, and seeking spiritual support. Conclusion: The findings of the study provide in-depth understanding of female institutionalized adolescents’ experiences of spirituality and spiritual strategies in coping with stress which can be useful for nurses and other health care professionals, especially those caring for orphan adolescents. The findings can provide a framework for nursing care plans based on teaching spiritual coping strategies to decrease stresses of living in residential settings.

Objectives: Awareness of elderly patients' experiences of myocardial infarction can assist to identify their need, problems, as well as promote their quality of lives. However, there is a little information about how elderly people experience myocardial infarction. This study aimed to explore elderly patients experience with myocardial infarction and their coping strategies. Methods & Materials: This paper is a part of a larger grounded theory. Eight old age patients (65+ years) with first time myocardial were interviewed as purposeful and theoretical sampling. Semi-structure interviews were used for data collection. Data collection and analysis were simultaneously conducted using Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory approach. The trustworthiness of data is confirmed through Lincoln and Guba' s criteria. Results: Elderly patient's experiences of myocardial infarction were categorized as two main themes include: living in the shadow of fear, live with limitation, and their coping strategies namely as return to active life. Living in the shadow of fear is consisted of sub themes named fear of death/reinforcing, fear of physical inability, and fear of dependency on others. Live with limitation composed of feeling of physical incapacity, bodily symptoms, and adherence of medical regimen/family. Return to active life includes positive thinking and self-reliance. Conclusions: Elderly people with first time myocardial infarction experience severe stresses and more limitations due to suddenly threatening their lives and health. Adopting positive coping strategies could facilitate return to normal life and promote their quality of life.

Introduction: Self-efficacy and self-regulated learning play an important role in applying clinical knowledge and competencies. The aim of this study was to define self-efficacy and self-regulated learning in nursing students' clinical performance during field training. Methods: In a qualitative study, 50 participants were selected through purposive sampling method from Iran, Tehran, and Shahid Beheshti Medical Universities. Then 28 semi-structured and 3 focus group interviews were performed with volunteer nursing students. Data was analyzed using content analysis methods. Results: The definition of self-efficacy and self-regulated learning were categorized in five and three themes, respectively. Self-efficacy in clinical performance based on the viewpoints of participants was equal to acquiring clinical skills, assessing patients, and planning, executing, and evaluating care plans. The experie-nce of self-regulated learning in clinical performance was equivalent to efforts for clinical learning along with self-motivation, and practicing nursing process, as well as for acquiring professional behaviors. Conclusion: Self-efficacy and self-regulated learning affect independent patient care capability and help nursing students to promote their competencies and professional skills in this field.

This descriptive study was aimed to identify how provided nursing care related to physical problems caused by traction and cast in patients with fracture and dislocation in cervical spinal cord in educational hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Samples, including 46 patients were recruited from neurosurgery and orthopedic wards, and also from Neurosurgical Intensive Care Units during 8 months period. Results showed that nursing care provided by nurses were in a proper level. There was no significant relationship between variables such as age, gender, level of education, kind of neurological lesions and provided nursing care. A significant relationship between cervical lesion and provided nursing care was found

Introduction: Family-centered care sustains the unity of the child's and the family's health. The aim of this study was to determine nurses' attitudes toward parents' participation in the care of their hospitalized children in Iran in 2015., Methods: In this experimental study, 200 pediatric nurses from hospitals affiliated with the Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran were selected using the multi-stage, random-sampling method. Data were gathered using a questionnaire that covered demographic information and nurses' attitudes. The questionnaire consisted of 31 items and was completed by the nurses in three stages: 1) before intervention (pre-test), 2) immediately after intervention (post-test), and 3) three months after intervention (follow-up). The data were analyzed via SPSS software and using descriptive and analytical methods. Descriptive statistics, the Spearman Correlation Coefficient, and Repeated Measure Analysis (the Bonferroni method) were used to assess the data., Results: The results indicated that there was a significant increase in the mean score of attitude after intervention [M (pre) = 3.35%, M (post) = 3.97%, p < 0.001)]. Most of subjects had neutral attitudes toward family participation in their children's care. There were no significant relationship between the nurses' socio-demographic characteristics and their attitudes., Conclusion: The nurses' attitudes toward the family's participation in the care of their hospitalized children were moderate. The nurses' attitudes should be improved by taking part in continuous training programs.

Background: Family-centered care (FCC) involves holistic care and requires cooperation with the family in planning, intervention, and the evolution of the care that is being provided. Many previous studies have provided results that indicate the importance of the family's involvement in pediatric care, but there is still resistance in doing so within the organizational culture of the hospitals in Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of FCC on the satisfaction of parents of children hospitalized in 2012 in the pediatric ward at Razi Hospital in Chaloos, Iran., Methods: This Quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2012 in the pediatric ward at Razi Hospital in Chaloos, Iran. Seventy hospitalized children between the ages of 1 and 3 who suffered from diarrhea, vomiting, or pneumonia were selected through convenience sampling. They were divided randomly into two equal groups, a control group (routine care) and an experimental group (family-centered care). SPSS Statistics 14 software was used to analyze the data, and p<0.05 was considered to be significant., Results: In the FCC group, the mean score of satisfaction among the parents of the children was 20 out of 90 before the intervention, but, after the FCC method was used, it increased to 83.2 out of 90. In addition, a significant difference was found between the scores of satisfaction for the control and experimental groups (p<0.001), and all parents of children in the experimental group expressed high satisfaction., Conclusion: Our findings showed that the practice of FCC in caring for the sick children can increase the satisfaction of their parents significantly. The role of the family's involvement is critical in every component of the intervention efforts, as shown by the constructs of participatory support, educational support, and psychological support. Thus, a notable implication here is that FCC may lead to increased quality of care and should be included in the educational programs of the nursing staff in pediatric ward.