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Tanaman cabai merah merupakan jenis buah dan tumbuhan dalam anggota genus Capsicum yang masuk dalam komodias sayuran yang banyak dinikmati masyarakat Indonesia. Kabupaten Pohuwato merupakan salah satu wilayah yang menjadi sasaran utama dalam pengembangan tanaman holtikultura. Akan tetapi dalam pengembangannya komoditi ini memiliki beberapa permasalahan salah satunya Hama dan penyakit. Kendala utama dalam mendiagnosa penyakit cabai merah yaitu minimnya pengetahuan petani tentang penyakit tanaman cabai merah, keterbatasan waktu yang dimiliki petani, dan kurangnya jumlah pakar. Dalam mengatasi situasi ini, sistem pakar sangat dibutuhkan. Sistem pakar merupakan program berbasis pengetahuan, dengan sistem pakar dapat dengan mudah mendiagnosa penyakit yang menyerang cabai merah. Penelitian ini menerapkan metode Case Based Reasoning. Metode CBR merupakan metode yang membangun sistem dengan pengambilan keputusan dari kasus baru berdasarkan solusi dari kasus sebelumnya, menyelesaikan kasus baru dengan mengamati kasus lama yang terdekat dengan kasus baru. Sistem ini di bangun dengan 5 penyakit dengan 16 gejala yang memiliki bobot yang berbeda berdasarkan hasil penelitian. Dalam menguji kelayakan sistem dan menghindari kesalahan pada sistem, maka pada penelitian ini telah melakukan pengujian sistem dengan hasil pengujian sistem white box yang dilakukan menghasilkan nilai Cyclomatic Complexity 8, untuk pengujian sistem black box semuanya sesuai dengan tampilan pada sistem.Kata kunci: Sistem Pakar, Cabai Merah, CBR Abstract - The red chili plant is a type of fruit and plant in the genus Capsicum which is included in the vegetable commodity that is widely enjoyed by the people of Indonesia. Pohuwato Regency is one of the areas that are the main targets in the development of horticultural crops. However, in its development this commodity has several problems, one of which is pests and diseases. The main obstacle in diagnosing red chili disease is the lack of knowledge of farmers about red chili disease, the limited time farmers have, and the lack of experts. To overcome this, an expert system is needed. The expert system is a knowledge-based program, with the expert system being able to easily diagnose diseases that attack red chilies. This research uses Case Based Reasoning method. The CBR method is a method that builds a system by making decisions from new cases based on solutions from previous cases, solving new cases by observing the old cases that are closest to the new cases. This system is built with 5 diseases with 16 symptoms that have different weights based on the results of the study. In testing the feasibility of the system and avoiding errors in the system, this research has tested the system with the results of a white box system test that produces a value of Cyclomatic Complexity 8, for testing the black box system everything is in accordance with the appearance on the system.Keywords: Expert System, Red Chili, CBR

OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper was to determine the interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility of the AO Spine Upper Cervical Injury Classification System based on surgeon experience (< 5 years, 5–10 years, 10–20 years, and > 20 years) and surgical subspecialty (orthopedic spine surgery, neurosurgery, and "other" surgery). METHODS A total of 11,601 assessments of upper cervical spine injuries were evaluated based on the AO Spine Upper Cervical Injury Classification System. Reliability and reproducibility scores were obtained twice, with a 3-week time interval. Descriptive statistics were utilized to examine the percentage of accurately classified injuries, and Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used to screen for potentially relevant differences between study participants. Kappa coefficients (κ) determined the interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility. RESULTS The intraobserver reproducibility was substantial for surgeon experience level (< 5 years: 0.74 vs 5–10 years: 0.69 vs 10–20 years: 0.69 vs > 20 years: 0.70) and surgical subspecialty (orthopedic spine: 0.71 vs neurosurgery: 0.69 vs other: 0.68). Furthermore, the interobserver reliability was substantial for all surgical experience groups on assessment 1 (< 5 years: 0.67 vs 5–10 years: 0.62 vs 10–20 years: 0.61 vs > 20 years: 0.62), and only surgeons with > 20 years of experience did not have substantial reliability on assessment 2 (< 5 years: 0.62 vs 5–10 years: 0.61 vs 10–20 years: 0.61 vs > 20 years: 0.59). Orthopedic spine surgeons and neurosurgeons had substantial intraobserver reproducibility on both assessment 1 (0.64 vs 0.63) and assessment 2 (0.62 vs 0.63), while other surgeons had moderate reliability on assessment 1 (0.43) and fair reliability on assessment 2 (0.36). CONCLUSIONS The international reliability and reproducibility scores for the AO Spine Upper Cervical Injury Classification System demonstrated substantial intraobserver reproducibility and interobserver reliability regardless of surgical experience and spine subspecialty. These results support the global application of this classification system.

As political questions behind Pakistan's emergence distilled themselves into aesthetic questions of how to represent a country without a past, the debate erupted through the spatial practices determining the form and architectural character of the nation's two capitols. President Ayub Khan's two ambitious urban projects—Islamabad, the new capital city of Pakistan and Ayub-Nagar (renamed Sher-e-Bangla Nagar), and a second capitol complex in East Pakistan—brought together local and foreign stakeholders with differing interpretations of the idea of “Pakistan.” A significant part of each project's documentation lies far from its site—with the University of Pennsylvania, in the personal papers of Louis Kahn, the US-based architect whose firm designed each. This collection—a vital resource to consider the expanded meaning of architecture, not as an end product, but as a process—emerges as a crucial body of evidence for the evolution of multiple narratives of the political idea of Pakistan. The design process, as documented in sketches, architectural drawings, reports, and correspondence, reflects the frictions created from unfulfilled expectations and the subsequent disillusionment of vested interest groups, shedding new light on constructions of the past and future in postindependence Pakistan.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Occipitocervical fusion is a rare and often challenging surgical procedure. Significant morbidity can result if care is not taken to achieve physiologic alignment. This is especially true for patients needing occipitocervical fusion in the setting of trauma where preoperative alignment is unknown. PURPOSE To assess the radiographic angles normally subtended between the C2 body and the mandible ramus, in a series of patients with neutral physiologic alignment and no pathology, and to assess its validity as a possible intraoperative radiographic tool to determine a neutral craniocervical alignment. DESIGN Validation and reliability study of radiographic parameters. PATIENT SAMPLE Hundred lateral, neutral, cervical radiographs from patients with “normal” radiographic findings. OUTCOME MEASURES Radiographic parameters of occipital-cervical alignment with assessment of reliability and correlation in data. METHODS One hundred neutral lateral cervical spine radiographs in the upright position of patients with no complaints or known pathology were obtained from two medical clinics between December of 2014 and January of 2017. Three physicians, at different levels of spine surgery training, took measurements of radiographic parameters. The new technique used four different angles measured between the C2-body/dens complex and the mandibular ramus (anterior/posterior C2 body and anterior/posterior mandible lines angles), and compared these with the Occipito-C2 angle, which is a validated assessment of occipitocervical alignment. Statistical analysis was performed to assess correlation in data and measure reproducibility. RESULTS Between the three reviewers, the mean±standard deviation were 18.0°±6.5° for Occipito-C2 angle (O-C2A), −4.2°±5.4° for anterior C2-body/anterior mandible line angle (AB/AM), −4.2°±5.9° for anterior C2-body/posterior mandible line angle (AB/PM), 5.1°±5.8° for posterior C2 body/anterior mandible line angle (PB/AM) and 5.6°±6.2° for posterior C2 body/ posterior mandible line angle (PB/PM). Overall the measurements obtained were correlative with an appropriate range for the standard deviation. Mean intraclass correlation coefficient were 0.889 for O-C2A, 0.795 for AB/AM, 0.859 for AB/PM, 0.876 for PB/AM, and 0.750 for PB/PM, showing high interobserver reliability for all the radiographic measures. Across the five techniques, 87%–92% of measurements fell within 10° of the median, 76%–83% fell within 7.5°, and 55%–66% within 5°. CONCLUSIONS The mandible-C2 angle offers a reproducible alternative to the validated O-C2A technique for determining appropriate intraoperative occipitocervical alignment, which may be especially useful when preoperative radiographic alignment is unknown, such as occurs with trauma patients, with the goal of decreasing alignment-related complications in the setting of occipitocervical stabilization.

There is increasing interest among architectural historians in addressing environmental concerns on both historical and theoretical terms. Simultaneously, other fields have been looking to architectural scholarship to understand the historical relationship between the built and the natural environment. For architectural historians, and others, this has also involved correlating the shifting discourse on environment with a history of architectural transformations and disciplinary expansions. These engagements have made clear that the environmental history of architecture does not simply add more objects to the historical database, but also changes the terms of historical analysis, as new matters of concern and new conceptual frameworks come to the fore. This paper gathers together a dialogic set of projections from scholars responding to the question of how we might newly understand the historical relationship between the built and the natural environment, and the opportunities and challenges this new phase presents to scholars, design researchers, and architects.

Case Isolated patella absentia is an extremely rare phenomenon, with only a few published cases and even fewer follow-up reports. Nearly 40 years after the initial presentation of 2 brothers with bilateral congenital absence of the patella and the publication of a case report, we report the clinical and radiographic findings of their subsequent tibiofemoral osteoarthritis, which was treated with bilateral total knee arthroplasty. Conclusion Understanding the biomechanical complications associated with congenital absence of the patella as it relates to a stable knee is vital; in the case of degenerative changes, total knee arthroplasty appears to provide a long-term solution for these patients.

To reply an adolescent tantrum thrown by the West’s rock star philosopher Slavoj Žižek who was complaining that postcolonial scholars have nothing worthwhile to do other than avenge black people fr...