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Çarkıfelek meyvesi, Kolombiya da dahil olmak üzere Latin Amerika'da birçok ülkede yetiştirilmektedir. Ancak elde edilen kâr çok istikrarsızdır ve üretim maliyetleri optimize edilememiştir, ayrıca uluslararası pazar teklifleri esas olarak taze ürün üzerinedir ve yalnızca yüzde yedi işlenmiş meyve oranı ekonomik kısıtlamalar yaratmakta ve yine kar olasılıklarını azaltmaktadır. Meyve üretiminin geliştirilmesi ve iyileştirilmesi, iklim ve meyve çeşitliliği açısından elverişli koşullar nedeniyle Kolombiya'daki ekonomik büyümeyi desteklemek için bir fırsattır. Bu, ülke genelinde farklı bölgelerde iş kolu yaratma ve kalkınmada eşitlik ile sonuçlanabilir. Bu inceleme Çarkıfelek meyvesinin gıda sektörü içinde gelişimine engel olan hastalık ve zararlılar, ile meyvesinin yetiştiriciliğinde uygun olmayan pestisit ve gübre kullanımı, düşük toprak kalitesi ve kötü uygulama hasat sırasında meydana gelen bulaşma, hasat sonrası hastalıklar ve yetersiz sınıflandırma, paketleme, depolama ve taşıma ve öneriler alt başlıkları altında açıklanmıştır., Passion fruit is grown in several countries in Latin America including Colombia. But the profit with this is very unstable and normally their production costs have not been optimized, additionally, their offer to the international market is mainly fresh product and only seven percent is processed fruit, creating economic constraints and again reducing their possibilities to profit. Development and improvement of fruit production represent an opportunity for supporting the economic growth in Colombia because of their favorable conditions regarding climate and fruit diversity. This could result in job creation and equity in the development in the different regions across the country. This review illustrates the constraints within the food business development of the Passion fruit which are discussed under the subheadings of pests and diseases, sub optimal genetical utilization of passion fruit, un-rational usage of pesticides and fertilizers, soil quality poor handling resulting in the harvest contamination of the harvest, Post-harvest disease, insufficient grading, packaging, storage and transportation and recommendations.

Staphylococcus aureus has vital importance in veterinary medicine. Within the ruminants, it is one of the major causes of mastitis, the problem that was and is, with no definite solution to date. Along with that, it also affects the health of animals, pets, and poultry in several ways as the tissue tropism for this organism in poultry is the bones and the joints. This review is focused on habitat, species differentiation, differential biochemical tests, pathogenesis, clinical infections, economic importance, public health significance, immune response, the regulation of virulence in the staphylococci, and cytokines response against S. aureus.

Anthelmintic, ectoparasiticides (insecticides, acaricides), and antiprotozoal chemotherapeutic drugs target parasites. Chenopodium oil like alkaloids, arsenic compounds, cupric sulfate, nicotine, and cupric silicate were used to destroy nematodes. Unfortunately, these chemicals were less effective and less safe for livestock. The four major groups of broad-spectrum antinematodal compounds are macrocyclic lactones such as milbemycins/ivermectin, benzimidazole/pro-benzimidazole, tetrahydro pyrimidines such as morantel, pyrantel tartrate, and imidazothiazoles such as tetramisole and levamisole. The various factors responsible for gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism make it difficult to develop effective control measures, to the best of our knowledge. Hence, an effective strategy for the control of parasitic diseases that do not solely rely on anthelmintic therapies needs to be developed at the regional level, based on the epidemiology of the disease. This book chapter aims to elaborate on the various other ways to control parasitic diseases due to Anthelmintic drug resistance.