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Resumen: La tradición del consumo de tamales entre los choles de Palenque está ligado al conocimiento y manejo ancestral de las plantas, así como al calendario de fiestas y ceremonias relacionadas con las fechas de días de muertos y de la Santa Cruz, entre otras. En este trabajo, hablaremos de este tamal (Pa´ts Petejul), que es propio de la región de Palenque, su relación con dos de las tradiciones más importantes de México y cuáles son los cambios o la evolución que ha tenido en la comunidad chol de Palenque desde tiempos muy remotos. Los tamales, por supuesto, tienen su origen desde la antigüedad y a veces se les han añadido nuevos ingredientes, sin embargo, hay otros, como el que presentamos aquí que seguramente tiene pocas variaciones. Existe la supervivencia de sabores y creencias a través del tiempo. Abstract: The tradition of tamale consumption among the Choles of Palenque is linked to the ancestral knowledge and management of plants, as well as to the calendar of festivities and ceremonies related to the dates of the Day of the Dead and the Holy Cross, among others. In this paper, we will talk about this tamale (Pa'ts Petejul), which is typical of the region of Palenque, its relationship with two of the most important traditions of Mexico, and the changes or evolution it has had in the Chol community of Palenque since ancient times. Tamales have their origin during ancient times and sometimes new ingredients have been added, however, there are others, such as the one presented here that surely have few variations. In Pa’ts Petejul, flavors and beliefs survive through time. This article is written in Spanish.

Objective This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial effect of three endodontic sealers (AH Plus, Mineral trioxide aggregate [MTA] Fillapex, and BioRoot RCS) with and without amoxicillin against E. faecalis. Methodology Amoxicillin, equivalent to 10% of the sealers’ total weight, was mixed with the sealers. Another batch was prepared without amoxicillin. The direct contact test (DCT) and the agar diffusion test were used to assess the antibacterial effect. Results were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the F-test, and the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results AH Plus significantly suppressed E. faecalis without the addition of amoxicillin in the DCT (p = 0.011), while in the agar diffusion test, BioRoot RCS had a larger inhibition zone than the control (p < 0.001). When amoxicillin was added to the sealers, AH Plus (p = 0.003) and MTA Fillapex (p = 0.042) reduced E. faecalis growth. In contrast, all three sealers showed larger inhibition zones than the control (p = 0.001), with AH Plus displaying a larger inhibition zone than MTA Fillapex (p = 0.042) and BioRoot RCS (p = 0.032). Conclusions It was thus concluded that the addition of amoxicillin to endodontic sealers enhances their antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis.

La creación de una vacuna para enfrentar la pandemia de COVID-19 conllevó un vacío de información sobre las posibles alteraciones del ciclo menstrual. El objetivo fue verificar las posibles alteraciones que se pudiesen haber generado en el ciclo menstrual de las mujeres posterior a la inoculación de la vacuna contra la COVID-19. Se realizó una revisión sistemática en las bases bibliografías Medline, Medline Complete, LILACS, CINAHL y ScIELO, utilizando los descriptores “Women”, “Woman”, “Fertile period”, “Vaccination”, “Mass vaccination”, “Immunization”, “COVID-19 vaccines”, “SARS-CoV-2 infection”, “COVID- 19”, “Menstrual cycle”, “Menstruation”, “Endometrial cycle”, “Dysmenorrhea” y “Menstruation disturbances”. Mediante la utilización del protocolo PRISMA, de los 319 artículos localizados, 17 fueron incluidos en el análisis. La mayoría de los estudios incluyeron, principalmente, las vacunas Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca y Johnson&Johnson/Janssen con una a tres dosis administradas. El porcentaje de ciclos menstruales alterados fue del 8,0% al 77,8%, y la alteración con mayor frecuencia referida fue la duración del ciclo menstrual, que fue desde 0,3 hasta 12 días de retraso de la menstruación. Todos los estudios refieren cambios en el ciclo menstrual con diversas prevalencias, con y sin significación estadística; sin embargo, también concluyen que estas alteraciones son reversibles y en un corto periodo de tiempo.

Foundation: sleep is recognized as an indicator of quality of life and, in a student´s daily life, it acquires great importance for its relationship with cognitive functioning and academic activities.Objective: to identify and evaluate factors associated with quality of sleep presented by the Chilean students of the Obstetric training program, according to years studied.Methods: cross-sectional and analytical study conducted in the 2018 school year in a Chilean university, which included all the students of Obstetrics, who answered a questionnaire that evaluated sociodemographic background, academic profile, previous sleep habits and sleep quality, assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) survey.Results: the behavior around the sleep habits differs significantly among courses, in the 1st and 4th year there are those who sleep less and the students of this last course are classified as the worst sleepers. The average of the PSQI components varies between 6, 6 (5th year) and 9.2 (4th year); daytime dysfunction component showed the most extreme values.Conclusions: there is a weak association between sleeping quality and sociodemographic variables, academic profile and previous sleep habits. It is only strongly associated with some components of the sleep quality survey, such as bedtime and student sleeping hours. The training program progression does not mean an increase or decrease in bad or good sleepers.

Introducción: La lactancia materna según las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, debería ser exclusiva por al menos los primeros 6 meses de vida del lactante. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de las estrategias e intervenciones disponibles en la literatura científica actual, para aumentar la duración y exclusividad de la lactancia materna durante los primeros seis meses de vida del lactante. Método: Se realizó una revisión sistemática en las bases bibliografías CINAHL, Medline y Clinical Key, utilizando la estrategia de búsqueda “Mother-child relations” OR “Infant” OR “Newborn” AND “Lactation” AND “Breast feeding” OR “Breastfeeding duration” OR “Breastfeeding exclusive” OR “Interventions” AND “Best practices” OR “Evidence-based practice” OR “Evaluation of results of therapeutic interventions”. Resultados: De los 749 artículos localizados, 22 fueron incluidos en el análisis. Las estrategias identificadas para promover la lactancia materna se dividieron en 3 categorías según su entorno: las realizadas en los sistemas de salud, entornos domésticos o comunitarios y entornos múltiples. Conclusión: Las estrategias e intervenciones que demostraron ser efectivas para aumentar la duración y exclusividad de la lactancia materna fueron las intervenciones multicomponentes, las iniciativas para capacitación de los profesionales de la salud y la estrategia “Hospital Amigo”.

Introduction: Human anatomy is a core subject that poses a great academic challenge for students who are admitted to the health sciences undergraduate degree programs. Objective: To know the socio-academic profile of first-year students of several health sciences undergraduate programs and to assess the association between, on the one hand, academic performance during secondary education, study habits and performance in the university admission science test, and, on the other, academic performance in the human anatomy course. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional correlational study conducted in 2018. The study population consisted of 306 first-year students enrolled in 7 health sciences undergraduate programs offered by the Faculty of Medical Sciences of a public university in Santiago de Chile, Chile. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between the variables of interest. Also, a multiple linear regression analysis was performed to establish the factors significantly associated with the final grade obtained in the course. A level of significance of p

The student Burnout Syndrome is a response to chronic and severe stress linked to the role of the students and their academic context. This study aims at determining the prevalence and severity of the student Burnout Syndrome on a sample of midwifery students and its associated factors. The study is observational, cross-sectional, and analytical, with a sample of 140 students of a Chilean university. The study variables were as follows: sociodemographic background, academic profile, student Burnout Syndrome scale, and behaviors in everyday psychosocial activities. The instrument for measuring the Burnout Syndrome was the Unidimensional Scale of Student Burnout. For the analysis, descriptive statistics were used, and the association of the independent over the dependent variables was assessed through linear regression. Of the third-year students, 77.2% had a moderate or deep burnout level, which increases to 91.8% in the fourth-year students. A significant and direct association was found between the syndrome and the career year. A significant association was also found between the Burnout Scale and the scale of psychosocial risk behavior. All the students present some degree of Burnout Syndrome, which is related to both their studies and psychosocial risks.

El Programa Nacional de Pesquisa y Control del Cáncer Cervicouterino de Chile ha contribuido al descenso sostenido de la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino. Para la reducción de esta mortalidad ha sido fundamental la citología exfoliativa del cérvix, la que no está exenta de resultados inciertos. En este sentido, los frotis clasificados como atípicos se consideran ambiguos por la presencia de anomalías celulares de difícil determinación, lo que se traduce en un diagnóstico de probabilidad incierta. En la literatura nacional como internacional, se manifiesta un notorio interés por unificar la nomenclatura citológica cervical y los algoritmos de derivación y confirmación diagnóstica, para el manejo clínico de las mujeres con anomalías citológicas cervicales y lesiones precursoras de cáncer cervicouterino. Por lo anterior, se considera relevante los estudios que proporcionen evidencia clínica epidemiológica actualizada, que permitan optimizar el cumplimiento del Programa Nacional de Cáncer Cervicouterino, conducentes al logro de los Objetivos Sanitarios del período 2011-2020.The National Research and Control of Cervical Cancer in Chile had contributed to the sustained decline in mortality from cervical cancer. The exfoliative cytology of the cervix has been to reduce this mortality, which is not without uncertain results. The smears classified as atypical are considered ambiguous by the presence of cellular abnormalities difficult to determine, resulting in a diagnosis of uncertain probability. The literature, both nationally and internationally, is widespread interest to unify the nomenclature cervical cytology and the support of the derivation algorithms for the clinical management of women with cytologic abnormalities cervical and cervical cancer precursor lesions. Therefore, it is relevant to perform studies the provide updated epidemiological clinical evidence, to optimize the performance of the National Program for the achievement of health objectives for the period 2011-2020.

Antecedentes: En las últimas décadas han surgido cambios en la pirámide poblacional aumentando el número de mujeres en fase climatérica, esto unido al concepto de calidad de vida, le ha dado mayor relevancia al estudio de las modificaciones que ocurren en esta etapa de la vida. Objetivos: Identificar la frecuencia e intensidad de los síntomas de la transición menopáusica. Métodos: Estudio transversal comparativo en 969 mujeres de 45 a 64 años, usuarias de consultorios de Atención Primaria de Salud del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente, Santiago, Chile. Para evaluar la severidad de los síntomas climatéricos, se utilizó la Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el test T de Student, el test no paramétrico de Chi cuadrado, el test de Mann-Whitney y un nivel de significancia de 5%. Resultados: La edad promedio de las premenopáusicas fue de 49,1 ± 3,0 años y 55,3 ± 5,7 años en las posmenopáusicas. El síntoma más frecuente y que se presentó con mayor intensidad fueron las molestias musculares y articulares, el dominio más afectado fue el psicológico con una intensidad moderada y el perfil socio-demográfico fue similar para ambos grupos menopáusico. Conclusión: Al considerar el puntaje global de la escala MRS, ambos grupos se clasificaron en la categoría de intensidad moderada, pero en el grupo posmenopáusico, la puntuación fue más alta, lo que se traduce en una peor calidad de vida para estas mujeres, dado principalmente por el dominio psicológico.Background: There were changes in the recent decades in the population pyramid due an increase the number of women in climacteric phase, this antecedent, connected with the concept of quality of life, has given greater relevance to the study of the changes that occur in this stage of life. Objectives: To identify the frequency and intensity of the symptoms of the menopausal transition. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative population-based study was conducted. The selection of 969 women aged 45-64 years treated in the Primary Care Health Services of the Occident Region of Santiago, Chile. The Menopause Rating Scale was used to assess the severity of climacteric symptoms. Data were analyzed using the chi-squared test, T of Student test, the Mann-Whitney test; a probability of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The average age of premenopausal women were 49.1 ± 3.0 years and 55.3 ± 5.7 years in postmenopausal. The most frequent symptoms and of greater intensity was the muscle and joint discomfort, the domain most affected was the psychological with a moderate intensity and socio-demographic profile were similar for both menopausal groups. Conclusion: The global score of the MRS scale for both groups are classified in the category of moderate intensity, but in the postmenopausal group, the score was higher, resulting in a lower quality of life for these women, mainly due the psychological domain.

Antecedentes: El plan AUGE recomienda para detectar cardiopatías congénitas (CC), la realización de ecografía obstétrica de pesquisa y ecocardiografía fetal confirmatoria. Estos elementos son indispensables para informar adecuadamente a las familias y organizar en forma óptima el cuidado perinatal, estableciendo continuidad con el manejo postnatal y mejorar la oportunidad de vida del recién nacido. Objetivo: Determinar el impacto del plan AUGE en la frecuencia de detección perinatal de cardiopatías congénitas, a través de un estudio comparativo de la incidencia de estas patologías detectadas en el periodo 2000-2002 (pre AUGE) y 2003-2005 (AUGE), registradas en la Unidad de Neonatología del Hospital San José, evaluando la resolución de los casos en el Hospital Roberto del Río. Método: Estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte longitudinal, con una muestra no probabilística, recogida por acumulación de fichas clínicas del Hospital San José en la detección antenatal, y los datos de resolución quirúrgica del Hospital Roberto del Río de 231 recién nacidos. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (pBackground: The AUGE plan (spanish initials for Universal Access with Explicit Guarantees in Health), is the realization of a screening through obstetric ultrasonography to detect congenital hearth disease (CHD) and fetal echocardiography to confirm diagnosis. These elements are indispensable to be able to inform appropriately to the families and to organize in good form the prenatal care, establishing continuity with the postnatal handiing and to improve the opportunity of life of the newly born. Objective: To determine the impact of the plan peak in the frequency of prenatal detection of CHD, through a comparative study of the incidence of these pathologies detected in the period 2000-2002 (pre AUGE) and 2003-2005 (AUGE), regis-tered in the Neonatology Unit of the Hospital San José, evaluating the resolution of the clinical cases in the Hospital Roberto del Río. Method: Descriptive study, non experimental, retrospective of longitudinal court, with a non probabilistic sample, picked up by accumulation of clinical records of the Hospital San José (prenatal detection) and the data of surgical resolution of the Hospital Roberto del Río of 231 newborns. Results: There were significant statistically differences (p

Antecedentes: En Chile aproximadamente 475.297 mujeres se encuentran expuestas al riesgo de embarazos no deseados y abortos provocados, ya sea porque usan anticonceptivos de baja eficacia o no los usan. Objetivos: Conocer el perfil biosocial de las usuarias que demandan la pildora de anticoncepción de emergencia, una vez que ésta estuvo disponible para las beneficiarías de los Consultorios de Atención Primaria del Servicio de Salud. Métodos: Se analizó las características sociodemográficas y antecedentes gineco-obstétricos de la totalidad de las 93 fichas de las mujeres que solicitaron anticoncepción de emergencia entre el segundo semestre de 2006 y el primer semestre de 2007, en un Consultorio de Atención Primaria de Salud del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano de Santiago. Resultados: El perfil obtenido es de una mujer joven de promedio de 23,6 años, soltera, estudiante, beneficiaría exenta de pago del sistema de salud público, con edad promedio de inicio de relaciones sexuales de 16,2 años, que ha tenido entre una y dos parejas sexuales, sin hijos, que no utiliza un método anticonceptivo habitual, que consulta por haber tenido una relación sexual no protegida en las últimas 24 horas. Conclusiones: El perfil identificado corresponde a una población de conducta sexual desprotegida, de alto riesgo de embarazo no deseado y de aborto inseguro, que deben ser incorporadas a los programas regulares de control de la fecundidad.Background: In Chile approximately 475,297 women are in risk of unwanted pregnancies and induced abor-tions, either because of low effectiveness contraceptive use or not use at all. Objective: To determine the biosocial profile of users who demand the pill of emergency contraception once they were available to the beneficiaries of a primary care health service. Method: This investigation analyzed sociodemographic cha-racteristics and background obstetric-gynecological of 93 medical files of women who requested emergency contraception in a Primary Care Health of the Central Región Metropolitan Santiago, between the second semester of 2006 at first semester of 2007. Results: The profile obtained was a young woman of 23.6 years, single, student, benefician/ exempt of paying in the public health system, with an age of onset sexual in-tercourse of 16.2 years, who has had between one and two sexual partners, without children, who are not using a regular contraceptive method, and who consults mainly by having unprotected sexual intercourse in the last 24 hours. Conclusions: The profile identified corresponds to a population of unprotected sexual conduct, with a high risk of unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion, which should be incorporated into regular programmes of fertility control.

Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de la toma del Papanicolaou (PAP) informados como frotis menos que óptimos (I-G7) en 2002 (sin componente endocervical), y conocer el seguimiento de las mujeres en el resultado del PAP siguiente 2003 - 2005. Método: Estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo y de seguimiento de cohorte. Se incluyó el resultado de 42.281 frotis de citología cervical, que correspondieron al universo de los PAP recolectados en 2002 en los consultorios de Atención Primaria de Salud del Área Metropolitana Sur de Santiago. Posteriormente, fueron seleccionados todos los PAP I-G7 de una cohorte de mujeres entre 25 a 50 años y sin antecedentes de lesiones o procedimientos cervicales. Resultados: El estudio evidenció que la toma de muestra de PAP en los consultorios, a excepción de 2 establecimientos, está dentro de los índices de calidad preconizados por el Ministerio de Salud. En el seguimiento de la cohorte de mujeres con PAP I-G7, se pesquisó la existencia de lesión cervical en un 3,38% de las mujeres que se repitieron el examen. Conclusión: Los PAP informados como frotis sin componente endocervical constituyen una categoría de riesgo, ya que el seguimiento de esas mujeres que se repitieron el examen de PAP en un período de hasta 3 años se detectaron lesiones cervicales de alto grado.Objective: To evaluate the quality of sampling cervical cytological through the Papanicolaou (PAP) reported as less than optimal smears (I-G7), i.e. without endocervical component in theyear2002. To know the follow up of a women cohort, in the next PAP smears between 2003 to 2005. Method: Descriptive study, quantitative and follow up of a cohort. It included the results from 42.281 smears cervical cytological according to the national classification, which corresponded to the universe of PAP collected in the 2002 at clinics Primary Health Care in the South Metropolitan Area of Santiago. All PAP with outcome I-G7 from a cohort of women between 25 to 50 years and without history of injury or cervical procedures were selected. In addition, it was identified the clinics provenance. Results: The study showed that the sample of PAP in the clinics, with the exception of 2 establishments, it is within the quality indices expected by the Ministry of Health. In the follow-up of the cohort of women with PAP I-G7 was detected the existence of a cervical lesion 3.38% of the women who were repeated this smear. Conclusion: PAP smears reported as without component endocervical constitute a category of risk, since the follow up the women who were repeated this PAP smear over a period of up to 3 years high-grade cervical lesions were detected.

Objetivo: Determinar el grado de conocimiento de la fase del climaterio y su relación con el nivel de instrucción que tiene un grupo de mujeres de 40-64 años usuarias de atención primaria. Método: La muestra de tipo probabilística compuesta por 150 mujeres de 40 a 64 años, a quienes se aplicó una encuesta validada de preguntas de alternativas múltiples, puntuadas para su evaluación. Las variables estudiadas fueron divididas en tres grupos: a) aquellas que definen el perfil sociodemográfico de las mujeres; b) variables relacionadas con el grado de conocimientos de causas, síntomas, tratamientos, cuidados, cambios en la salud y calidad de vida de la etapa climatérica; c) fuentes de información del conocimiento. El análisis de estas variables se realizó a través de la determinación de medidas de tendencia central y la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis, con un pObjective: To determine the grade of knowledge of the climateric phase and their relationship with the instruction level that has a group of 40-64 year-old women users of primary care. Method: The sample was probabilistics made up of 150 women of 40 to 64 years and were submitted to a validated survey of questions with multiple answers, punctuated for its evaluation. The variables included in this study were divided in three groups: a) those that define the social-demographic profile of the women; b) variables related with the grade of knowledge of causes, symptoms, treatments, cares, changes in the health and quality of life of the climateric stage; c) sources of information. The analysis of these variables was carried out through the determination of measures of central tendency, and the non parametric Kruskal-Wallis test with a significance level p

Antecedentes: El predominio de la diabetes gestacional está aumentando en nuestra población y sus efectos en el metabolismo celular y estatus oxidativo están siendo estudiados. Objetivo: Determinar si existe una relación entre la actividad de la glutatión reductasa eritrocitaria, evaluada a través del test CAGRE y la diabetes gestacional. Método: Estudio transversal de casos y controles, incluyó a 30 embarazadas con diagnóstico de diabetes gestacional y 30 sin patologías asociadas, pertenecientes a la Maternidad del Hospital Barros Luco-Trudeau, Santiago de Chile. La actividad de la glutatión reductasa de eritrocitos fue determinada espectrofotométricamente a través del test CAGRE, la que fue relacionada con variables maternas como: edad, hematocrito, presencia de antecedentes de enfermedades familiares, estado nutricional materno e índice de masa corporal. Para comparar las variables entre ambos grupos, se realizaron medidas de disparidad, posición y análisis de la correlación. Resultados: El grupo de madres diabéticas presentó edad materna, índice de masa de corporal y antecedentes de diabetes gestacional mayores que el grupo control, aunque sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa. El predominio de anemia y la respuesta al suplemento del cofactor FAD en la actividad de la glutatión reductasa eritrocitaria fue similar entre los grupos. La mayor incidencia de diabetes familiar en el grupo control fue estadísticamente significativa. La distribución de los valores de CAGRE, utilizado también como un indicador de los niveles de riboflavina, mostró en el grupo de casos riesgo medio a alto de malnutrición, mientras que en el grupo control la tendencia fue normal o de riesgo bajo. Conclusión: Las embarazadas diabéticas gestacionales, presentaron mal nutrición y un estrés oxidativo mayor que el grupo control, evidenciado por el test de CAGREBackground: The prevalence of the gestational diabetes is increasing in our population and its effects in the cellular metabolism and oxidative status had been studied. Objective: Determine if exists a relationship between the erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity evaluated by EGRAC test and the gestational diabetes. Methods: This traversal study of cases and controls, included at 30 pregnant with diagnostic of gestational diabetes and 30 without associate pathologies, belonging to the Maternity of the Hospital Barros Luco-Trudeau, Santiago-Chile. The activity of the glutathione reductase was determined by spectrophotometric assay through the EGRAC test, and their values were related with maternal variables as: age, hematocrite, presence of antecedents of family illnesses, maternal nutritional status and the body mass index. To compare the variables between both groups, they were carried out measures of disparity, position and analysis of the correlation. Results: We determine that the group of diabetic mothers was older, with higher body mass index and a bigger frequency of antecedents of gestational diabetes that the control group, although without significant difference. The prevalence of anemia and the answer to the supplement with FAD in the activity of the glutathione reductase was similar among the groups. On the other hand, the incidence of familiar diabetes in the group control was bigger. The distribution of the values of EGRAC, also used as an indicator of the riboflavin levels, showed in the group of cases half risk to high of malnutrition, while in the group control the tendency was normal or low risk. Conclusion: We can conclude that the gestational diabetics pregnant presented malnutrition and higher oxidative stress that the control group, evidenced by means of the EGRAC test

Antecedentes: La osteoporosis es una enfermedad crónica no transmisible con factores de riesgo como sedentarismo, consumo de tabaco y alcohol, e ingesta de dieta no balaceada. Objetivos: Establecer la relación entre el estilo de vida saludable y la prevención de la osteoporosis en la mujer climatérica sin patología asociada. Métodos: Análisis descriptivo comparativo con diseño no experimental, transversal y correlacional, en muestra formada por 80 mujeres climatéricas en tratamiento de osteoporosis y 80 mujeres climatéricas sin diagnóstico de osteoporosis, con características sociodemográticas similares. Para recopilar la información se utilizó una encuesta semiestructurada validada en el estudio. Para el análisis estadístico se aplicaron las pruebas de Mann-Whitney y McNemar, según correspondiera. Resultados: Las mujeres con osteoporosis eran más sedentarias e ingerían menores cantidades de calcio que las mujeres sin el diagnóstico médico de la patología, de igual manera han utilizado en menor extensión terapia de reemplazo hormonal. En el grupo de mujeres con osteoporosis fue factor de riesgo para la enfermedad el consumo de tabaco pero no el de alcohol. Conclusiones: Tener un estilo de vida saludable durante el climaterio es una estrategia útil para prevenir la osteoporosis en el climaterio, puesto que en este estudio se detectaron como factores de riesgo en esta población: el estado nutricional enflaquecido, el no realizar actividad física y el ser sedentaria, tener antecedentes de consumo de tabaco y su consumo actual, el consumo insuficiente de calcio dietario y/o su uso terapéutico por periodos menores a un añoBackground: Osteoporosis is classified as a chronic illness non transferable with risk factors like: sedentary, consumption of tobacco and alcohol, and intake of a non balanced diet. Objective: The present studied it sought to establish the relationship between the healthy lifestyle and the prevention of the osteoporosis in the climacteric woman without associate pathology. Method: Comparative and descriptive analysis with non experimental traverse correlation design. The sample was conformed by 80 climacteric women in osteoporosis treatment and 80 climacteric women without medical diagnosis of osteoporosis, but with similar sociodemographic features. To gather the information a semistructurated survey it was used and validated in the study. The statistical analysis was based on the application of the Mann-Whitney and McNemar Test. Results: The osteoporotic women were more sedentary and they ingested smaller quantities of calcium that the women without medical diagnosis of the pathology, in a same way have used in smaller extension hormonal replacement therapy. In the osteoporotic group the consumption of tobacco was a risk factor for osteoporosis but not the alcohol. Conclusions: Having a healty lifestyle during climatery is an useful strategy for preventing osteoporosis in this population, cause were detect as osteoporosis risk factors in this study, the emaciated nutritional state, not carrying out physical activity and being sedentary, to have antecedents of consumption of tobacco and their current consumption, the insufficient consumption of dietary calcium and/or their therapeutic use for smaller periods to one year

Throughout life, bone tissue undergoes a continuous process of resorption and formation. Melatonin, with its antioxidant properties and its ability to detoxify free radicals, as suggested by Conconi et al. (2000) may interfere in the osteoclast function and thereby inhibit bone resorption, as suggested by Schroeder et al. (1981). Inhibition of bone resorption may be enhanced by a reaction of indoleamine in osteoclastogenesis. That it has been observed melatonin, at pharmacological doses, decrease bone mass resorption by suppressing through down regulation of the RANK-L, as suggested by Penarrocha Diago et al. (2005) and Steflik et al. (1994). These data point an osteogenic effect towards that may be of melatonin of clinical importance, as it could be used as a therapeutic agent in situations in which would be advantageous bone formation, such as in the treatment of fractures or osteoporosis or their use as, a bioactive surface on implant as suggested by Lissoni et al. (1991).

LAS GRANDES SEQUÍAS MAYAS. AGUA, VIDA Y MUERTE. RICHARDSON B. GILL FONDO DE CULTURA ECONÓMICA, MÉXICO, 2008

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Worldwide, there is no single strategy for optimal management of patients with ASCUS (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance) cytology reports. The objective of this study was to determine the kind of clinical management conducted among women with a first ASCUS Pap smear report. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective single cohort study at a cervical pathology unit in Santiago, Chile. METHODS: This was an epidemiological, descriptive, observational and quantitative follow-up study on a cohort of women with ASCUS cytological reports. RESULTS: In the screening phase, 92,001 cervical cytological smears were collected in primary healthcare clinics. In the diagnostic phase, all women with a first ASCUS report were selected (n = 446). These women were asked to undergo the Pap test again and it was found that 301 women had normal results, 62 women had abnormal results and 83 did not repeat the test. In the diagnostic confirmation phase, the 62 women with abnormal results underwent colposcopy and, from these results, 58 of them underwent a biopsy. The results from the biopsies showed that 16 women had negative histological reports, 13 had CIN 1 and 29 had CIN 2+. In the treatment phase, the 42 women with lesions underwent a variety of treatments, according to the type of lesion. In the post-treatment phase, cytological and colposcopic monitoring was instituted. CONCLUSION: The clinical management consisted of traditional management of screening, diagnosis, diagnostic confirmation, treatment and post-treatment monitoring.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Inadequate Pap smears do not provide satisfactory cell samples for evaluation, thus making it more difficult to detect cervical cytological abnormalities. The objective of this study was to determine the cytological and histological follow-up results from women with inadequate smear reports in primary healthcare centers in Santiago, Chile 2010-2011. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective cohort study at primary healthcare clinics in Santiago, Chile. METHODS: The population was taken from the “Cito-Expert" database of 2010. The data were then organized according to the cytological and histological follow-up results of 2,547 women with inadequate cervical cytological reports over the 12-month period. The samples were assigned to groups based on the cause of inadequacy (smears with endocervical cells alone; insufficient, hemorrhagic, inflammatory or poorly fixed samples; insufficient and hemorrhagic samples; or insufficient and inflammatory specimens). The data were analyzed using the “conditional probability tree diagram" and descriptive statistics. RESULT: Half of the women (n = 1,285) met the requirements of the Ministry of Health for repeating these inadequate smears, and 1,104 of these women had normal cytological results (85.9%). The detection rate for cervical lesions according to group ranged from 0% (smears with endocervical cells alone or insufficient and hemorrhagic specimens) to 4.1% (poor fixation). CONCLUSION: The large proportion of normal results justifies revision of the current clinical guidelines. The results showed that it is not necessary to repeat the Pap test early on, with the exception of inadequate hemorrhagic and inflammatory cytological results.

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Foundation: sleep is recognized as an indicator of quality of life and, in a student´s daily life, it acquires great importance for its relationship with cognitive functioning and academic activities. Objective: to identify and evaluate factors associated with quality of sleep presented by the Chilean students of the Obstetric training program, according to years studied. Methods: cross-sectional and analytical study conducted in the 2018 school year in a Chilean university, which included all the students of Obstetrics, who answered a questionnaire that evaluated sociodemographic background, academic profile, previous sleep habits and sleep quality, assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) survey. Results: the behavior around the sleep habits differs significantly among courses, in the 1st and 4th year there are those who sleep less and the students of this last course are classified as the worst sleepers. The average of the PSQI components varies between 6, 6 (5th year) and 9.2 (4th year); daytime dysfunction component showed the most extreme values. Conclusions: there is a weak association between sleeping quality and sociodemographic variables, academic profile and previous sleep habits. It is only strongly associated with some components of the sleep quality survey, such as bedtime and student sleeping hours. The training program progression does not mean an increase or decrease in bad or good sleepers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated four root canal sealers to determine their antimicrobial effectiveness against E. faecalis. The direct contact test was used to measure the effectiveness of the study materials and close contact between bacteria on the kinetics of bacterial growth. The agar diffusion test (ADT) was also performed for comparison. Using one-way ANOVA and the F-test, significant differences between the sealers were confirmed. Whereas BioRoot endodontic sealer had an antimicrobial effect statistically similar to the zinc oxide-eugenol control (p=.99), EndoSequence sealer and AH Plus sealer both had a significantly lower antimicrobial effect than the control (p=.0000266 and p=.0000068, respectively).