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Phytoplankton closely connects with the hydrodynamics and biogeochemical environment of the ocean. While research focusing on both the physiochemical factors and hydrodynamics regulating phytoplankton has already been conducted, the coupling mechanism between mesoscale eddies and the vertical distribution of phyto plankton in the South China Sea (SCS) is still not well understood. Here, phytoplankton was studied under one weak-cold and two warm eddies along the 18°N transect in the SCS. The results show that the vertical distribution of chlorophyll (chl-a) presented a similar pattern at all four sampling stations. The mixed layer is less than 50 m. It is the same as the meridional salinity gradients that may be distinguished above a depth of 60 m. The subsurface chlorophyll maximum at the edge of a warm (WI) and cold eddy (CI) at E413 and E411 was shallower than that at the edge of a warm eddy (WII) at E407 and E409, indicating that temperature and salinity may be the important driving factors. On the whole, mesoscale eddies had a significant influence on the vertical pattern of chl-a in the SCS during the study period.

Abstract Background Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke characterized by high mortality and low rates of full recovery. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of SAH between 1990 and 2021. Methods Data on SAH incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2021 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to evaluate changes in the age-standardized rate (ASR) of incidence and mortality, as well as trends in SAH burden. The relationship between disease burden and sociodemographic index (SDI) was also analyzed. Results In 2021, the incidence of SAH was found to be 37.09% higher than that in 1990; however, the age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) showed a decreased [EAPC: -1.52; 95% uncertainty interval (UI) -1.66 to -1.37]. Furthermore, both the number and rates of deaths and DALYs decreased over time. It was observed that females had lower rates compared to males. Among all regions, the high-income Asia Pacific region exhibited the highest ASIR (14.09/100,000; 95% UI 12.30/100,000 − 16.39/100,000) in 2021, with an EPAC for ASIR

Abstract Background Orchids (Cymbidium spp.) exhibit significant variations in floral morphology, pollinator relations, and ecological habitats. Due to their exceptional economic and ornamental value, Cymbidium spp. have been commercially cultivated for centuries. SSR markers are extensively used genetic tools for biology identification and population genetics analysis. Result In this study, nine polymorphic EST-SSR loci were isolated from Cymbidium goeringii using RNA-Seq technology. All nine SSR loci showed transferability in seven other congeneric species, including 51 cultivars. The novel SSR markers detected inter-species gene flow among the Cymbidium species and intra-species sub-division of C. goeringii and C. ensifolium, as revealed by neighborhood-joining and Structure clustering analyses. Conclusion In this study, we developed nine microsatellites using RNA-Seq technology. These SSR markers aided in detecting potential gene flow among Cymbidium species and identified the intra-species sub-division of C. goeringii and C. ensifolium.

An implementable algorithm for solving nonsmooth nonconvex constrained optimization is proposed by combining bundle ideas, proximity control, and the exact penalty function. We construct two kinds of approximations to nonconvex objective function; these two approximations correspond to the convex and concave behaviors of the objective function at the current point, which captures precisely the characteristic of the objective function. The penalty coefficients are increased only a finite number of times under the conditions of Slater constraint qualification and the boundedness of the constrained set, which limit the unnecessary penalty growth. The given algorithm converges to an approximate stationary point of the exact penalty function for constrained nonconvex optimization with weakly semismooth objective function. We also provide the results of some preliminary numerical testing to show the validity and efficiency of the proposed method.

Abstract Regarding the issue of intense mining pressure appearing in the underlying gateway below the remaining coal pillar in the close‐distance coal seam (the remaining coal pillar is perpendicular to the underlying section coal pillar), 401 working face is used as the engineering background. Field measurements, laboratory experiments, numerical simulations, and engineering verification techniques are used to study the abutment pressure's evolution properties and the plastic zone's propagation laws before and after the underlying coal seam roadway experienced the mining impact. The conclusions are as follows: ① The maximum plastic area on the two sides and the roof of the roadway underlying the gob are up to 2 and 1.5 m, whereas the maximum plastic area on the two sides and the roof of the roadway underlying the remaining coal pillar are up to 5 and 4.5 m, respectively. Moreover, the plastic area extends along the two sides, and the section coal pillar is completely broken when the working face is mined below the remaining coal pillar. ② The stress increase coefficient K in the overlap area of the remaining coal pillar and the underlying section coal pillar reaches 3.4 when the mining face penetrates the underlying remaining coal pillar and the advance abutment pressure is overlaid with the concentrated stress of the coal pillar. ③ When the underlying working face is mined to 4, −2, −8, and −14 m away from the remaining coal pillar, the damage range of the roadway 5–10 m ahead increases in turn. At the same time, the maximum plastic area of the roof passes through the plastic area of the upper coal seam floor. Therefore, the underlying and transition areas on both sides of the remaining coal pillar are divided into Area I (15 m) → Area II (the most complicated area to control under the remaining coal pillar, 20 m) → Area III (25 m) according to the width. Furthermore, the divisional differentiated combined control technology of channel steel truss anchor cable with joint double‐way locking control function of roof and coal pillar in Areas I and III, while channel steel truss anchor cable with joint double‐way locking control function of roof and side + high resistance integral door‐type support is proposed in Area II. Field engineering practice shows that the deformation of the roadway surrounding rock can be controlled within 210 mm after adopting the above divisional combined control technology. Finally, the mining operation can safely and efficiently pass through the remaining coal pillar. The research results have important reference values for surrounding rock control of mining roadways in the overlapping area of similar “+”‐type cross‐working face.

This study was designed to investigate the roles of spermidine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage activation and underlying mechanisms. Spermidine was found to induce a moderate activation of autophagy but robust activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) in a murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells. Spermidine blunted LPS-driven proinflammatory activation of RAW264.7 cells evidenced by the reduced release of NO, TNF-α, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The effects of spermidine were not affected by the autophagy inhibitor, while the autophagy inducers could not block the activation of macrophages induced by LPS. Interestingly, Nrf-2 inducers significantly suppressed the secretion of NO and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells exposed to LPS, while the roles of spermidine were significantly blunted by the knockout of Nrf-2. Furthermore, spermidine suppressed the activation of NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome in mouse liver. Collectively, spermidine could suppress LPS-induced macrophages activation possibly by activating Nrf-2 in macrophages.

N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a non-negligible volatile hazardous material in indoor and outdoor environments. Although the hepatotoxicity of DMF has been well recognized, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear and prophylactic medicine is still lacking. Herein, we established a DMF-induced acute liver injury mouse model and investigated the underlying mechanisms focusing on oxidative stress and the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain (PYD)-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. DMF was found to induce oxidative stress, evidenced by the elevation of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) adducts levels, and the decline of reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. However, neither N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) nor sulforaphane (SF) ameliorated the hepatoxicity induced by DMF in mice. Interestingly, DMF exposure led to focal necrosis of hepatocytes and NLRP3 inflammasome activation before the onset of obvious liver damage. In addition, DMF exposure induced infiltration and proinflammatory/M1 polarization of macrophages in mice livers. Furthermore, the inactivation of hepatic macrophages by GdCl3 significantly suppressed DMF-induced elevation of serum aminotransferase activities, neutrophile infiltration, and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in mice liver. Collectively, these results suggest that DMF-induced acute hepatotoxicity may be attributed to the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in liver macrophages, but not oxidative stress.

Abstract Background Splicing factor SRSF3 is an oncogene and overexpressed in various kinds of cancers, however, the function and mechanism involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) remained unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between SRSF3 and carcinogenesis and progression of CRC. Methods The expression of SRSF3 in CRC tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. The proliferation and invasion rate was analyzed by CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, transwell invasion assay and xenograft experiment. The expression of selected genes was detected by western blot or real time PCR. Results SRSF3 is overexpressed in CRC tissues and its high expression was associated with CRC differentiation, lymph node invasion and AJCC stage. Upregulation of SRSF3 was also associated with shorter overall survival. Knockdown of SRSF3 in CRC cells activated ArhGAP30/Ace-p53 and decreased cell proliferation, migration and survival; while ectopic expression of SRSF3 attenuated ArhGAP30/Ace-p53 and increases cell proliferation, migration and survival. Targeting SRSF3 in xenograft tumors suppressed tumor progression in vivo. Conclusions Taken together, our data identify SRSF3 as a regulator for ArhGAP30/Ace-p53 in CRC, and highlight potential prognostic and therapeutic significance of SRSF3 in CRC.

A new bundle-type approach for solving a class of functional equations is presented by combining bundle idea for nonsmooth optimization with common iterative process for functional equations. Our strategy is to approximate the nonsmooth function in functional equation by a sequence of convex piecewise linear functions, as in the bundle method; this makes the problem more tractable and reduces the difficulty of implementation of method. We only require the piecewise linear convex approximate functions, rather than the actual function, to satisfy the uniform boundedness condition with respect to one variable at stability centers. One example is given to demonstrate the application of the proposed method.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies investigating the association between cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) polymorphisms and the risk of alcoholic liver diseases (ALD) have yielded conflicting results. Thus, a meta-analysis was performed to clarify the association between CYP2E1 polymorphisms and the risks of ALD. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify the relevant studies. The fixed or random effect model was selected based on the heterogeneity test among studies. Publication bias was estimated using Begg's funnel plots and Egger's regression test. RESULTS: A total of 27 and 9 studies were finally included for the association between the CYP2E1 Pst I/Rsa I or Dra I polymorphisms and the risks of ALD, respectively. Overall, the combined results showed that homozygous genotype c2c2 was significantly associated with increase risk of ALD in worldwide populations (c2c2 vs. c1c1: OR = 3.12, 95%CI 1.91-5.11) when ALD patients were compared with alcoholics without ALD. Significant associations between CYP2E1 Pst I/Rsa I polymorphism and ALD risk were also observed in Asians (c2c2 vs. c1c1: OR = 4.11, 95%CI 2.32-7.29) and in Caucasians (c2c2/c1c2 vs. c1c1: OR = 1.58, 95%CI 1.04-2.42) when ALD patients were compared with alcoholics without ALD. However, subgroup analysis stratified by ALD types showed that CYP2E1 Pst I/Rsa I polymorphism was not significantly associated with the risks of alcoholic cirrhosis (ALC). No significant association was observed between CYP2E1 Dra I polymorphism and ALD risks. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis suggested that CYP2E1 Pst I/Rsa I polymorphism might be not significantly associated with advanced form of ALD (ALC), but might be significantly associated with other form of ALD such as steatosis, hepatisis, fibrosis. Furthermore, CYP2E1 Dra I polymorphism might be not significantly associated with the ALD risks. Since potential confounders could not be ruled out completely, further studies were needed to confirm these results.