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ObjectiveTo explore the causes of related medical damage risks and preventive measures by analyzing the identification results of medical damage in 20 urological death cases.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 20 death cases of medical damage identification involving urology diagnosis and treatment accepted by the Judicial Appraisal Center, School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, and Academy of Forensic Science from 2010 to 2023.ResultsAmong the 20 cases, the male-to-female ratio was 1.5∶1. The age of the identified persons ranged from 37 to 84 years old, with an average age of 59.2 years. There were 21 medical institutions involved, with 81.0% being tertiary medical institutions. The statistical results of the causes of death showed that 60.0% deaths were due to infectious shock or hemorrhagic shock.ConclusionThe causative potency analysis of medical damage in urological death cases is closely related to the patients’ diseases, the death consequences of medical damage, and medical errors. Analyzing characteristics of typical cases can improve the comprehensive analysis ability of forensic examiners in similar cases, help them understand the rationality and compliance of medical behaviors in different situations, in order to make more accurate and comprehensive judgments.

Commonly plaguing in the frigid zone of the world, vitamin D deficiency, as indicated by low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, exacerbated inflammatory responses and impaired endothelial function. Leukoaraiosis (LA) is a prevalent cause of cognitive dysfunction in the elderly and is potentially associated with inflammatory responses. This study aimed to investigate the impact of vitamin D on the severity of LA.

Objective Virtual marshalling technology requires high precision and accuracy of train positioning, and traditional train positioning technologies are unable to meet the safety requirements of the virtual marshalling SIL4. Therefore, it is necessary to further study the positioning algorithm, estimate more accurate positioning error envelope, and shorten the train chasing distance in virtual marshalling to improve the marshalling safety. Method Traditional train positioning technologies divide the positioning process into train speed measuring, distance measuring and initial positioning. Based on the error factors existing in the three parts of the positioning process, a new calculation method of train positioning error envelope is proposed. The upper and lower boundary envelope for the three parts of the positioning process are obtained by mathematical derivation and calculation of each type of the error respectively. Result & Conclusion The proposed method fully considers the error factors in train speed measuring, distance measuring and initial positioning, making the upper and lower boundary envelope of positioning errors more accurate and reducing the conservation in traditional positioning error calculations. Meanwhile, the proposed method can reach the safety level of SIL4, meet the safety requirements of virtual marshalling control system in train close chasing scenario, and further shorten the train chasing distance, improving transportation efficiency.

ABSTRACT: Broilers are a globally significant resource for food production, and their relative growth rate (RGR) has attracted increasing attention for improving broiler monitoring, feed management and feed conversion. The main objectives of this study were to identify key candidate genes affecting the RGR in white-feathered broiler by integrating genomic and transcriptomic datasets. This study reports a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using 3 purebred lines (n = 3,727) and 5,841,467 input SNPs to understand the genetic control of the RGR. A total of 101 associated SNPs located on 6 chromosomes were identified, 16 of which were common in the GWAS and meta cohorts. Fine mapping of a significant peak with 7 linked SNP (r2 > 0.94) located within the coding region of RAP2C revealed that chr4:3474286 (C > G) among these SNPs was a highly putative causal variant (PIP = 19%) and explained 2.26% of the RGR variation. Further analyses indicated that the surface expression level of the RAP2C gene in the blood, macrophage, lung tissue, and cecum tissue of commercial broiler breed (Ross) was higher than in the corresponding tissues of other egg-laying hens and local breeds. In addition, there was a significant difference in the expression of the RAP2C gene between the high (H, n = 5) and low (L, n = 4) RGR groups. A total of 301 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the RGR in white-feathered broiler were identified by transcriptome differential analysis between the H and L populations, among which NFKBIA, CSF1R and TLR2A were important hub genes. Furthermore, the candidate genes identified based on GWASs, meta-analysis and DEGs analysis were significantly enriched for gene ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways involved in the growth cone, integrated-mediated signaling pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway. Overall, the RAP2C, NFKBIA, CSF1R and TLR2A genes are considered the most important candidate genes influencing RGR trait in white-feathered broiler. These findings provide valuable insights into the complex system that regulates broiler growth.

Treatment of breast cancer with low expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; HER2-low) has drawn much attention in recent years. With the proven therapeutic effect of trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) in patients with HER2-low (immunohistochemistry [IHC] 1+, or IHC2+/in situ hybridization [ISH]-) breast cancer, HER2-low may become a new subtype of targeted therapy for breast cancer. The expert committee formulated this consensus based on the current clinical studies and clinical medication experience. The current consensus is the collaborative work of an interdisciplinary working group, including experts in the fields of pathology and oncology. The purpose of this consensus was to guide the clinical diagnosis and treatment of HER2-low breast cancer, thereby prolonging the overall survival of patients.

Identification of new mechanisms mediating insulin sensitivity is important to allow validation of corresponding therapeutic targets. In this study, we first used a cellular model of skeletal muscle cell iron overload and found that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and insulin resistance occurred after iron treatment. Insulin sensitivity was assessed using cells engineered to express an Akt biosensor, based on nuclear FoxO localization, as well as western blotting for insulin signaling proteins. Use of salubrinal to elevate eIF2α phosphorylation and promote the unfolded protein response (UPR) attenuated iron-induced insulin resistance. Salubrinal induced autophagy flux and its beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity were not observed in autophagy-deficient cells generated by overexpressing a dominant-negative ATG5 mutant or via knockout of ATG7. This indicated the beneficial effect of salubrinal-induced UPR activation was autophagy-dependent. We translated these observations to an animal model of systemic iron overload-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance where administration of salubrinal as pretreatment promoted eIF2α phosphorylation, enhanced autophagic flux in skeletal muscle and improved insulin responsiveness. Together, our results show that salubrinal elicited an eIF2α-autophagy axis leading to improved skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity both in vitro and in mice.

ABSTRACT: Egg weight (EW) and age at first egg (AFE) are economically important traits in breeder chicken production. The genetic basis of these traits, however, is far from understood, especially for broiler breeders. In this study, genetic parameter estimation, genome-wide association analysis, meta-analysis, and selective sweep analysis were carried out to identify genetic loci associated with EW and AFE in 6,842 broiler breeders. The study found that the heritability of EW ranged from 0.42 to 0.44, while the heritability of AFE was estimated at 0.33 in the maternal line. Meta-analysis and selective sweep analysis identified two colocalized regions on GGA4 that significantly influenced EW at 32 wk (EW32W) and at 43 wk (EW43W) with both paternal and maternal lines. The genes AR, YIPF6, and STARD8 were located within the significant region (GGA4: 366.86-575.50 kb), potentially affecting EW through the regulation of follicle development, cell proliferation, and lipid transfer etc. The promising genes LCORL and NCAPG were positioned within the significant region (GGA4:75.35-75.42 Mb), potentially influencing EW through pleiotropic effects on growth and development. Additionally, 3 significant regions were associated with AFE on chromosomes GGA7, GGA19, and GGA27. All of these factors affected the AFE by influencing ovarian development. In our study, the genomic information from both paternal and maternal lines was used to identify genetic regions associated with EW and AFE. Two genomic regions and eight genes were identified as the most likely candidates affecting EW and AFE. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the genetic basis of egg production traits in broiler breeders and provide new insights into future technology development.

ABSTRACT: Semen volume is an important economic trait of broilers and one of the important indices for continuous breeding. The objective of this study was to identify genes related to semen volume through transcriptome analysis of the testis tissue of white feather broilers. The testis samples with the highest semen volume (H group, n = 5) and lowest semen volume (L group, n = 5) were selected from 400-day-old roosters for transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing. During the screening of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the H and L groups, a total of 386 DEGs were identified, among which 348 were upregulated and 38 were downregulated. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the immune response, leukocyte differentiation, cell adhesion molecules and collagen binding played vital roles in spermatogenesis. The results showed that 4 genes related to spermatogenesis, namely, COL1A1, CD74, ARPC1B and APOA1, were significantly expressed in Group H, which was consistent with the phenotype results. Our findings may provide a basis for further research on the genetic mechanism of semen volume in white feather broilers.

Salmonella has been one of the most important factors restricting the development of the poultry industry and also poses great threat to public health. To get insight into molecular alterations that occur during bacterial infection, we sequenced the cecal tonsil transcriptome in 2 chicken breeds (Beijing-You and Cobb) known to have differing resistance to Salmonella. The 28-day-old chickens were orally challenged by 1.83 × 1011 CFU Salmonella Typhimurium, and the cecal tonsil transcriptome was sequenced 3 d postinfection. Analysis identified 201 and 170 differentially expressed genes response to Salmonella in 2 chicken breeds, respectively. They were involved in the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and activated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network suggested MMP9 as a crucial protein that may be involved in extracellular matrix breakdown and leukocyte migration in the resistant breed (Beijing-You). Meanwhile, in susceptible chickens (Cobb), ACOD1 was the key gene in the PPI network and might promote the expression of genes related to oxidative stress response and gastrointestinal tract function. These findings provide insight into the differing resistance of these 2 chicken breeds.

Objective·To investigate the effect of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) inhibitor YC-1 on the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in mice and the potential mechanism.Methods·Ten-week-old male db/db mice (DN model) and their nondiabetic wild-type (WT) littermates were divided into 4 groups (n=6) according to whether treated with YC-1 or not: WT group, WT+YC-1 group, DB group, and DB+YC-1 group. The treatment groups were intraperitoneally injected with YC-1 (20 mg·kg-1) once a day, while the non-treatment groups received the same volumes of DMSO injection. After a total of 8 weeks of intervention, blood glucose, body weight, and kidney weight of all mice were measured. Serum, urine and kidney tissue samples were harvested. Serum creatinine, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), and urine neutropil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels were detected. The kidneys were stained with ‎hemat‎oxyli‎n-eosin (H-E) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) to observe the pathological changes. Masson staining was used to detect fibrosis, collagen-Ⅰ was detected by immunohistochemistry, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was detected by Western blotting. The expression of HIF-1α was detected by both Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. TUNEL staining and Western blotting for apoptosis-related proteins were used to observe the cell apoptosis level. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were detected by the kits. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) markers, including immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (BiP, also known as GRP78), phospho-protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (p-PERK), total PERK, phospho-eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α), total eIF2α, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), were determined by Western blotting.Results·Compared with the WT group, the DB group showed significant rise of blood glucose, loss of renal function, severe kidney histopathology injuries and kidney fibrosis, increase of renal HIF-1α expression, and aggravated oxidative stress and ERS. Whilst there were no significant changes in blood glucose, YC-1 treatment notably reduced kidney weight/body weight ratio, serum creatinine, UACR, and urine NGAL levels in db/db mice. YC-1 treatment ameliorated kidney histopathology injuries and kidney fibrosis, and decreased the expressions of collagen-Ⅰ and α-SMA. YC-1 treatment also reduced the number of TUNEL positive cells, the expression of HIF-1α and pro-apoptotic proteins including BAX and cleaved caspase-3, and MDA level in the kidneys of db/db mice, while promoting anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 expression and SOD activity. The expressions of ERS markers GRP78, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4, and CHOP were likewise significantly decreased in DB+YC-1 group.Conclusion·HIF-1α inhibitor YC-1 inhibits oxidative stress and abnormal activation of ERS, improving cell apoptosis and fibrosis in the kidneys of DN mice, which would attenuate the aggravation of pathological damage and loss of kidney function.

The Internet of Things, as an important part of important data aggregation, forwarding and control, often leads to objectivity errors due to the huge and complex received data. Based on this, this paper introduces GRU, LSTM, SRU deep learning to optimize the data received by the Internet of Things, and selects the most suitable communication mode optimization algorithm. The experimental results show that the accuracy errors of GRU, LSTM, and SRU algorithms show a downward trend, from 0.024 to 0.010%; the training time is reduced by 254 minutes, and the training speed is increased to 86%, indicating the excellent performance of SRU deep learning in IoT gateways.

Objective To investigate the effect of evidence-based nursing combined with individualized health education intervention on knowledge about deep vein thrombosis (DVT), self-management ability and discharge readiness of patients with gynecological surgery. Methods A total of 160 patients who underwent gynecological surgery in the hospital from January 2021 to December 2021 were selected as the research subjects. According to different health education methods, they were divided into control group and observation group, 80 cases in each group. The control group received routine health education, and the observation group received evidence-based nursing combined with personalized health education. The self-management ability ［self-care ability measurement scale (ESCA)］, DVT related knowledge (self-made DVT-related knowledge questionnaire), incidence of DVT and discharge readiness level ［Discharge Readiness Assessment Scale (RHDS)］ were compared between the two groups. Results After intervention, the total score and dimensional scores of ESCA in the two groups were increased (P

Inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic diseases. Sterile inflammation, a non-infectious and damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)-induced innate response, is now well-established to be closely associated with development and progression of cardiometabolic diseases. The NOD-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is well-established as a major player in sterile inflammatory responses. It is a multimeric cytosolic protein complex which regulates the activation of caspase-1 and subsequently promotes cleavage and release of interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines, which have a deleterious impact on the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Therefore, targeting NLRP3 itself or the downstream consequences of NLRP3 activation represent excellent potential therapeutic targets in inflammatory cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we review our current understanding of the role which NLRP3 inflammasome regulation plays in cardiometabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease and cardiomyopathy. Finally, we highlight the potential of targeting NLPR3 or related signaling molecules as a therapeutic approach.

ABSTRACT: The weight of breast muscle (WBM) is a highly monitored indicator in broiler breeding that can be obtained after slaughtering. Currently, due to the lack of accurate in vivo phenotypes for both genomic and phenotypic selection, genetic gains in WBM fall short of initial expectations. In this study, 1,006 market-age (42 d) broilers from 3 generations over 2 yr were randomly selected, and the breast width (BW), fossil bone length (FBL), breast muscle thickness (BMT), and live weight (LW) were measured exactly in vivo. Eight models, including multiple linear regression (MLR), ridge regression (RR), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and elastic net (EN), were fitted to explore the best regression relationships between breast muscle weight and these indicators. Support vector machine (SVM) methods with both linear kernels and radial kernels were used to fit the models, while 2 decision tree-based machine learning algorithms, random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), were used to establish the prediction model. The predictive effects of different combinations of independent variables were compared, leading to the conclusion that the EN model achieves the best predictive power when all 4 live features are used as inputs and is slightly better than the other models (R2 = 0.7696). This method could be applied in practical production and breeding work, leading to substantial cost savings and enhancements in the breeding process.

Genomic and transcriptomic profiling in Jingxing yellow chickens selected for a heterophil-lymphocyte ratio (H/L) provides further insight on the genetic basis of H/L and identifies PTPRJ as a relevant factor.

Primary liver cancer (PLC) includes hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and is the sixth most common cancer worldwide with poor prognosis. PLC is characterized by an abundant stromal reaction in which cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the major stromal components. Solid evidence has demonstrated the crucial role of CAFs in tumor progression, and CAF abundance is often correlated with poor clinical outcomes. Although CAFs are regarded as an attractive and promising target for PLC treatment, a poor understanding of CAF origins and heterogeneity and a lack of specific CAF markers are the major hurdles to efficient CAF-specific therapy. In this review, we examine recent advances in the understanding of CAF diversity in the context of biomarkers, subtypes, and functions in PLC. The regulatory roles of CAFs in extracellular matrix remodeling, metastasis, cancer stemness, and therapeutic resistance are summarized. With an increasing link between CAF abundance and reduced antitumor immune responses, we provide updated knowledge on the crosstalk between CAFs and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment, which leads to immune resistance. In addition, we present current CAF-targeted therapies and describe some future perspectives. A better understanding of CAF biology will shed light on a novel therapeutic strategy against PLC.

Diarrhea caused by zoonotic pathogens is one of the most common diseases in dairy calves, threatening the health of young animals. Humans are also at risk, in particular children. To explore the pathogens causing diarrhea in dairy calves, the present study applied PCR-based sequencing tools to investigate the occurrence and molecular characteristics of three parasites (Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi) and three bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and Salmonella spp.) in 343 fecal samples of diarrheic dairy calves from five farms in Lingwu County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. The total positive rate of these pathogens in diarrheic dairy calves was 91.0% (312/343; 95% CI, 87.9–94.0), with C. perfringens (61.5%, 211/343; 95% CI, 56.3–66.7) being the dominant one. Co-infection with two to five pathogens was found in 67.3% (231/343; 95% CI, 62.4–72.3) of investigated samples. There were significant differences (p

Abstract Background Egg production is economically important in the meat-type chicken industry. To better understand the molecular genetic mechanism of egg production in meat-type chicken, genetic parameter estimation, genome-wide association analyses combined with meta-analyses, Bayesian analyses, and selective sweep analyses were performed to screen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other genetic loci that were significantly associated with egg number traits in 11,279 chickens from seven material lines. Results Yellow-feathered meat-type chickens laid 115 eggs at 43 weeks of age and white-feathered chickens laid 143 eggs at 60 weeks of age, with heritability ranging from 0.034–0.258. Based on meta-analyses and selective sweep analyses, one region (10.81–13.05 Mb) on chromosome Z was associated with egg number in all lines. Further analyses using the W2 line was also associated with the same region, and 29 SNPs were identified that significantly affected estimation of breeding value of egg numbers. The 29 SNPs were identified as having a significant effect on the egg number EBV in 3194 birds in line W2. There are 36 genes in the region, with glial cell derived neurotrophic factor, DAB adaptor protein 2, protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1, NAD kinase 2, mitochondrial, WD repeat domain 70, leukemia inhibitory factor receptor alpha, complement C6, and complement C7 identified as being potentially affecting to egg number. In addition, three SNPs (rs318154184, rs13769886, and rs313325646) associated with egg number were located on or near the prolactin receptor gene. Conclusion Our study used genomic information from different chicken lines and populations to identify a genomic region (spanning 2.24 Mb) associated with egg number. Nine genes and 29 SNPs were identified as the most likely candidate genes and variations for egg production. These results contribute to the identification of candidate genes and variants for egg traits in poultry.

BackgroundWith the increasing incidence and prevalence of alcoholic liver disease, alcohol-related hepatocellular carcinoma has become a serious public health problem worthy of attention in China. However, there is currently no prognostic prediction model for alcohol-related hepatocellular carcinoma.MethodsThe retrospective analysis research of alcohol related hepatocellular carcinoma patients was conducted from January 2010 to December 2014. Independent prognostic factors of alcohol related hepatocellular carcinoma were identified by Lasso regression and multivariate COX proportional model analysis, and the nomogram model was constructed. The reliability and accuracy of the model were assessed using the concordance index(C-Index), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calibration curve. Evaluate the clinical benefit and application value of the model through clinical decision curve analysis (DCA). The prognosis was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival curve.ResultsIn sum, 383 patients were included in our study. Patients were stochastically assigned to training cohort (n=271) and validation cohort (n=112) according to 7:3 ratio. The predictors included in the nomogram were splenectomy, platelet count (PLT), creatinine (CRE), Prealbumin (PA), mean erythrocyte hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and TNM. Our nomogram demonstrated excellent discriminatory power (C-index) and good calibration at 1-year, 3-year and 5- year overall survival (OS). Compared to TNM and Child-Pugh model, the nomogram had better discriminative ability and higher accuracy. DCA showed high clinical benefit and application value of the model.ConclusionThe nomogram model we established can precisely forcasting the prognosis of alcohol related hepatocellular carcinoma patients, which would be helpful for the early warning of alcohol related hepatocellular carcinoma and predict prognosis in patients with alcoholic hepatocellular carcinoma.

During the epidemic of COVID-19, the routine clinical treatment for gynecological cancer patients has been disturbed due to the redistribution of medical resource. Due to the systemic immunosuppression caused by the malignancy and anticancer treatments, gynecological cancer patients are more susceptible to COVID-19. With the improvement of the epidemic, the treatment needs of gynecological cancer patients are extremely strong. During this special period, it should carefully identify fever and respiratory symptoms of gynecological cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, immunotherapy and operations. Therefore, it is quite necessary to carry out comprehensive clinical management. We introduce a clinical management of gynecological cancer patients in three aspects of outpatient, in-hospital and out-of-hospital management during this period, in order to maximize the treatment of tumors and effectively prevent COVID-19.

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common pathogen in humans and various animals, threatening the breeding industry and public health. However, there is limited information on the molecular characteristics of E. bieneusi in yaks, an economically important animal mainly domesticated in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau in China. In the present study, nested PCR targeting the ITS gene region was applied to investigate the positive rates and genetic diversity of E. bieneusi in 223 faecal samples of yaks from three locations in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. The total positive rate of E. bieneusi was 23.8% (53/223). Significant differences in positive rates were identified among yaks from three locations (χ2 = 8.535, p = 0.014) and four age groups (χ2 = 17.259, p = 0.001), with the highest positive rates in yaks from Yajiang and aged < 6 months, respectively. Sequence analysis identified seven known (EbpC, LW1, LQ10, PigEBITS5, ESH-01, J and BEB4) and five novel (Ganzi1–5) ITS genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis showed eight genotypes (EbpC, LW1, LQ10, PigEBITS5, ESH-01, Ganzi1, Ganzi2 and Ganzi4) in group 1 and three genotypes (J, BEB4 and Ganzi3) in group 2, indicating high genotype diversity and zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi in yaks from Ganzi. Considering the increasing zoonotic genotypes in yaks in the present study compared with previous findings, interventions should be developed to reduce the potential transmission of E. bieneusi between humans and animals.

The honey bee is one of the most important pollinators in the agricultural system and is responsible for pollinating a third of all food we eat. Sacbrood virus (SBV) is a member of the virus family Iflaviridae and affects honey bee larvae and causes particularly devastating disease in the Asian honey bees, Apis cerana. Chinese Sacbrood virus (CSBV) is a geographic strain of SBV identified in China and has resulted in mass death of honey bees in China in recent years. However, the molecular mechanism underlying SBV infection in the Asian honey bee has remained unelucidated. In this present study, we employed high throughput next-generation sequencing technology to study the host transcriptional responses to CSBV infection in A. cerana larvae, and were able to identify genome-wide differentially expressed genes associated with the viral infection. Our study identified 2,534 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in host innate immunity including Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathways, RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, endocytosis, etc. Notably, the expression of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides (abaecin, apidaecin, hymenoptaecin, and defensin) and core components of RNAi such as Dicer-like and Ago2 were found to be significantly upregulated in CSBV infected larvae. Most importantly, the expression of Sirtuin target genes, a family of signaling proteins involved in metabolic regulation, apoptosis, and intracellular signaling was found to be changed, providing the first evidence of the involvement of Sirtuin signaling pathway in insects’ immune response to a virus infection. The results obtained from this study provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism and immune responses involved in CSBV infection, which in turn will contribute to the development of diagnostics and treatment for the diseases in honey bees.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory arterial disease characterized by build-up of atheromatous plaque, which narrows the lumen of arteries. Hypercholesterolemia and excessive oxidative stress in arterial walls are among the main causative factors of atherosclerosis. Transient receptor potential channel M2 (TRPM2) is a Ca2+-permeable cation channel activated by oxidative stress. However, the role of TRPM2 in atherosclerosis in animal models is not well studied. In the present study, with the use of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-PCSK9 and TRPM2 knockout (TRPM2−/−) mice, we determined the role of TRPM2 in hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis. Our results demonstrated that TRPM2 knockout reduced atherosclerotic plaque area in analysis of En face Oil Red O staining of both whole aortas and aortic-root thin sections. Furthermore, TRPM2 knockout reduced the expression of CD68, α-SMA, and PCNA in the plaque region, suggesting a role of TRPM2 in promoting macrophage infiltration and smooth-muscle cell migration into the lesion area. Moreover, TRPM2 knockout reduced the expression of ICAM-1, MCP-1, and TNFα and decreased the ROS level in the plaque region, suggesting a role of TRPM2 in enhancing monocyte adhesion and promoting vascular inflammation. In bone-marrow-derived macrophages and primary cultured arterial endothelial cells, TRPM2 knockout reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines/factors and decreased ROS production. In addition, a TRPM2 antagonist N-(p-amylcinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (ACA) was able to inhibit atherosclerotic development in an ApoE−/− mouse model of atherosclerosis. Taken together, the findings of our study demonstrated that TRPM2 contributes to the progression of hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis. Mechanistically, TRPM2 channels may provide an essential link that can connect ROS to Ca2+ and inflammation, consequently promoting atherosclerotic progression.

Groundwater resources are vital to ecosystems and livelihoods. Excessive groundwater withdrawals can cause groundwater levels to decline1-10, resulting in seawater intrusion11, land subsidence12,13, streamflow depletion14-16 and wells running dry17. However, the global pace and prevalence of local groundwater declines are poorly constrained, because in situ groundwater levels have not been synthesized at the global scale. Here we analyse in situ groundwater-level trends for 170,000 monitoring wells and 1,693 aquifer systems in countries that encompass approximately 75% of global groundwater withdrawals18. We show that rapid groundwater-level declines (>0.5 m year-1) are widespread in the twenty-first century, especially in dry regions with extensive croplands. Critically, we also show that groundwater-level declines have accelerated over the past four decades in 30% of the worlds regional aquifers. This widespread acceleration in groundwater-level deepening highlights an urgent need for more effective measures to address groundwater depletion. Our analysis also reveals specific cases in which depletion trends have reversed following policy changes, managed aquifer recharge and surface-water diversions, demonstrating the potential for depleted aquifer systems to recover.