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Abstract Background Health workforce projection models are integral components of a robust healthcare system. This research aims to review recent advancements in methodology and approaches for health workforce projection models and proposes a set of good practice reporting guidelines. Methods We conducted a systematic review by searching medical and social science databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and EconLit, covering the period from 2010 to 2023. The inclusion criteria encompassed studies projecting the demand for and supply of the health workforce. PROSPERO registration: CRD 42023407858. Results Our review identified 40 relevant studies, including 39 single countries analysis (in Australia, Canada, Germany, Ghana, Guinea, Ireland, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Lesotho, Malawi, New Zealand, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Spain, Thailand, UK, United States), and one multiple country analysis (in 32 OECD countries). Recent studies have increasingly embraced a complex systems approach in health workforce modelling, incorporating demand, supply, and demand–supply gap analyses. The review identified at least eight distinct types of health workforce projection models commonly used in recent literature: population-to-provider ratio models (n = 7), utilization models (n = 10), needs-based models (n = 25), skill-mixed models (n = 5), stock-and-flow models (n = 40), agent-based simulation models (n = 3), system dynamic models (n = 7), and budgetary models (n = 5). Each model has unique assumptions, strengths, and limitations, with practitioners often combining these models. Furthermore, we found seven statistical approaches used in health workforce projection models: arithmetic calculation, optimization, time-series analysis, econometrics regression modelling, microsimulation, cohort-based simulation, and feedback causal loop analysis. Workforce projection often relies on imperfect data with limited granularity at the local level. Existing studies lack standardization in reporting their methods. In response, we propose a good practice reporting guideline for health workforce projection models designed to accommodate various model types, emerging methodologies, and increased utilization of advanced statistical techniques to address uncertainties and data requirements. Conclusions This study underscores the significance of dynamic, multi-professional, team-based, refined demand, supply, and budget impact analyses supported by robust health workforce data intelligence. The suggested best-practice reporting guidelines aim to assist researchers who publish health workforce studies in peer-reviewed journals. Nevertheless, it is expected that these reporting standards will prove valuable for analysts when designing their own analysis, encouraging a more comprehensive and transparent approach to health workforce projection modelling.

Background: The drug selection of radical surgery (RS), with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), in pT4 colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial. Methods: Adverse events after HIPEC were estimated by common terminology criteria for adverse events version 5.0. The efficacy was evaluated using overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free rate (RFR). Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to reduce the influence of confounders between Mitomycin and Lobaplatin groups. Results: Of the 146 patients, from April 2020 to March 2021, 47 were managed with mitomycin and 99 with lobaplatin. There was no significant difference in the incidence of all adverse events between the two groups after PSM. OS and RFR were not significantly different between the two groups at 22 months (p = 0.410; p = 0.310). OS and RFR of the two groups also showed no significant difference for patients with T4a or T4b stage, tumor size < or ≥ 5 cm. Among patients with colon cancer, RFR at 22 months of the two groups was significantly different (100.0% vs. 63.2%, p = 0.028). Conclusions: In summary, the safety of mitomycin and lobaplatin for HIPEC was not different. Compared with lobaplatin, mitomycin for HIPEC after RS could benefit patients with colon cancer in RFR.

ObjectiveA portable high-sensitivity X-ray fluorescence spectrometry method was established to directly and quickly determine the content of arsenic， cadmium and lead in wheat flour.MethodsPart of the sample was put into the sample cup， and then directly put the sample cup into the portable high-sensitivity X-ray fluorescence spectrometer for testing. The testing time， sample compactness， and testing thickness of the instrument were optimized and applied to the detection of different types of wheat flour.ResultsThe relative standard deviation （RSD， n=6） of the precision was between 0.6% and 4.8%， and the recovery rate was 78.3%-120.4%. The detection limits of lead， cadmium and arsenic were 0.06 mg/kg， 0.06 mg/kg， 0.05 mg/kg， the quantification limits were 0.19 mg/kg， 0.19 mg/kg and 0.17 mg/kg， respectively. The correlation coefficient of portable highly sensitive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was greater than 0.98.ConclusionThe method has relatively high precision， good detection limit and quantification limit， and can meet the requirements of simultaneous rapid detection of multiple heavy metal elements in wheat flour.

In order to clarify the dust production law of railway tunnel drilling and blasting construction, the flow field structure characteristics and the distribution and migration law of drilling dust production in the tunnel under the condition of press-in ventilation were studied by indoor model test and CFD numerical simulation method. The results show that: 1) The dust concentration on the M axis and R axis gradually decreases with the increase of distance from the face of the face. The dust concentration on the L axis showed a small-large-small trend from the palm surface to the outlet of the hair dryer, and the maximum dust concentration appeared at 1m away from the face of the face. 2) Under the condition of press-in ventilation, the flow field structure can be divided into three parts: jet area, vortex area and reflux area, and the proportion of reflux gradually increases from 54% to 100% after three stages. 3) Large particles of dust mainly settle in the area of 1m from the end of the working face on the return air side, and the particle size of the dust settled on the tunnel floor gradually decreases with the increase of the distance from the face face; Most dust particles can settle or discharge the tunnel within 30s, and the vortex area has an adverse effect on the tunnel dust exhaust and dust reduction.

GaN devices are nowadays attracting global attention due to their outstanding performance in high voltage, high frequency, and anti-radiation ability. Research on total ionizing dose and annealing effects on E-mode GaN Cascode devices has been carried out. The Cascode device consists of a low-voltage MOSFET and a high-voltage depletion-mode GaN MISHEMT. Cascode devices of both conventional processed MOSFET and radiation-hardened MOSFET devices are fabricated to observe the TID effects. Experiment results indicate that, for the Cascode device with conventional processed MOSFET, the VTH shifts to negative values at 100 krad(Si). For the Cascode device with radiation-hardened MOSFET, the VTH shifts by −0.5 V at 100 krad(Si), while shifts to negative values are 500 krad(Si). The annealing process, after the TID experiment, shows that it can release trapped charges and help VTH recover. On one hand, the VTH shift and recover trends are similar to those of a single MOSFET device, suggesting that the MOSFET is the vulnerable part in the Cascode which determines the anti-TID ability of the device. On the other hand, the VTH shift amount of the Cascode device is much larger than that of a previously reported p-GaN HEMT device, indicating that GaN material shows a better anti-TID ability than Si.

Faces are rich sources of social information, and their characteristics can help people to understand the society better. The outcomes of our most important social decisions depend on our ability to make accurate interferences about the inclinations, motivations and qualifications of others. People can make trait judgements about people within an extreme short amount of time. Some researchers have found that rapid and unreflective facial features judgements could be largely predictive in political election and other social events as well. Therefore, the research topic of this paper is the effect of the facia; Judgement on social decision-making outcomes. This paper will provide a review of the impact of face recognition on political elections and the biases that arise from facial inferences. These results imply that quick, straightforward binary ability evaluations are sufficient to forecast the results of political elections, and facial traits can bias human choices. The potential impact of faces of social decision-making can be explained by their ability to predict a series of important outcomes.

The effects of the combination of joint density and inclination on the strength and deformation characteristics of rocklike specimens containing open joints were studied by using uniaxial compression tests. The following conclusions were made:with the increase of joint inclination, the stress-strain curve changes from a multi-peak value to a single peak value and the brittleness of the specimen enhances, whereas the ductility of the specimen weakens. The influence of joint density on the unified peak strength is related to the size of joint inclination, and the effect of joint density on the unified modulus shows a "V" shape, namely, the unified elastic modulus first decreases and then increases with the increase of joint density. With the increase of joint inclination, the unified elastic modulus increases gradually and its maximum value, which achieves 70%-80% of the complete specimens' elastic modulus, appears at 90° of joint inclination. The joint inclination is the major influencing factor on the unified peak strength and the unified elastic modulus of the rock-like specimens containing many joints. Further analysis on the test results demonstrates that the transformation law of the relationship between the joint density or joint inclination and the stress-strain curve, as well as the unified peak strength and the unified elastic modulus, is related to the failure process of the specimen. The failure mode of the specimen can be classified into three categories:tension failure, shear failure, and mixed failure.

Two mutants with rolled leaves, temporally designated as rl3(t)-1 and rl3(t)-2, were served for exploring the mechanism underlying the rolled leaf characteristic. Except for having typical rolled leaves, the plant heights and panicle lengths of rl3(t)-1 and rl3(t)-2 significantly decreased, and the seed-setting rate also decreased when compared with wild type 93-11. Cytological analysis suggested that the rolled leaf phenotype might be caused by the changes of number and size of bulliform cells. Genetic analysis indicated rl3(t)-1 is allelic to rl3(t)-2, and controlled by a recessive gene. Gene mapping result indicated that RL3(t) gene resided in a 46-kb long region governed by the sequence tag site markers S3-39 and S3-36 on rice chromosome 3. The result provides an important clue for further cloning the RL3(t) and understanding the mechanism of rice leaf development.

Recently, numerous studies have reported that hexokinase-2 (HK2) is aberrantly expressed in cancer, indicating that HK2 plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of cancer. However, its prognostic significance in solid tumor remains unclear. Accordingly, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the prognostic value of HK2 in solid tumor.Eligible studies were identified using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS)/disease-free survival (DFS)/relapse-free survival (RFS) were estimated with random effects or fixed effects models, respectively. Subgroup analysis was also performed according to patients' ethnicities, tumor types, detection methods, and analysis types.Data from 21 included studies with 2532 patients were summarized. HK2 overexpression was significantly associated with worse OS (pooled HR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.51-2.38, p < 0.001) and PFS (pooled HR = 2.91, 95% CI = 2.02-4.22, p < 0.001) in solid tumor. As to a specific form of cancer, the negative effect of HK2 on OS was observed in hepatocellular carcinoma (pooled HR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.67-2.54, p < 0.001), gastric cancer (pooled HR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.09-2.71, p = 0.020), colorectal cancer (pooled HR = 2.89, 95% CI = 1.62-5.16, p < 0.001), but not in pancreatic cancer (pooled HR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.28-4.66, p = 0.864). No publication bias was found in the included studies for OS (Begg's test, p = 0.325; Egger's test, p = 0.441).In this meta-analysis, we identified that elevated HK2 expression was significantly associated with shorter OS and PFS in patients with solid tumor, but the association varies according to cancer type.

The debate on the causal association between vitamin D status, measured as serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), and various health outcomes warrants investigation in large-scale health surveys. Measuring the 25(OH)D concentration for each participant is not always feasible, because of the logistics of blood collection and the costs of vitamin D testing. To address this problem, past research has used predicted 25(OH)D concentration, based on multivariable linear regression, as a proxy for unmeasured vitamin D status. We restate this approach in a mathematical framework, to deduce its possible pitfalls. Monte Carlo simulation and real data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-06 are used to confirm the deductions. The results indicate that variables that are used in the prediction model (for 25[OH]D concentration) but not in the model for the health outcome (called instrumental variables), play an essential role in the identification of an effect. Such variables should be unrelated to the health outcome other than through vitamin D; otherwise the estimate of interest will be biased. The approach of predicted 25(OH)D concentration derived from multivariable linear regression may be valid. However, careful verification that the instrumental variables are unrelated to the health outcome is required.