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This study presents a new approach for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) by combining the honey badger algorithm (HBA) with a Genetic Algorithm (GA). The integration aims to optimize photovoltaic (PV) system performance in partial shading conditions (PSCs). Initially, the HBA is utilized to explore extensively and identify potential solutions while avoiding local optima. If necessary, the GA is then employed to escape local optima through selection, crossover, and mutation operations. On average, this proposed method has a 40% improvement in tracking time and 0.77% in efficiency compared with the HBA. In a dynamic case, the proposed method achieves a 4.81% improvement compared to HBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the inherent power limitations in a single relativistic magnetron (RM), we explore the feasibility of coupling multiple phase-locked RMs without compromising power conversion efficiencies. Successful phase locking of two coupled A6 RMs, where radiations are axially extracted as TE11 modes, has been achieved. The interaction between the two RMs is facilitated by a well-designed waveguide with a transmission coefficient exceeding 98% in the L-band. In our designed system, as per the particle-in-cell simulation results with a diode voltage of 560 kV, the RMs' peak power of the Gaussian radiation pattern reaches approximately 3.4 GW. The relative phase jitter between these two tubes is effectively controlled within ±1.6%, and the power conversion efficiency reaches up to 48.1%. This study presents a viable approach to enhance the output power of RMs while maintaining phase-locked Gaussian radiation patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel idea of azimuthal partition to generate high power microwave (HPM) with two frequencies in a single device is put forward for the first time in this paper. According to this idea, a Magnetically Insulated transmission Line Oscillator (MILO) that could generate HPM with two stable and separate frequencies is designed. To distinguish this new device from a traditional MILO, it is named bifrequency MILO (BFMILO) in this paper. The high-frequency characteristics of BFMILO are investigated, and it is simulated through 3-D PIC codes. The results of particle simulation are presented: Employing an electron flow of 420 kV and 38 kA, an L-band BFMILO can generate about 1.3 GW of HPM with two frequencies. They are 1.27 and 1.49 GHz, respectively. The power efficiency is about 8.1%. The amplitude difference of the spectrum between the two frequencies is about 0.4 dB. In addition, preliminary experimental results are also presented: When the input voltage is 420 kV and the current is about 34 kA, a BFMILO can generate over 620 MW of HPM. The two frequencies are 1.26 and 1.45 GHz, respectively. The power efficiency is over 4.3%. This paper preliminarily proves the feasibility that BFMILO can generate HPM with two frequencies, and this pointed out a new direction of HPM investigations. Index Terms--Azimuthal partition, bifrequency (BF) Magnetically Insulated transmission Line Oscillator (MILO) (BFMILO), high power microwave (HPM), MILO.

Coaxial disk-loaded waveguide has been widely used in magnetically insulated transmission fine oscillators. Although the T[M.sub.oo] mode is its main mode, the asymmetric mode might be excited by a slight asymmetry of the structure, asymmetric emission of the beam, or both. Therefore, research on the asymmetric mode in coaxial disk-loaded waveguide is necessary. The general dispersion equation of the coaxial disk-loaded slow-wave structures is obtained using the field match theory for the first time. Numerical calculation is carried out based on the dispersion function. The theoretical calculated results agreed well with the simulated results of the MAFIA code and experiment. Index Terms--Coaxial disk-loaded waveguide, dispersion characteristics, magnetically insulated transmission line oscillators (MILO), slow-wave structures (SWS).