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Background: Nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (NSOFCs) are the most common craniofacial birth malformations in humans and are generally classified as nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) and nonsyndromic cleft palate only (NSCPO). Genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) of NSOFCs have demonstrated multiple risk loci and candidate genes; however, published risk factors are able to explain only a small fraction of the observed NSOFCs heritability. Methods: Here, we performed GWASs of 1615 NSCPO cases and 2340 controls, and then conducted genome‐wide meta‐analyses of NSOFCs, totaling 6812 NSCL/P cases, 2614 NSCPO cases, and 19,165 controls from the Chinese Han population. Results: We identify 47 risk loci with genome‐wide pmeta‐value <5.0 × 10−8, 5 risk loci (1p32.1, 3p14.1, 3p14.3, 3p21.31, and 13q22.1) of which are new. All of the 47 susceptibility loci conjointly account for 44.12% of the NSOFCs' heritability in the Chinese Han population. Conclusion: Our results improve the comprehending of genetic susceptibility to NSOFCs and provide new views into the genetic etiology of craniofacial anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spin reorientation transition (SRT) has attracted substantial attention due to its important role in the ultrafast control of spins. However, the transition temperature is usually too low for its practical applications. Here, we demonstrate the ability to modulate the SRT temperature in PrFe1−xMnxO3 single crystals from 196 K to 317 K across the room temperature by varying the Mn concentration. Interestingly, the Γ4 to Γ1 spin reorientation of the Mn-doped PrFeO3 is distinct from the Γ4 to Γ2 spin reorientation transition as in the parent material. Because of the coupling between rare-earth ions and transition-metal ions in determining the SRT temperature, the demonstrated control scheme of spin reorientation transition temperature by Mn-doping is expected to be used in temperature control magnetic switching devices and applicable to many other rare-earth orthoferrites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic behavior of a rare-earth orthoferrite ErFeO3 single crystal can be controlled by low magnetic fields from a few to hundreds of Oe. Here we investigated a high-quality ErFeO3 single crystal in the temperature range of 5–120 K, with two types of spin switching in the field-cooled-cooling (FCC) and field-cooled-warming (FCW) processes below the temperature of the spin reorientation (SR) transition from Γ4 to Γ2 at 98–88 K. The magnitude of the applied magnetic fields can regulate two types of spin switching along the a-axis of the ErFeO3 single crystal but does not affect the type and temperature range of the SR transition. An interesting "multi-step" type-II spin switching is observed in FCW under low magnetic fields (H < 18 Oe) just below the SR transition temperature, which is associated with the interaction and the change of magnetic configurations from rare-earth and iron magnetic sublattices. When the magnetic field is lower than 15 Oe, the type-II spin switching in the FCW process gradually changes to a continuous magnetic transition along the a-axis of the ErFeO3 single crystal. As the magnetic field is reduced to less than 17 Oe, the type-I spin switching in the FCW process also transforms into a continuous magnetic transition. Understanding the magnetic reversal effects will help us explore the potential applications of these magnetic materials for future information devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic behavior of a rare-earth orthoferrite ErFeO 3 single crystal can be controlled by low magnetic fields from a few to hundreds of Oe. Here we investigated a high-quality ErFeO 3 single crystal in the temperature range of 5-120 K, with two types of spin switching in the field-cooled-cooling (FCC) and field-cooled-warming (FCW) processes below the temperature of the spin reorientation (SR) transition from Γ 4 to Γ 2 at 98-88 K. The magnitude of the applied magnetic fields can regulate two types of spin switching along the a -axis of the ErFeO 3 single crystal but does not affect the type and temperature range of the SR transition. An interesting "multi-step" type-II spin switching is observed in FCW under low magnetic fields ( H < 18 Oe) just below the SR transition temperature, which is associated with the interaction and the change of magnetic configurations from rare-earth and iron magnetic sublattices. When the magnetic field is lower than 15 Oe, the type-II spin switching in the FCW process gradually changes to a continuous magnetic transition along the a -axis of the ErFeO 3 single crystal. As the magnetic field is reduced to less than 17 Oe, the type-I spin switching in the FCW process also transforms into a continuous magnetic transition. Understanding the magnetic reversal effects will help us explore the potential applications of these magnetic materials for future information devices.