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Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is a relatively new diagnostic entity concerning children with chronic irritability and severe anger outbursts. Currently, there is limited knowledge about the parental factors associated with the disorder. The aim of this study was to compare stress levels and attachment styles in parents of children with DMDD with those of parents of children with other diagnoses. Our sample consisted of 218 children (6–12 years, Mage = 9.68 years) referred to child mental health outpatient clinics. Clinicians used a standardized semi-structured diagnostic interview to identify diagnoses. Parental stress levels and attachment styles were assessed using parent reports. We found that parents of children with DMDD experience significantly higher levels of parenting stress related to factors in the child than parents of children with other diagnoses. Furthermore, parents of children with DMDD show a higher association with insecure adult attachment styles than parents of children without DMDD. Finally, an adult preoccupied-ambivalent attachment style explains the variability in parental stress in the DMDD group to a large degree. We discuss how parental stress and an insecure attachment style can be associated with negative parenting practices. An implication from this study could be that treatment results might be improved by involving parents more in treatment programs for children with DMDD.

Clinicians often miss making the diagnosis of abusive head injury in infants and toddlers who present with mild, non-specific symptoms such as vomiting, fussiness, irritability, trouble sleeping and eating, and seizure. If abusive head injury is missed, the child is likely to go on to experience more severe injury. An extensive review of the medical literature was done to summarize what is known about missed abusive head injury and about how these injuries can be recognized and appropriately evaluated. The following issues will be addressed: the definition of mild head injury, problems encountered when clinicians evaluated mildly ill young children with non-specific symptoms, the risk of missing the diagnosis of mild abusive head trauma, the risks involved in subjecting infants and young children to radiation and/or sedation required for neuroimaging studies, imaging options for suspected neurotrauma in children, clinical prediction rules for evaluating mild head injury in children, laboratory tests than can be helpful in diagnosing mild abusive head injury, history and physical examination when diagnosing or ruling out mild abusive head injury, social and family factors that could be associated with abusive injuries, and interventions that could improve our recognition of mild abusive head injuries. Relevant literature is described and evaluated. The conclusion is that abusive head trauma remains a difficult diagnosis to identify in mildly symptomatic young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the relation between familial risk factors and maltreatment types and mental health diagnoses among youth in residential care were examined. Using data from a larger study, six separate hierarchical logistic regression models were specified using family risk factors and maltreatment type to predict risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), reactive attachment disorder, and major depressive disorder. The results show that, for this population, demographic characteristics are more predictive of diagnoses compared to family risk factors and maltreatment. Specifically, age and gender significantly predicted four out of the six diagnoses. Maltreatment types were associated with two diagnoses, ADHD and PTSD. Findings from this study suggest residential treatment programs should include person-centered treatment plans considering demographics and maltreatment experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined bidirectional relations between television exposure and effortful control accounting for the effects of family contextual risk factors. Data were from a sample (N = 306) of parents and their preschool‐age children (T1 M = 36 mos. in 2008–2010) assessed four times, once every 9 mos. At T1, adolescent parent status predicted lower child delay ability (DA), and maternal depression predicted higher TV time. Above these effects, higher T1 and T2 child executive control (EC) prospectively predicted lower T2 and T3 TV time, while higher T1 TV time predicted lower T2 EC. Higher EC at T4 predicted fewer total problems, greater social competence, and greater academic readiness at T4, and higher TV time at T4 predicted lower academic readiness. DA was unrelated to TV time or adjustment. Findings suggest executive control and TV time predict changes in each other in early childhood, and in turn, executive control predicts better child adjustment while TV time might be more relevant for academic readiness. Moreover, family risk factors appear to play a role in both TV viewing time and effortful control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous research suggests that exposure to interparental conflict may affect children's attention and memory performance, but few studies have examined this hypothesis experimentally. Objective: The goal of this study was to address this gap by completing an experimental approach using audiotaped couple conflict simulations. Method: School classes of fifth‐ and sixth‐graders were randomly assigned to listen to one of the following three types of conversations: (a) an unresolved couple conflict, (b) a resolved couple conflict, or (c) a neutral couple conversation. Children's attention and memory performance were measured before and after stimulus exposure by performance tasks and their emotional insecurity was assessed by self‐report. Results: Children's emotional insecurity moderated the impact of the simulated couple conflict on their memory performance but not on attention. At low levels of emotional insecurity, children performed better in the memory task after hearing the unresolved couple conflict compared with the control group. Conclusion: Children's responses to simulated conflicts differ by a child's history of interparental conflict and conflict characteristics, such as whether arguments are resolved. Implications: Consideration of the family background is warranted when studying or treating child cognitive performance problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Childhood obesity is a global health problem.Associate overweight and obesity in children who attend to the Centro de Desarrollo Infantil Naval de México (CENDINMEX) to military parents. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative, in infants between 2 and 5 years 11 months, in 2018. Somatometry (n=278) was performed, establishing the diagnosis of healthy, overweight or obesity, based on the z score of the Body Mass Index (BMI). The questionnaire was applied to their parents to collect data of interest. Results: Prevalence of overweight and obesity was 12.6%. When both parents belong to military, the risk of overweight/obesity was 6.97 more times. In the stratified analysis, when both parents are military and simultaneously the primary caregiver is someone other than the family, the risk was 12.6 more; When only one of them belongs to the militia and simultaneously the primary caregiver is someone other than the parents, the risk of overweight / obesity is 6.1 more times. Conclusions: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher than reported in the national literature. The hypothesis that the risk of overweight/obesity is greater when both parents are military was confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Most large-scale evaluations of systems of care (SOCs) have focused on school-aged populations, with limited research examining early childhood SOCs. As a result, little is known about how risk profiles, symptom presentation, and outcomes may vary between early childhood and school-aged SOC participants. This descriptive study uses data from two SOCs—an early childhood SOC (EC-SOC) and a school-aged SOC (SA-SOC)—to examine the differences across age groups in how children and families present to SOCs and the extent to which risk factors and symptoms change over six months of enrollment. Method: Participants were 184 children in the EC-SOC (mage = 3.91) and 142 children in the SA-SOC (mage = 9.36). Families completed measures assessing risk factors and functioning at enrollment and at six-month follow up. Descriptive analyses measured the presence of risk factors and symptoms at enrollment and follow-up. Correlations were computed to determine the associations between symptom measures. Results: Results identified areas of similarity and difference between families presenting for SOCs at different developmental stages. Younger children experienced greater behavioral problems (Hedge's g = 0.52, p< 0.001) with more associated caregiver stress (Hedge's g range = 0.34–0.62, p < 0.01) and strain (Hedge's g = 0.34, p= 0.005). Trauma was more strongly associated with child and caregiver symptoms among younger children. Greater change in symptom measures was observed for the EC-SOC. Conclusions: Findings highlight the importance of providing services in early childhood and provide guidance for SOC service provision at different ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gender differences in the relationship between parent drinking and adolescent drinking are poorly understood. As parental alcohol use is a primary early exposure to alcohol for adolescents, it is important to understand how consequences may differ for adolescent males and females. Objectives: The aim of this paper was to examine gender differences in the relationship between mother's and father's heavy episodic drinking, and its combination, and adolescent drinking. Methods: The sample included 2,800 14-15 year olds (48.9% female) living in two-parent households from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. The adolescent outcome measure was having had an alcoholic drink in the past year. Mothers and fathers self-reported their frequency of heavy episodic drinking. Covariates included parents' education, smoking, non-English-speaking background, and symptoms of psychological distress. Logistic regression was used to examine the hypotheses. Results: After adjustment for covariates, both mothers' and fathers' heavy episodic drinking significantly increased the likelihood of adolescent drinking. Moreover, fathers' heavy drinking was more strongly related to adolescent drinking for girls. However, there were no gender differences in the relationship between mothers' drinking and adolescent drinking, and the combination of mothers' and fathers' drinking was not more risky than heavy drinking in either parent alone. Conclusions: Parent heavy episodic drinking is a risk factor for adolescent drinking, after controlling for potential confounding variables. Results suggest that girls may be especially vulnerable to parent heavy drinking in early adolescence. This variation should be considered in the design and evaluation of family-based interventions to prevent adolescent drinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Children and families enrolled in early childhood systems of care (SOC) present with various psychological and behavioral risk factors that may inhibit healthy development. Within a SOC, wraparound services are designed to increase families' access to numerous child-serving sectors in order to target those risk factors. This study examined whether child and family risk factors at enrollment in an early childhood SOC predicted dosage, service recommendation, and usage of recommended services. Method: Participants were 144 children ranging in age from 1.38 to 5.89 years and their caregivers. Families completed measures of child and caregiver functioning prior to participation in the SOC. Service recommendation and usage were measured at intake and three months, respectively. We used multiple regression analysis to examine the relationship between risk factors and dosage of services received. Logistic regression analyses identified the relationships between risk factors and service recommendation and usage according to specific service types within the SOC. Results: Children with greater behavior problems received more services overall (R2 = .103, β = .243, p = .033). Child risk factors predicted recommendation for child welfare (trauma exposure:  OR = 1.352, p = .052) and mental health services (behavior problems: OR = 1.061, p = .034; trauma exposure: OR = 1.316, p = .046), whereas families with substance use issues were less likely to be recommended for mental health services (OR = .229, p = .017). Conclusions: Findings highlight opportunities for improved service provision and service-level decision making in early childhood SOCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Research has documented modest positive impacts of early childhood home visiting programs. However, understanding more about what home visitors do during visits and how much time they spend on specific topics may provide insight into the variability in effectiveness of services. Methods Outcome data were collected via parent survey at program enrollment and 12 months from 123 women in three MIECHV-funded home visiting models. Home visitors completed weekly home visit content and activity logs. Results Families received an average of 28 visits during the study (3.1 visits per month). Of ten content areas, the three most often discussed were early childhood development, physical care of children, and the parent-child-relationship. Multivariate regression models were used to explore the association of home visit dosage, home visit content and cumulative risk factors on parenting outcomes. Women whose visits were focused more on parenting topics reported lower parenting-related stress at follow-up compared to those whose visits had less parenting content. Additionally, higher-risk women who received greater numbers of home visits showed larger reductions in their attitudes about harsh punishment over time, compared to high-risk women with fewer home visits. Discussion Receiving home visits that emphasize parenting content may contribute to reduced parenting-related stress. For high-risk women in particular, receiving more visits overall may be important to achieving positive outcomes. Implications for practice include working to engage and retain high-risk families. Future home visiting research calls for improved methods for collecting data on content/activity during visits, the necessity for long-term follow-up, and testing for the effectiveness of varied and flexible visit schedules/content focus for women and families with trauma exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Family risk factors are crucial to adolescent mental health. Few studies have investigated the complex relationship between family risk factors and adolescent mental health. This study aims to investigate the complex relationship between family cumulative risk (FCR) and adolescent mental health, and to clarify the factors contributing to adolescent mental health problems., Methods: This study recruited 903 junior high school students and 991 senior high school students in Changsha, Hunan and was conducted through an offline computer-based questionnaire survey using the Middle School Student Mental Health Scale (MSSMHS) and the Family Cumulative Risk Questionnaire (FCRQ) to assess the mental health status and FCR factors, respectively. Statistical analyses were conducted to clarify the demographic factors influencing MSSMHS total and factor scores, and to analyze the relationship between FCRQ and MSSMHS total and factor scores., Results: Females exhibited more mental health problems than males in various MSSMHS factors (all P <0.05); adolescents were prone to different mental health problems at different stages (junior high school first-grade vs. senior high school first-grade); senior high school first-grade students were more likely to experience academic pressure and maladjustment than junior high school first-grade students ( P <0.01), and junior high school first-grade students were more likely to exhibit obsessive, paranoia, and hostility symptoms than senior high school first-grade students (all P <0.01); adolescents with low family intimacy and high family conflict reported more symptoms in every dimension of MSSMHS (all P <0.05); adolecents with poor parent-child separation reported higher obsessive-compulsive symptoms, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, academic pressure, maladjustment, emotional instability, and unbalanced mind than those with good parent-child separation (all P <0.05)., Conclusions: Female, low family intimacy, high family conflict, and poor parent-child separation are risk factors of adolescent mental health problems. Higher-grade middle school students are prone to exhibit academic pressure and maladjustment, while lower-grade middle school students are prone to exhibit obsessive, paranoia, and hostility symptoms.

This secondary data analysis examined the association of Head Start children's entry age and enrollment duration on children's dental, vision, and hearing health based on data from 60 local Head Start classrooms. Children were divided into three groups: One group of children entered Head Start at age three and maintained enrollment for one year (Group 1). The second group of children entered Head Start at age four and stayed one year (Group 2). The third group of children entered at age three and stayed in Head Start for two years (Group 3). Compared with Group 3, Group 1 had fewer dental problems and Group 2 had less identified hearing problems. Children's gender, ethnicity, and program characteristics and family risk factors were associated with health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence against Indigenous women in the United States is higher than for any other racial group. Indigenous women tend to rely on families for support and recovery, yet the risk factors related to Indigenous families affected by violence are unknown. Therefore, interviews from a critical ethnography were used to uncover the perspectives of Indigenous women who have experienced intimate partner violence, along with the professionals who serve them, to understand potential risk factors that create vulnerability to and impair recovery from violence. Several themes emerged from pragmatic horizon analysis of interviews with 49 Indigenous women and professionals who work with tribal members affected by violence, including family divisions and parental impairments (i.e., intergenerational patterns of absent parental figures, parental alcohol abuse, and impaired bonding). Future research should examine these potential risk factors related to families affected by violence and their connections with historical oppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controversy exists about the role of parent psychopathology in persistence and severity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in their children. Here we aimed to analyse the potential association between the severity of ADHD symptoms in children and the presence of psychiatric and ADHD symptoms in their biological parents. Seventy-three triads of children and their parents who were in active treatment for their diagnosed ADHD were evaluated in our Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centers. The mental health of the parents was also assessed. The general psychopathology of the parents was evaluated using the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R), and symptoms of hyperactivity were examined using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS v.1.1). The severity of symptoms in children was assessed using the ADHD Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS-IV). Variables that could have affected the clinical development of ADHD such as sex, evolution time, age, academic level and the presence of comorbidities were controlled. The severity of the symptoms in children with ADHD was significantly related to the psychiatric history of their mother, the younger age of the child and the presence of a comorbid conduct disorder in the child. We discussed the importance of screening for parental psychopathology in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mental health problems and pathways to drug addiction and crime among female inmates have long been of interest to researchers and practitioners. The purpose of the current study was to examine the possible association between multiple types of childhood abuse, mental health problems, and drug addiction and the incarceration of 50 Israeli women in prison. The findings indicated that female inmates come from risky families with a high prevalence of family mental health problems, parental drug addiction and crime, and sibling drug addiction and crime. Furthermore, they revealed that incarcerated women from risky families were victims of multiple types of childhood abuse and neglect by their parents, as well as their siblings. Overall, the results suggest that the adverse consequences of a family's mental health problems are much more dramatic than we assumed to date, and that women are more likely than men to be the victims of multiple types of childhood abuse and neglect, as well as suffering more severe psychiatric problems, depression, and drug addiction. The implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing concern about elevated blood pressure (BP) in children. The evidence for familial aggregation of childhood BP is substantial. Twin studies have shown that a large part of the familial aggregation of childhood BP is due to genes. The first part of this review provides the latest progress in gene finding for childhood BP, focusing on the combined effects of multiple loci identified from the genome-wide association studies on adult BP. We further review the evidence on the contribution of the genetic components of other family risk factors to the familial aggregation of childhood BP including obesity, birth weight, sleep quality, sodium intake, parental smoking, and socioeconomic status. At the end, we emphasize the promise of using genomic-relatedness-matrix restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) analysis, a method that uses genome-wide data from unrelated individuals, in answering a number of unsolved questions in the familial aggregation of childhood BP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child and family risk factors of Specific Language Impairment (SLI), including delayed mastery of early language milestones and family history of language impairment, have been found to affect more SLI children than typically developing (TD) children. However, little to no research has examined whether prevalence differs between monolingual and early second language (eL2) learners. Furthermore, the degree of misdiagnosis in clinical settings is unknown as well as whether monolingual and eL2 children differ in the proportion of over- and underdiagnosis. The present study compared both language groups regarding the prevalence of risk factors and (mis)diagnosis as SLI. The sample included 92 monolingual (69 TD, 23 SLI) and 74 eL2 children (55 TD, 19 SLI), aged 5-8 years, and their parents. Prevalence of child/family risk factors was assessed via parental questionnaire; misdiagnosis was calculated by comparing children's identification as (non)SLI via a standardized test with their clinical diagnosis. Except for dyslexia/dysgraphia, the rate of child and family risk factors was the same in both language groups, correctly identifying up to half of the SLI children. Correlation analyses between SLI-identification and clinical diagnosis indicated a moderate positive association. The rates of misdiagnosis in monolingual and eL2 children varied, with underdiagnosis being more frequent than overdiagnosis across groups. Moreover, the rate of overdiagnosis was marginally higher for eL2 children than for monolinguals. Summarizing, correct clinical diagnosis as SLI is difficult in both monolinguals and in eL2 learners; a correct diagnosis as unimpaired is especially challenging in eL2 children. Our results suggest that complementing standardized language assessments with parental information helps to reduce the rate of misdiagnosis in both types of learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detrimental effects of adverse family conditions for children's wellbeing are well-documented, but little is known about the impact of specific risk factors, or about potential protective factors that buffer the effects of family risk factors on negative development. We investigated the impact of five important family risk factors (e.g., parental conflict) on internalizing and externalizing problems and the potential buffering effects of peer acceptance and academic skills at two measurement points two years apart in 1195 7- to 10-year-olds (T1: M Age = 8.54). Latent-change models showed that increases in risk factors over the two years predicted increasing internalizing and externalizing problems. Parental conflict was the most impactful risk factor, although peer acceptance and academic skills showed some buffering effects. The results highlight the necessity of investigating cumulative and single risk factors, specifically interparental conflict, and emphasize the need to strengthen children's internal and social resources to buffer the effects of adverse family conditions. • Family risk factors prospectively predicted developmental problems in childhood. • A large sample of 1195 children were followed over a 2-year period. • Cumulative family risk predicted more internalizing and externalizing problems. • Interparental conflict was by far the most influential single family risk factor. • Peer acceptance and academic skills partly buffered family risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the prevalence of smoking in students of Secondary Education at IES "The Valley" and the factors that lead to the first use of snuff. Methods: Cross-sectional study on a sample of 123 students obtained through convenience sampling. The information was collected by a self-administered questionnaire that included variables of age, sex, family socioeconomic status, characteristics of tobacco use among adolescents, knowledge about snuff and parental attitudes. Results: The prevalence of snuff stood at 42%, of which 48% are regular smokers. Are confirmed as risks factors for the initial use of snuff the existence of smoking sibilings and a good friend who does too. Other variables such as the absence of a parent, parental smoking, educational level and parental occupation, physical activity and attendance at festivals could not be defined as risk factors due to insufficient sample size. Conclusions: The prevalence of smokers was similar to that obtained in other studies with similar characteristics. Smoking prevention should focus on the family and the adolescent environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

because alcohol use typically is initiated during adolescenceand young adulthood and may have long-term consequences, the monitoring the Future (mtF) study annually assesses variousmeasures of alcohol use among 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-gradestudents these analyses have found that although alcohol useamong these age groups overall has been declining since1975, levels remain high thus, in 2011 about one-quarter of8th graders, one-half of 10th graders, and almost two-thirds of12th graders reported drinking alcohol in the month precedingthe interview binge drinking (i.e., consumption of five or moredrinks in a row) was also prevalent specific rates of drinking, binge drinking, and getting drunk varied among differentstudent subgroups based on gender and race/ethnicity the mtFstudy has also identified numerous factors that influence the riskof alcohol use among adolescents, including parents andpeers, school and work, religiosity and community attachment, exercise and sports participation, externalizing behavior andother drug use, risk taking and sensation seeking, well-being, and drinking attitudes and reasons for alcohol use. Drinkingduring adolescence can have long-term effects on a person'slife trajectory therefore, these findings have broad implications for prevention and intervention efforts with this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of the current study is to examine whether the duration of Head Start participation is associated with a child’s weight and height. Method: The study employs a secondary analysis of 2,690 Head Start participants, 891 who entered at age 3 and enrolled for 1 year, 1,125 who entered at age 4 and stayed for 1 year, and 674 who entered at age 3 and stayed for 2 years. A logistic regression correctly classified the obesity probability (82.8%). Results: Early entry age and a longer duration in Head Start is associated with a lower obesity rate. Conclusion: Head Start should accept younger children and have them stay for a longer duration, particularly for children in high risk families. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Background: Previous research has shown that various childhood risk factors are related to depression and chronic physical conditions (CPCs) later in life. However, little is known about risk factors associated with comorbidity for these conditions. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between individual (school performance, childhood physical and sexual abuse) and family risk variables (socioeconomic status, parental mental health, medical condition, and functional limitation) with depression only, chronic pain conditions (back pain and headaches) or other CPCs (respiratory, cardiovascular and digestive disorders, and diabetes) and the comorbidity of either CPC category with depression assessed in early adulthood. Methods: We used data from the Ontario Child Health Study, a prospective, population-based study of 3294 children (ages 4–16) enrolled in 1983 and meeting inclusion criteria at follow-up in 2001 (N = 1475; ages 21–35 years). Results: Using multinomial logistic regression models, controlling for sex and age, childhood history of physical abuse was associated with most outcomes (OR = 1.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16–2.97to 4.36, 95% CI, 1.74–10.97). Parental mental health, childhood functional limitation, childhood history of sexual abuse and family functioning were all related to comorbid depression and chronic pain conditions. Parental mental health was also related to increased risk of other CPCs (ORs = 1.66; 95% CI, 1.08–2.55). Conclusion: We found that the greatest disease risk (comorbid depression and chronic pain conditions) was related to the greatest number of childhood risk factors. Although there was some evidence of specificity, there was overlap in childhood physical abuse predicting almost all outcomes. Efforts targeting the prevention and treatment of childhood maltreatment are critical in order to prevent the long lasting impact of childhood adversity on mental and physical outcomes in early adulthood. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study identified selected child factors (e.g., age, gender, race/ethnicity, disabilities, prior victimization, and relationship to perpetrator of abuse), family risk factors (e.g., substance abuse, domestic violence, inadequate housing, and financial problems), and services provided by child protective services that likely increased reports of child sexual abuse recurrence by type of reporter. Survival analysis was conducted using the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System data set of 2002–2004. Child disability, being a prior victim, having a perpetrator as a caregiver, family financial problems, and receiving family supportive services increased the likelihood for reports of child sexual abuse by mandated reporters. Being Hispanic, having a disability, having a perpetrator as a caregiver, financial problems, and receiving family preservation services statistically decreased the likelihood for reports of child sexual abuse recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

[Clin Psychol Sci Prac 17: 169-186, 2010] Children of bipolar parents (CBP) are at increased risk to develop psychopathology, especially a mood disorder. Several factors may contribute to the increased risk for psychopathology in CBP, including family environmental variables (e.g., high levels of family conflict and dysfunctional parenting) and socioemotional cue processing deficits (e.g., inaccurate detection of facial social cues). A proposed model posits that family risk factors and socioemotional cue processing deficits may interact in conferring risk for psychopathology for CBP via their effects on the development of emotion regulation and the neural circuitry that governs this development. A developmental, transactional perspective on the impact of these risk factors provides a framework within which to examine their dynamic interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from the criminology literature and family studies, we investigated the long-term effects of established family risk factors and parenting styles on male young adult delinquency. We used data sets from two longitudinal studies, the Pittsburgh Youth Study (N=474) and the Child-Rearing and Family in the Netherlands Study (N=128), each with assessment periods covering at least 10 years. The lack of orderly and structured activities within the family during adolescence was a strong predictor of delinquency in young adulthood, once prior aggression and demographic variables were considered. No evidence was found for a relationship between authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles and later delinquency. Furthermore, previously identified family factors such as socioeconomic status, supervision, punishment and attachment were not related to delinquent behaviour in young adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study identified factors that played a significant role in decisions to separate a child from his/her primary caretakers for 51 social service caseworkers. Participants rated and ranked the importance of 35 child risk/well-being factors used in recent child separation dispositions. Results indicated that boundary setting with a perpetrator of abuse and parental motivation played a significant role in decision-making. These preliminary findings suggest the need to prioritize services aimed at the promotion of the non-maltreating parent’s limit setting with the perpetrator of abuse, as well as caretaker motivation/cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared family risk and protective factors among potential high school dropouts with and without suicide-risk behaviors (SRB) and examined the extent to which these factors predict categories of SRB. Subjects were randomly selected from among potential dropouts in 14 high schools. Based upon suicide-risk status, 1,083 potential high school dropouts were defined as belonging to one of four groups; 573 non-suicide risk, 242 low suicide risk, 137 moderate suicide risk and 131 high suicide risk. Results showed significant group differences in all youth self-reported family risk and protective factors. Increased levels of suicide risk were associated with perceived conflict with parents, unmet family goals, and family depression; decreased levels of risk were associated with perceived parental involvement and family support for school. Perceived conflict with parents, family depression, family support satisfaction, and availability of family support for school were the strongest predictors of adolescent SRB. Our findings suggest that suicide vulnerable youth differ from their non-suicidal peers along the dimensions of family risk and protective factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]