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ABSTRACT Using ethnographic and historical approaches, this article examines unplanned, peri-urban settlements on Dares Salaam's northern and western fringe, where urban farming is central to many residents' household economy. Contrasting [...]

LEE-ANN (SMALL) SUTHERLAND, The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland. TONY GLENDINNING, Department of Sociology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3QY, Scotland. Farm Family Coping With Stress: The Impact of the 1998 Ice Storm This study looks at how farm families coped with the 1998 ice storm in Eastern Ontario, in particular stress and health impacts. It is based on a mail survey (N = 171) and follow-up qualitative interviews with households (N = 40). Beyond the severity of the event, finances were identified as a key factor in reported incidence of stress symptoms during the ice storm, related to uncertainties with insurance claims and arrangements with banks. Afterwards, off-farm income was found to moderate ongoing stress. Although the social resources the farm community utilized in coping with the storm and its aftermath were identified as highly important by respondents, these did not act to differentially moderate the stress and health impacts. Instead, the findings suggest farm families addressed the financial implications of the ice storm at the household level, compounding existing stress-linked responses to chronic financial strain among farms in the region. Key Words: stress, farm families, natural disaster, ice storm, Eastern Ontario LEE-ANN (SMALL) SUTHERLAND, The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland. TONY GLENDINNING, Department of Sociology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3QY, Scotland. Farm Family Coping With Stress: The Impact of the 1998 Ice Storm Ce travail s' interesse aux families agricoles de l'Est Ontario qui ont vecus la severe de gel de 1998, et plus particulierement aux impacts occasionnes sur la tension et l'etat de sante de la population agricole. Cette etude est fondee sur une enquete postale(N = 171),suivie d'entretiens quantitatifs de certains foyers (N - 40). A u-dela de la severite de cet evenement, les aspects financiers ont ete identifies comme etant l'element-cle participant aux tnanifestations de stress, lies aux types d'accords bancaires et aux incertitudes des versements compensatoires des assurances. Par la suite, il s' est avere que les revenus complementaires non agricoles ont modere les tensions encourues. Pour se sortir de la crise provoquee par la tempete et ses consequences, la communaute agricole a mobilise des ressources sociales, considerees comme hautement essentielles par les repondants, mais qui se sont averees ne pas avoir d' effet moderant differentiels sur les tensions et problemes de sante engendres. Au contraire, les resultats de 1' etude suggerent que les families agricoles ont fait face aux implications financieres de la catastrophe naturelle a 1' echelle du menage, combinant ainsi, les consequences liees au stress aux pressions financieres chroniques connues des fermes de la region. LEE-ANN (SMALL) SUTHERLAND, The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland. TONY GLENDINNING, Department of Sociology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3QY, Scotland. Farm Family Coping With Stress: The Impact of the 1998 Ice Storm Este articulo es una investigation sobre como las familias granjeras de Ontario del Este consiguieron sobrellevar las consecuencias de la tormenta de hielo de 1998; en particular, nos centramos en el estres y en otros efectos sobre la salud. El estudio se basa en una encuesta por correo (N = 171) y en varias entrevistas cualitativas (N = 40). Ademas de la intensidad del desastre natural, la situacion financiera familiar aparece como uno de los factores claves para explicar la incidencia de sintomas relacionados con estres; este estres se deriva principalmente de la incertidumbre inherente a la resolucion de reclamaciones a seguros y a las negociaciones con bancos. La presencia de ingresos no relacionados con la actividad en la granja fue identificada como un importante factor mitigante de estres. Aunque varios sujetos destacaron la importancia de tener acceso a recursos sociales para sobrellevar la tormenta y sus secuelas, lo cierto es que este factor no explica diferencias en estres y en salud de forma significativa. Nuestro estudio sugiere que numerosas familias no hicieron uso de recursos comunitarios para superar el estres derivado de las perdidas causadas por la tormenta de hielo, sino que lo sobrellevaron internamente. Esto contribuyo a aumentar el estres que las familias ya venian sufriendo de forma cronica, causado principalmente por las tensiones financieras vinculadas a la actividad agricola en la region. Key Words: estres, familias granjeras, desastre natural, tormenta de hielo, este de Ontario., INTRODUCTION In January, 1998, unprecedented levels of freezing rain coated roads, trees and buildings in Eastern Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and the Northeastern United States with a layer of ice […]

Abstract My story of 120 years of the making and remaking of a single paddock provides a long-term view of cultural relationships to land that is important in fully understanding [...]

The author believes that property is a form of technology with social implications and the article studies the property holding relationship between families in rural Australia in social terms. The article illustrates how property ideas were legalized by State to rule distant rural settlements in Australia.

Historical archaeologists are familiar with the illustrated farm views found in late-19th-century local history publications. Analysis of the farm views from the town of Hector in Schuyler County, New York, shows that they do not simply represent the wealthiest farmers or earliest settlers, but they do seem to cluster in family groups of fairly prosperous families representing the second generation of the area's second wave of settlement. The drawings are accurately rendered in terms of the house and the spatial layout of the farms, but topographical features are generally more mythic. This indicates that the buildings were meant to be recognized from the drawings, probably by people who already knew them. The family relationships connect these separate, individual drawings into nodes within a larger community network.

The Moshav, a family farm-based settlement, has been a prime example of the major changes in the rural space in Israel. The aim of this paper is to present and understand these changes by studying the economic characteristics of second-generation--that is relatively younger--households in the Moshav. This group has shown a higher tendency to either adopt a livelihood strategy of pluriactivity, or to disassociate itself from agriculture in favour of non-agricultural income-generating activities, both inside and outside the settlement. Both trends have emerged in response to the increasing difficulty of deriving income from agriculture. The paper identifies the major patterns of economic activity and income sources among this group and assesses future attitudes towards operating the farm, choosing pluriactivity as a livelihood strategy, and remaining on the farm in the future. KEY WORDS: Israel, Moshav, second generation, rural space, pluriactivity, agriculture

The fall in the number of family farms in the US raises issues of ownership, equality, fulfillment, diversity and community that present a challenge for society as a whole. It is clear that policies designed to revitalize family farming and farm communities can only be successful if they are integrated with environmental goals. The decline of family farm and ranch communities cannot be reversed by making available large sums of money in the form of federal subsidies.

This paper explores findings from an ethnographic study of relations of dependency within agricultural communities in the Northern region. Using a life course perspective it focuses on the cultural strategies which women draw upon to deal with the changing constraints, emotional stresses and loneliness of marrying into a farming family. Accounts from women occupying different generational positions demonstrate how they manage to achieve personal wellbeing through creative resolution of the different ambiguities involved in being a `country girl', a `farmer's wife' and a `gran'., Introduction This paper takes as its starting point an observation made by Bridget, a 52 year old farmer's wife living in the North of England. Married into a farming family [...]

During economic downturns, traditional gender allocations of labor have been considered to vary more than in prosperous times. While most studies have examined the division of labor in the household or in paid employment, we examined it where both intersect, in family-owned and family-operated enterprises in the farm sector of the 1980s. This context, combining crisis conditions and the agency of economic actors, should be related to greater flexibility in labor allocations, leading to the feminization of farming. However, a contrasting perspective argues for rigidity of gender roles in farming. We use data from a twelve-state midwestern sample and a more detailed Ohio study. The results failed to support the flexibility thesis. The rigidity of production roles was further translated into different factors related to women's and men's stress., Gender divisions of labor usually are considered most malleable during periods of economic decline (Hareven 1990; Lipman-Blumen 1984). In such times, survival necessitates rationalistic allocation of labor resources, presenting openings [...]

The family farm has been identified as the main unit of agricultural production in Britain and it has been widely studied as an economic unit in agricultural research. However, it is also a social unit: one with a division of labour based upon gender and generation. Here we will consider a relatively unexplored area of agricultural production: the contribution of children to the family farm, based upon a quantitative survey of young people in a rural area and detailed qualitative interviews. The approach is to look at the farm family in terms of a 'household work strategy' although in the paper we argue that this should take into account the importance of moral obligation and patriarchal ideology. The importance of gender and generation are explored as intersecting factors in the division of labour.

The loss of family farms is a serious continuing problem throughout the US largely because of its effect on the families operating those farms. They are usually forced to seek new housing and work, typically in a much different environment from that they knew and understood. Informal social networks in their new area are helpful, but often difficult and stressful to enter. They usually view formal networks and supports with more distrust, but these can be enormously helpful if properly managed.

John W. Slemmons' household engaged in the cooperative enterprise that typified the family farm in the late nineteenth century. Writing in 1892 about his Johnson County, Iowa, farm home, he [...]

Cet article soutient que les contributions des epouses des exploitants agricoles sont essentielles a la survivance de l'entreprise familiale. Notre etude de cas de St-Charles, Quebec, confirme l'importance qu'attachent les autres recherches aux multiples dimensions du role de l'epouse de l'exploitant agricole. Cependant, le rapport des biens, les methodes de la collection des donnees, le cadre de la recherche et les femmes elles-memes ne tiennent pas compte de ce role, le sous-estiment, n'y attachent aucune importance ou le cachent. Cet article met en question un tel traitement et une telle perception du role de la femme dans l'exploitation agricole et revendique l'identification des forces qui ont mystifiees notre opinion du travail en general et du travail des epouses des exploitants en particulier. Toute analyse du domaine de l'exploitation agricole qui omet ou n'attache aucune importance au travail des femmes presente un apercu trompeur des structures agricoles. This paper argues that the contributions of farm wives are essential for the survival of the farm family enterprise. Our case study of St-Charles, Quebec, confirms the emphasis of other studies on the multi-dimensional role of the farm wife. However, property relations, methods of data collection, research frameworks and the women themselves ignore, underestimate, de-emphasize or conceal this role. This paper questions such treatment and the perception of women's role in farming and calls for the identification of forces that have mystified our view of work in general, and farm wives' work in particular. Any analysis of farming which omits or de-emphasizes wives' work presents a misleading view of agricultural structures., The indispensable nature of wives' work for the farm family [...]