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INTRODUCTION: Few studies have examined the associations of psychosocial factors with cognitive change in Hispanics/Latinos. METHODS: Data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos-Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging (HCHS/SOL INCA) and Sociocultural studies were used (n = 2,155; ages ≥45 years). Psychosocial exposures included intrapersonal (ethnic identity, optimism, purpose in life), interpersonal (family cohesion, familism, social networks, social support), and social factors (ethnic discrimination, loneliness, subjective social status). Survey-linear regression models examined associations between psychosocial exposures and 7-year cognitive change (global cognition [GC], verbal learning, memory, word fluency [WF], and digit symbol substitution [DSS]). RESULTS: Familism predicted decline in GC, verbal learning, and memory; family cohesion predicted DSS decline; and loneliness predicted memory decline. Ethnic identity was protective against decline in GC and memory, optimism and social support were protective against decline in memory, and purpose in life was protective against WF decline. DISCUSSION: Psychosocial factors are differentially related to cognitive changes. Culturally relevant factors should be explored in Hispanic/Latino cognitive aging research. HIGHLIGHTS: Psychosocial factors are differentially related to cognitive changes in Latinos. Role of culturally relevant factors on cognition should be further explored. Familism predicted decline in global cognition, verbal learning, and memory. Ethnic identity predicted increase in global cognition and memory.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to expand the current knowledge on the relationship between poverty, family functioning, and the mental health of adolescent girls in families affected by poverty and HIV/AIDS in southern Uganda. The study investigates the association between family functioning and mental health and examines whether family functioning moderates the intervention effect on adolescent mental health. METHODS: Longitudinal data were collected over the course of 24 months in a cluster randomized controlled trial conducted among N=1,260 girls aged 14-17 years in Uganda. Participants were randomized into control group (n=408 girls from n=16 schools), matched youth development accounts treatment, YDA (n=471 girls from n=16 schools), and integrated intervention combining YDA with multiple family group component (n=381 girls from n=15 schools). RESULTS: We found a significant positive association between family functioning and mental health of adolescent girls in our sample. Moderator analyses suggests that effect of the intervention on Beck Hopelessness Scale was significantly moderated by family cohesion (χ2 (4) =21.43; p = .000), frequency of family communication (χ2 (4) =9.65; p = .047), and quality of child-caregiver relationship (χ2 (4) =11.12; p = .025). Additionally, the intervention effect on depression was moderated by the comfort of family communication (χ2 (4) =10.2; p = .037). DISCUSSION: The study findings highlight the importance of family functioning when examining the link from poverty to adolescent mental health. The study contributes to the scarce evidence suggesting that asset-accumulation opportunities combined with a family strengthening component may improve parenting practices and adolescent mental health in poor households.

Most available scales for assessing family relationships are lengthy. Our aim was to develop and validate the Family Functioning and Cohesion Scale (FFCS), a self-reported, short instrument consisting of 14 items. The FFCS was validated through its administration to 481 subjects via an online platform. Cronbach's alpha was 0.85 (ranging from 0.83 to 0.86 if any one item was deleted), signifying high internal consistency. The scale can be considered as a sole factor based on its high consistency, while factor analysis produced three factors corresponding to "communication", "anger/resentment/aggression", and "values and beliefs". The test–retest reliability correlation coefficient was found to be 0.88 at a 2-week interval. Regarding external validity, the correlation coefficient of the FFCS with the general functioning subscale of the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD) was 0.83. The high measures of consistency, reliability, and validity of the FFCS, combined with its short length, make it a most valuable tool for use by researchers as well as by professionals dealing with families in psychiatry, psychology, social work, or other related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the relationship between family cohesion and suicide tendency among graduate student and the role of resilience and coping style between them. Methods: A total of 3 945 graduate students were assessed with the Adolescents' Suicide Tendency (AST), Family Environment Scale (FES), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and Trait Coping Style Questionnaire (TCSQ). The mediating effect of resilience and the moderating effect of positive coping style were examined by using latent moderate structural equations. Results: The degree of AST was negatively associated with the family cohesion scores (β = 0.22). The scores of CD-RISC played a partial mediating role between the scores of family cohesion and AST, and the mediating effect was 3.92 (95% CI: 4.44 3.41), the mediating effect accounted for 43.41% of the total effect. The scores of positive coping style played a moderating role in the relationship between the scores of graduate student' AST and family cohesion (β = 0.06). Conclusion: The suicide tendency of graduate students may be related to family cohesion, resilience and positive coping style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of cognitive insight on anxiety in communitydwelling schizophrenia patients and to construct a chain mediating model to determine the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between cognitive insight and anxiety through family cohesion and chronotype. Methods: The Beck Cognitive Insight Scale, the Chinese version of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale, the Morningness-Eveningness Scale, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale were used to assess cognitive insight, family cohesion, chronotype, and anxiety in a sample of 785 individuals with schizophrenia living in the community. Spearman correlation analysis, multiple linear regression and Bootstrap methods were employed to analyze the four variables. Results: Residential region, current employment status, and family economic status impacted anxiety among community-dwelling schizophrenia patients. All variables were associated with each other, but self-certainty was not significantly associated with anxiety. Cognitive insight and self-reflection had direct effects on anxiety, as well as indirect effects on anxiety through the partial mediating effect of chronotype, the suppressing effect of family cohesion, and the chain mediating effect of family cohesion and chronotype. Conclusions: Family cohesion and chronotype can mediate the relationship between cognitive insight and anxiety. Improving family functioning, promoting emotional relationships within families, and correcting non-circadian sleep patterns can reduce anxiety in community-dwelling schizophrenia patients, with important implications for improving adverse mental health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family is the most important and fundamental social institution, and all humans belong to it until the end of their lives. This research was conducted with the aim of predicting high-risk behaviors in teenagers based on family functioning and cohesion. The research method was descriptive (non-experimental) of the correlation type and used the statistical method of regression analysis. The research sample included 360 male students in schools in Isfahan province, who were selected by a multi-stage cluster method and completed questionnaires on family cohesion, family functioning, and risky behaviors. SPSS tool was used for data analysis. The research findings showed that family functioning and family cohesion can predict high-risk behaviors in adolescents. According to these explanations, the family function variable explained 16.8 of the changes in high-risk behaviors. The family cohesion variable also explained 19.8 of the changes in high-risk behaviors. Because adolescence is a critical period of life, the function and cohesion of the family can be fruitful in the formation of personality and behavioral patterns. Therefore, the family's communication patterns will play a significant role in the emergence of high-risk behaviors among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child labor remains a concern in sub‐Saharan Africa. Yet, evidence‐based preventive efforts are limited. We analyzed longitudinal data from Ghanaian adolescent girls in a pilot randomized clinical trial testing the preliminary impact of a combination intervention on family cohesion as a protective factor against child labor and school dropout. While there was no statistical difference between the control and intervention groups at 9 months, the results show that family cohesion scores improved significantly from baseline to 9 months for the ANZANSI intervention group. Qualitative results indicated improved family cohesion in the intervention group. Hence, future studies should further examine this promising social work intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the dyadic longitudinal interplay among parents' psychological distress, family cohesion, children's internalizing/externalizing behaviors, and peer-related social competence within individual and dyadic relationships. Data came from a nationally representative longitudinal cohort study of children in South Korea. The analyses included 1,779 families across three annual timepoints. Children were 4 years old (48.6% girls) and the mean ages of mothers and fathers were 34.8 and 37.3 years, respectively, at baseline. At each assessment point, mothers completed questionnaires regarding their psychological distress, cohesion, and their child's internalizing/externalizing behaviors, while fathers provided information on their psychological distress and family cohesion. Preschool teachers also evaluated children's peer social competence at each measurement timepoint. The results revealed bidirectional associations between maternal ratings of psychological distress and children's internalizing/externalizing behaviors as well as between maternal ratings of cohesion and children's internalizing/externalizing behaviors. Paternal ratings of psychological distress were longitudinally related to maternal ratings of children's internalizing behaviors. Teacher ratings of children's peer social competence were associated with maternal ratings of internalizing/externalizing behaviors and paternal ratings of psychological distress and cohesion. Teacher ratings of peer social competence and maternal ratings of internalizing and externalizing behaviors were reciprocally associated. Maternal and paternal ratings of psychological distress and cohesion were prospectively and bidirectionally associated. The findings demonstrate prospective transactions among family subsystems, some of which were moderated by child sex, while highlighting the importance of obtaining data on each family member and considering interactive effects of both parent and child sex in this line of inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: This study examined how parenting styles influence children's language skills and reading comprehension. Materials and Methods: Six hundred and eighty‐five Chinese‐speaking third graders (Mage = 9.23 years, SD =.66; 341 girls) were randomly recruited from eight primary schools. We measured students' primary caregivers' parenting styles, parental education, family income, migration status, number of children's extracurricular books in the home and family cohesion at Wave 1 (i.e. grade 3). We also assessed students' reading motivation, language skills (i.e. vocabulary knowledge and syntactic awareness) and reading comprehension at Wave 2 (i.e. grade 4). Results: The structural equation model analysis revealed that parenting styles indirectly affect language and reading comprehension development, with authoritative and authoritarian parenting exerting different influences on the two outcomes. Specifically, authoritative parenting was positively related to the number of children's books, which in turn was directly, or indirectly through reading motivation, associated with children's language skills and reading comprehension. In contrast, authoritarian parenting was negatively related to family cohesion, which was associated with children's reading motivation, and consequently, their language skills and reading comprehension. The multigroup analysis showed that the indirect pathways varied slightly across parental migration statuses. Discussion and Conclusion: These findings enhance the global understanding of the pathways linking parenting styles to children's language skills and reading comprehension, suggesting that educators and researchers should not overly emphasize the direct role of parenting styles in children's academic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This autoethnography contests notions that family secrets and lies are always disruptive to family cohesion by exploring how secrets and lies hold a family together. Drawing from shared memories, I address my siblings directly to reveal our experiences of navigating our parents' secrets and lies from each other that contributed to our own adoption of such practices. The story shows how we eventually found better ways to support our parents and one another into adulthood by learning to "own the lies" and not eschew them. Owning the lies means knowing each of our love debts to one another and to the social worlds we inhabit beyond the family dynamic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Familism, the cultural value that emphasizes feelings of loyalty and dedication to one's family, has been related to both positive and negative outcomes in Hispanic cancer survivors. One potential source of observed inconsistencies may be limited attention to the family environment, as familism may be protective in a cohesive family whereas it can exacerbate distress in a conflictive family. Purpose: The current study explored the associations of familism with general and disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Hispanic men who completed prostate cancer (PC) treatment, and whether family cohesion may help explain these relationships. Methods: Hispanic men treated for localized PC (e.g., radiation, surgery) were enrolled in a randomized controlled stress management trial and assessed prior to randomization. Familism (familial obligation) was assessed using Sabogal's Familism Scale and family cohesion was measured using the Family Environment Scale (ranging from high to low). The sexual, urinary incontinence, and urinary obstructive/irritative domains of the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite – Short Form measured disease-specific HRQoL. The physical, emotional, and functional well-being subscales of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – General captured general HRQoL. Hierarchical linear regression and the SPSS PROCESS macro were used to conduct moderation analyses, while controlling for relevant covariates. Results: Participants were 202 older men on average 65.7 years of age (SD = 8.0) who had been diagnosed with PC an average of 22 months prior to enrollment. Familism was not directly associated with general and disease-specific HRQoL. Moderation analyses revealed that greater familism was related to poorer urinary functioning in the incontinence (p =.03) and irritative/obstructive domains (p =.01), and lower emotional well-being (p =.02), particularly when family cohesion was low. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of considering contextual factors, such as family cohesion, in understanding the influence of familism on general and disease-specific HRQoL among Hispanic PC patients. The combined influence of familism and family cohesion predicts clinically meaningful differences in urinary functioning and emotional well-being during the posttreatment phase. Culturally sensitive psychosocial interventions to boost family cohesion and leverage the positive impact of familistic attitudes are needed to enhance HRQoL outcomes in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents in military families may be at elevated risk for poor mental health outcomes given their developmental stage and exposure to military life stressors. Using Structural Family Theory and a family resilience lens, we examine how the family affective environment created by the roles and rules of families manifests as balanced family cohesion and balanced family flexibility, and how this family environment is related to mental health outcomes for adolescents. Furthermore, the frequency with which adolescents disclose negative emotions to their family members (including fathers, mothers, and siblings) was posited to link family environment elements and adolescent mental health. We used structural equation modeling with 201 military families that featured a Service member father, civilian mother, and adolescent age 11–18 who had at least one sibling. Across models, balanced family cohesion was directly related to adolescent mental health. Emotional disclosure to fathers and siblings was associated with better adolescent mental health. The role of emotional disclosure as a link between family affective environment and adolescent mental health depended on the family member being disclosed to and primarily emerged among fathers. Specifically, balanced family flexibility was indirectly linked to adolescent mental health via emotional disclosure to fathers. These models fit similarly among adolescent boys and girls. Potential points of intervention to support the mental health of adolescents in military families are discussed, including bolstering balanced family cohesion within the family system and addressing barriers and needed skills to encourage adolescent emotional disclosure. Highlights: In military families, balance in family cohesion is protective for adolescent mental health. In families with more balanced cohesion, adolescents disclose negative emotion to mothers more frequently. In families with more balanced flexibility, adolescents disclose negative emotion to fathers more frequently. When adolescents disclose negative emotions to fathers or siblings more frequently, they have better overall mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual debut in early adolescence is associated with poor health outcomes in adulthood. We examined the associations of social capital within families, schools, and neighborhoods with early sexual debut. Using data from the Healthy Passages cohort, a longitudinal multilevel study of adolescents, we performed a series of cross-classified multilevel logistic regression models to examine (1) the relative contribution of schools and neighborhoods to the variance and (2) the association of markers of social cohesion/social capital in families, schools, and neighborhoods with sexual debut by 10th grade. There were 4,001 youth participants nested in 115 schools and 751 neighborhoods, with a high degree of cross-classification (1,340 unique combinations of school and neighborhoods). In models adjusting for individual demographics, neighborhoods contributed more to the variance (log odds U [95% confidence interval {CI}] [intra class correlation {ICC}%]) in sexual debut than schools: U neighborhoods = 0.11 (0.02, 0.23) [3.2%] versus U schools = 0.07 (0.01, 0.16) [2%]. Restriction of dating and family cohesion, markers of family social capital, were associated with reduced odds of sexual debut by 10th grade (odds ratio = 0.45 95% CI: 0.41–0.49 and 0.93, 95% CI: 0.86, 1.00). Neighborhood cohesion and education level were associated with early debut. Although reduced, there remained significant, unexplained variance in both the school and neighborhood level in the fully adjusted model (U school = 0.08 [0.01, 0.17] [2.3%], U neighborhood = 0.08 [0.02, 0.17] [2.2%]). Markers of social capital at the family and neighborhood levels were associated with sexual debut by 10th grade. Developers of public health programs aiming to delay sexual debut should consider family-focused and neighborhood-focused interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Background and Objective: Couples face numerous challenges in marital life, particularly in areas of family cohesion and emotional selfregulation. Implementing psychological interventions to enhance these characteristics is essential. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of couples therapy using the Gottman method on family cohesion and emotional self-regulation among couples. Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental research was conducted using a pre-test and post-test design. The study population consisted of couples seeking divorce at counseling centers in Tehran in the year 2023. The sample comprised 50 couples, selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned into two equal groups (each group containing 25 couples). The intervention group underwent eight 36-minute sessions (two sessions per week) of couples therapy using the Gottman method. Research tools included questionnaires on family cohesion and emotional self-regulation, completed by both groups during pretest and post-test phases. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. Findings: Results indicated significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the post-test stage for the variables of family cohesion (F=54.29, p<0.001) and emotional self-regulation (F=11.40, p<0.001). Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of couples therapy using the Gottman method in enhancing family cohesion and emotional self-regulation among couples. Consequently, clinical psychologists and therapists can utilize this method to improve psychological characteristics, particularly improving family cohesion and emotional self-regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have analyzed the association between family cohesion and depression, but there are different views and the results are inconsistent. It is necessary to use meta-analysis to explore the association between family cohesion and depression and its influencing factors. Chinese database (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and English databases (ERIC, MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, Elsevier SD, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, and ProQuest dissertations and theses) were searched for articles published by November 2023. Measurements of family cohesion and depression, study design, age, gender, cultural background, and sampling year were analyzed as moderators. Meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model in CMA3.0 software. A total of 71 studies (90,023 participants) were included in this study. The meta-analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between family cohesion and depression (r = −0.31, 95 % CI [−0.35, −0.27]). The association was moderated by measurements of family cohesion and depression, design type, and cultural background, but not by age, gender, or sampling year. The sample size included in this study is relatively small in European and African cultures, making it challenging to analyze cultural differences in the study results at present comprehensively. The findings contribute to the ongoing debate between Social Support Theory and The Circumplex Model, showing that individuals with lower family cohesion tend to experience higher levels of depression. • This meta-analysis found a high correlation between family cohesion and depression. • Measurement tools, cultural background, and design type can moderate this association. • This study clarified the debate on Social Support Theory and the Circumplex Model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We recruited a large cross‐sectional sample of undergraduate students in China (n = 1134) early in the COVID‐19 pandemic to investigate how family cohesion may be related to the maintenance of social trust. Family cohesion was positively associated with social trust, and this effect was partially mediated by psychological stress responses to COVID‐19 (PSRC), that is, family cohesion was negatively associated with greater PSRC which was also negatively associated with social trust. Having a "stress‐as‐enhancing" mindset had an additive negative effect on the association between family cohesion and PSRC but only had a weak dampening effect on the negative association between PSRC and trust. Interventions focusing on cultivating positive family relationships and embracing a stress‐as‐enhancing mindset may offer avenues for maximizing protective factors in times of public health crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract It is intended to study the quality of the Family Functioning Scale (Portuguese version) and to understand/characterize the relationship between Family Functioning and Parenting Styles. The samples include 1757 Portuguese parents, 77.3% being female (N=1359), aged between 20 and 80 years old (M=41.61; SD=5.71). The results confirm a relationship between the dimensions of family functioning and parenting styles, especially with the emotional support dimension. Parents between 36 and 45 years old have a more positive family functioning and a parenting style associated with higher levels of emotional support, lower levels of rejection, and moderate levels of control/supervision. It is concluded that it is a valid, sensitive, and robust instrument, and the results are a contribution to psychosocial research and intervention.

To assess the longitudinal relationship between individual and interpersonal risk and protective factors and dating violence perpetration among non-urban Mexican-American youth. With data from a 24-month prospective cohort study (2015-2019; baseline recruitment spanned from 2015-2017; four follow-up interviews every 6 months) of Mexican-American youth (8th grade at baseline) living in an agricultural region (Salinas, California), we utilized multivariable modified Poisson general estimating equations stratified by gender (n = 489) to assess the relationships of religiosity, non-violent problem-solving skills, school connectedness, family cohesion, and bullying victimization with dating violence perpetration. Among girls, but not boys, non-violent problem-solving skills [adjusted relative risk (ARR): 0.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.56-0.99] and family cohesion (ARR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.48-0.97) were negatively associated with dating violence perpetration, and frequency of bullying victimization was positively associated (ARR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.37-2.59). Non-urban Mexican-American female youth may benefit from multi-level dating violence prevention that strengthens family cohesion by building upon the Mexican-American cultural value of familismo and addresses common risk factors for bullying and dating violence perpetration. Additionally, results affirm etiological differences between girls and boys dating violence perpetration and the need for improved measurement.

Abstract Background Bedtime procrastination refers to an individual’s inability to go to bed at a predetermined time without external obstacles. Previous researchers have found that the bedtime procrastination is harmful to human physical and mental health, but these research on bedtime procrastination have mostly focused on exploring individual factors, while ignoring the external environmental factors. Therefore, this is the first study to investigate bedtime procrastination from the perspective of family environments. Methods The study was conducted using a convenient sampling method and online questionnaires. Family Cohesion Scale, Coping Styles Questionnaire, Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale and Bedtime Procrastination Scale were used to measure sleep and psychological condition of 1,048 college students. Results Family cohesion negatively predicted bedtime procrastination. Additionally, positive coping style and mobile phone addiction had significant independent mediating effects. Furthermore, positive coping style and mobile phone addiction had chain mediating effects between family cohesion and bedtime procrastination. Conclusion This study revealed the effect of coping styles and mobile phone addiction on the relationship between family cohesion and bedtime procrastination among Chinese college students. These findings explained the mechanisms of bedtime procrastination from the perspective of environment, so as to effectively intervene the bedtime procrastination of college students from the perspective of external environment.

Family functioning plays a critical role in childhood disruptive behavior disorders (The Family Journal, 2003, 11(1), 33–41; Research in Nursing and Health, 2016, 39(4), 229–243). Yet, there is limited research on the impact of evidence‐based family strengthening interventions on improving family cohesion as a protective factor among children experiencing behavioral challenges. To address this gap, we analyzed data (N = 636) from the SMART Africa‐Uganda study (2016–2022), a cluster randomized clinical trial testing an evidence‐based family‐strengthening intervention called Amaka Amasanyufu (translated as "Happy Families" in the local language). Children aged 8–13 and their caregivers were recruited from 26 public primary schools that were randomized to: (1) control condition receiving generalized psychosocial literature (10 schools), (2) intervention delivered via parent peers (eight schools), and (3) intervention delivered via community healthcare workers (eight schools). Children completed the family cohesion questionnaire at baseline, 8 weeks, 16 weeks, and 6 months post‐intervention completion. The intervention effectiveness was evaluated via a three‐level logistic mixed effects model with pairwise comparisons across study conditions within each time point. Participants in the parent–peer intervention group had greater odds of being in the higher family cohesion group than participants in the control group at 8 weeks (OR = 3.24), 16 weeks (OR = 1.88) and 6 months (OR = 2.07). At 8 weeks, 16 weeks, and 6 months, participants in the community health worker group had 3.98, 2.08, and 1.79 times greater odds of being in the higher family cohesion group than participants in the control group, respectively. Our findings strengthen the evidence base for Amaka Amansayufu as an effective intervention that can be utilized in SSA to improve family cohesion in families with children experiencing behavioral challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although structural family theory proposes that family boundaries play a significant role in marital relationships, limited empirical evidence supports this theoretical model. The present study tested structural family theory by examining the complex associations between intergenerational boundaries and adult children's marital satisfaction, as well as the indirect effect of family adaptability and cohesion. A nonclinical convenience sample of individuals (333 participants, 168 females) married for at least one year was recruited. Participants provided self-report data on demographic variables, family boundaries, family cohesion and adaptability, and marital satisfaction. The internal intrusion score (intrusion by families of origin on the nuclear family) of intergenerational family boundaries was negatively associated with marital satisfaction, while the external intrusion score (intrusion by the nuclear family on families of origin) was positively associated with marital satisfaction. The effect of intergenerational family boundaries on marital satisfaction was exerted indirectly through family cohesion and adaptability. There was a significant association between intergenerational family boundaries and adult children's marital satisfaction. This study contributes to the conceptual framework of structural family theory, enabling family therapy practitioners to better understand the pathways through which intergenerational family boundaries impact adult children's marital satisfaction. Highlights: The findings shed light on the critical role that intergenerational family boundaries in marital relationships. The internal intrusion of intergenerational family boundaries was negatively associated with marital satisfaction, while the external intrusion demonstrated a positive association. The findings suggested a significant indirect association between family boundaries and marital satisfaction through family cohesion and family adaptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One objective of this study was to obtain the psychological functioning profile of adolescents involved in youth-to-parent aggression (YPA) situations, as well as their family functioning, analyzing variables that had not received empirical attention, such as emotional intelligence, parental criticism, the parent-to-child bond, or knowledge of family history. Another objective was to explore which predictors related to adolescent characteristics, parenting and family functioning were most useful for discriminating between YPA and non-YPA groups. Participants were two equivalent groups (one from a family therapy center specializing in the treatment of YPA and a group from the general population), with a total of 133 adolescents and 256 parents. Regarding the psychological functioning of adolescents, the results indicated low emotion regulation and anxious-depressive symptomatology of adolescents involved in YPA. The parenting style was characterized by high overprotection and low care. However, family criticism (AUC =.828) was identified as the best predictor of YPA, with the capacity to discriminate between YPA and non-YPA groups. Families involved in YPA may have a rigid disengaged family functioning and affectionless-controlling parenting style. The central role of family criticism in YPA was unknown. The current study contributes to the literature by showing the need for individual psychological treatment and family therapy of all members of the family as a whole involved in YPA, not just the adolescent aggressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bedtime procrastination refers to an individual's inability to go to bed at a predetermined time without external obstacles. Previous researchers have found that the bedtime procrastination is harmful to human physical and mental health, but these research on bedtime procrastination have mostly focused on exploring individual factors, while ignoring the external environmental factors. Therefore, this is the first study to investigate bedtime procrastination from the perspective of family environments. Methods: The study was conducted using a convenient sampling method and online questionnaires. Family Cohesion Scale, Coping Styles Questionnaire, Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale and Bedtime Procrastination Scale were used to measure sleep and psychological condition of 1,048 college students. Results: Family cohesion negatively predicted bedtime procrastination. Additionally, positive coping style and mobile phone addiction had significant independent mediating effects. Furthermore, positive coping style and mobile phone addiction had chain mediating effects between family cohesion and bedtime procrastination. Conclusion: This study revealed the effect of coping styles and mobile phone addiction on the relationship between family cohesion and bedtime procrastination among Chinese college students. These findings explained the mechanisms of bedtime procrastination from the perspective of environment, so as to effectively intervene the bedtime procrastination of college students from the perspective of external environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cohesion measure launched from the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES) is a well-known instrument to assess family functioning. It is essential to perform a measurement equivalence test of cohesion targeting racially diverse families. The web-based self-administered survey was performed and 291 college/university students' responses in Ohio were collected (Whites = 37.5%, Hispanics = 23%, Asians = 23%, and Blacks = 16.5%). This study explicated measurement equivalence for family cohesion structure (balanced cohesion, disengagement, enmeshed). The multiple group analysis was performed to investigate whether parameters in the measurement models of the "cohesion sub-structures (balanced cohesion, disengagement, enmeshed; 7 items of each)" were equivalent across the four racial groups. While "balanced cohesion" and "disengagement" structures showed measurement invariance across the groups, the "enmeshed" structure showed significant measurement variance across the groups. Two-items, "Family members feel pressured to spend most free time together" and "We feel too connected to each other" were inadequate for Hispanics' enmeshment. One-item, "Family members have little need for friends outside the family" was inadequate to explain enmeshment of Blacks and Asians. Professionals should be aware of possible misinterpretations of results from the cohesion measure of FACES IV when they particularly assess the enmeshment status of racially diverse families with closer attention to cross-cultural comparability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Using young adults' retrospective reports, the current study examines the moderating effects of parental differential treatment (PDT) on the association between family cohesion and sibling relationship quality during adolescence. Background: Sibling relationships in adolescence carry great implications for individual development. However, little is known about the potential interactions between family cohesion and PDT on sibling affection and hostility. Method: Retrospective data were collected from 325 young adults (M = 19.50 years, SD = 1.25) who recalled family of origin experiences with parents and a target sibling closest to their age. Results: Family cohesion was positively associated with sibling affection and negatively associated with sibling hostility. Additionally, fathers' differential control attenuated the relationship between cohesion and sibling affection and both mothers' and fathers' differential affection attenuated the relationship between cohesion and sibling hostility. Conclusion: Findings on the main effects suggest that perceived family cohesion is a crucial factor that promotes better sibling relationships (i.e., higher affection and lower hostility). However, offspring's perceptions of PDT can affect the relationship between family cohesion and sibling relationship quality, such that extreme levels of parents' (especially fathers') differential affection and control weaken the association. The significant moderation emerged with differences in parental sex (i.e., mother and father) and PDT dimensions (i.e., affection and control). Implications: To help siblings engage in more affectionate and fewer hostile interactions, parents (especially fathers) should consciously work to provide equal treatment toward their offspring and work on providing more contextual information when they have to show differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the effect of parental emotion socialization behavior (ESB) on depressive symptoms with a focus on the mediating effect of emotion regulation and the moderating role of family cohesion. A total of 236 Chinese adolescents were surveyed and reported on parental ESB, family cohesion, emotion dysregulation, and depressive symptoms. The results indicated that parental ESB toward negative emotions was associated with adolescents' depressive symptoms, as mediated by emotion dysregulation. Moreover, higher levels of family cohesion both enhanced the negative relationships between supportive ESB toward anger/sadness and emotion dysregulation and strengthened the positive relationship between non-supportive parental ESB toward sadness and emotion dysregulation. These findings clarify the interactive effects of multiple components of emotional parenting, reveal the double-edged effects of family cohesion in the association between parental ESB and depressive symptoms in adolescents, and highlight the importance of evaluating the family emotional context in research and clinical interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fathers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) might be at increased risk of becoming lonely. In the current study, we explored the differences in loneliness between fathers of children with and without ASD and identified interpersonal and familial resources (social support, family cohesion, and family adaptability) that might be related to levels of loneliness. Using a cross‐sectional design, 348 fathers (of 114 children with ASD and 234 without) completed a series of questionnaires. Fathers of children with ASD reported higher levels of loneliness and lower levels of social support and family cohesion. A moderated mediation model indicated that the interaction between social support and family cohesion mediated the association between ASD group (i.e., ASD vs. non‐ASD) and fathers' loneliness. Findings suggest the importance of interpersonal and familial resources (e.g., perceived social support and family cohesion) for family members at risk of loneliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family physical activity (PA) can confer multiple health benefits, yet whether PA interventions affect general family functioning has not been appraised. The purpose of this review was to evaluate studies that have examined the effect of family PA interventions, where child PA was the focus of the intervention, on constructs of family functioning. Literature searches were concluded on January 11, 2022 using seven common databases. Eligible studies were in English, utilized a family PA intervention, and assessed a measure of family functioning as a study outcome. The initial search yielded 8413 hits, which was reduced to 20 independent PA interventions of mixed quality after screening for eligibility criteria. There was mixed evidence for whether family PA interventions affected overall family functioning; however, analyses of subdomains indicated that family cohesion is improved by PA interventions when children are in the early school years (aged 5–12). High‐quality studies also showed an impact of family PA interventions on family organization. Targeted interventions at specific family subsystems (e.g., father–son, mother–daughter), characteristics (low‐income, clinical populations, girls), and broad multibehavioral interventions may have the most reliable effects. Overall, the findings show that family PA interventions can promote family cohesion and organization, particularly among families with children in the early school years. Higher quality research, employing randomized trial designs and targeting specific intervention and sample characteristics (e.g., different clinical conditions, specific parent–child dyads), is recommended in order to better ascertain the effectiveness of these approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research on work insecurity in the US has examined specific precarious work factors such as low wages, nonstandard work hours and scheduling, and inaccessibility to family supportive benefits. Using pilot data from The Prec[ar]ious Family Study, a latent class analysis indicates patterns of precarious work attributes into five disparate groups described as Wagers, Nomads, Underemployed, Schedulers, and Precariat. Regressions using patterned precarious work group membership as a categorical variable reveal differences in family resource accessibility and usage between those who report multiple precarious work factors (Precariat) and those who report a high amount of workplace uncertainty (Nomads) compared to workers with wage as their sole precarious factor (Wagers) after controlling for worker's self-reported perceptions of stress. Precarious work group differences in family cohesion suggest workers' decreased perceptions of family emotional connection in the Nomads groups compared to the Wagers. No association was found between workers' perceptions of their family flexibility and their precarious work class membership which suggests existing family roles and family leadership are resistant to experiences of work precarity. Further research of precariously employed workers is needed to assess the dynamism of precarious work group patterns and extend understanding between precarious work, family-level resources and family cohesion amid experiences of work precarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most available scales for assessing family relationships are lengthy. Our aim was to develop and validate the Family Functioning and Cohesion Scale (FFCS), a self-reported, short instrument consisting of 14 items. The FFCS was validated through its administration to 481 subjects via an online platform. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.85 (ranging from 0.83 to 0.86 if any one item was deleted), signifying high internal consistency. The scale can be considered as a sole factor based on its high consistency, while factor analysis produced three factors corresponding to “communication”, “anger/resentment/aggression”, and “values and beliefs”. The test–retest reliability correlation coefficient was found to be 0.88 at a 2-week interval. Regarding external validity, the correlation coefficient of the FFCS with the general functioning subscale of the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD) was 0.83. The high measures of consistency, reliability, and validity of the FFCS, combined with its short length, make it a most valuable tool for use by researchers as well as by professionals dealing with families in psychiatry, psychology, social work, or other related fields.

Adolescents’ disruptive behavior has become a global challenge. Even though the family environment has a considerable impact on adolescent disruptive behavior, this area has remained a blind spot in Ethiopian research. Hence, the present study was aimed at examining how family cohesion impacts adolescents’ disruptive behavior using adolescents’ self-regulation as a mediating variable. Data were collected from 304 adolescent students (155 males, 149 females) using ‘the Problem Behavior Frequency Questionnaire’, ‘Family Cohesion Scale’, and ‘The adolescents’ self-regulation inventory’. Correlational analysis, path analysis, and t-test were employed to examine relationships and differences. The statistical analysis yielded that disruptive behavior negatively correlated with family cohesion and self-regulation. However, the path analysis showed insignificant direct and indirect impacts of family cohesion on adolescents’ disruptive behavior. This suggests that though family cohesion is vital in shielding adolescents from engaging in various disruptive behaviors, it may be ineffective if other family environment processes including family communication, control, and conflict resolution skills do not accompany it. Disruptive behavior among adolescents differed significantly by gender, with males more likely to engage in disruptive behavior than females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal on Humanities & Social Sciences is the property of International Journal on Humanities & Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The contributions of people's morale as a future-oriented quality of life through their intergenerational respect and support for the societal system to furnish democracy, freedom, law, order, and prosperity rather than opposition to government is plausible but questionable and uncharted. Their plausibility rests on structural-functionalist theory positing that the family and societal system are functional structures. The study examines the contributions with a random-sample survey of 1,252 Hong Kong Chinese adults with living parents. Results reveal the indirect contribution of intergenerational respect to morale through supporting the societal system for liberty and security and non-opposition to government. The contributions held across sociodemographic conditions. Implications follow to promote intergenerational support and support for the societal system to sustain morale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to expand the current knowledge on the relationship between poverty, family functioning, and the mental health of adolescent girls in families affected by poverty and HIV/AIDS in southern Uganda. The study investigates the association between family functioning and mental health and examines whether family functioning moderates the intervention effect on adolescent mental health. Longitudinal data were collected over the course of 24 months in a cluster randomized controlled trial conducted among N=1,260 girls aged 14–17 years in Uganda. Participants were randomized into control group (n=408 girls from n=16 schools), matched youth development accounts treatment, YDA (n=471 girls from n=16 schools), and integrated intervention combining YDA with multiple family group component (n=381 girls from n=15 schools). We found a significant positive association between family functioning and mental health of adolescent girls in our sample. Moderator analyses suggests that effect of the intervention on Beck Hopelessness Scale was significantly moderated by family cohesion (χ2 (4) =21.43; p =.000), frequency of family communication (χ2 (4) =9.65; p =.047), and quality of child-caregiver relationship (χ2 (4) =11.12; p =.025). Additionally, the intervention effect on depression was moderated by the comfort of family communication (χ2 (4) =10.2; p =.037). The study findings highlight the importance of family functioning when examining the link from poverty to adolescent mental health. The study contributes to the scarce evidence suggesting that asset-accumulation opportunities combined with a family strengthening component may improve parenting practices and adolescent mental health in poor households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyse the differences in the perception of the functioning of the family system between professional foster parents, their life partners, biological children, and children placed in professional foster families. Methods: The sample consisted of 401 respondents. The functioning of the family system was measured using the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale - FACES IV. The Family Communication Scale and the Family Satisfaction Scale were administered to assess communication and satisfaction with the family system. Results: The results of the statistical analyses did not confirm differences in the perception of the functioning of the family system between professional foster parents and their life partners, nor between the biological children of professional foster parents and children placed in professional foster families. Professional foster parents and children placed in professional foster families differed statistically significantly in balanced cohesion. Professional foster parents and their biological children differed statistically significantly in their perception of disengaged cohesion. Partners of professional foster parents and children placed in professional foster families differed in their perception of family adaptability, with children in professional foster families perceiving family functioning as more rigid compared to partners of professional foster parents. The results also indicated that biological children perceived family cohesion as more disengaged than partners of professional foster parents. Conclusion: Understanding the functioning of the family system of professional families is important in effectively applying a systems approach when working with this target group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study explores family functioning and its associations with adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD), comparing its dynamics with healthy counterparts. Family functioning (cohesion, flexibility, communication, and satisfaction), maternal depressive symptoms, postpartum depression history, parental divorce, parental alcohol abuse, and the adolescents' cognitive flexibility, are examined. The research incorporates the perspectives of both adolescents and mothers. Methods: The sample includes 63 mother-teenager dyads in the clinical group and 43 in the control group. Instruments encompass the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES IV), Children's Depression Inventory (CDI-2), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), The Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test, and structured interviews. Results: Families of adolescents with MDD exhibit lower flexibility, cohesion, communication, and overall satisfaction. Depressed adolescents display reduced cognitive flexibility. Discrepancies were observed between adolescents' and mothers' perspectives as associated with adolescents' MDD. Teenagers emphasized the severity of maternal depressive symptoms, while mothers highlighted the importance of family cohesion and flexibility. Conclusions: This study emphasizes a holistic strategy in addressing adolescent depression, including family-based assessment and therapy. Screening for maternal depressive symptoms is identified as valuable. Cognitive flexibility also needs to be addressed during therapy for depression in adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study presents paradoxical tensions as the 'missing link' at the intersection of the entrepreneurial family and family firm management: a link that crucially affects innovation-related decisions such as ambidexterity. Specifically, the study argues that the relationship between family cohesion and organizational ambidexterity within entrepreneurial family firms is mediated by paradoxical tensions (latent and salient). Drawing on survey data from 206 German family firms, support is found for the hypotheses advanced. Building on cognitive resource theory, this study demonstrates that differently perceived paradoxical tensions in entrepreneurial family firms have different meaningful effects on organizational ambidexterity. Implications for theory and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Previous studies on bedtime procrastination mainly focused on the influencing factors of stress and draw less attention on the role of family environment. Aim This study aimed to explore the effect of psychological stress reaction on bedtime procrastination in young adults, with considering the mediating effect of smartphone addiction, and the moderating effect of family cohesion during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A sample of 1217 young adults completed psychological stress reaction scale, Smartphone addiction tendency scale for young adults, bedtime procrastination scale and family cohesion scale. A moderated mediation model was conducted to clarify the effect of psychological stress reaction on bad bedtime procrastination in young adults. Results The findings showed that: (1) The individual level of psychological stress reaction was positively associated with bedtime procrastination; (2) Smartphone addiction mediated the effect of psychological stress reaction on bedtime procrastination; (3) Family cohesion moderated the relationship among psychological stress reaction, smartphone addiction and bedtime procrastination. Conclusions This study revealed the effect of smartphone addiction on the relationship between psychological stress reaction and bedtime procrastination during the COVID-19 pandemic, and these findings could provide novel evidence that family cohesion may serve as a protective factor against the negative consequences of smartphone addiction on bad bedtime procrastination.

Background: Adolescence is a sensitive period of dynamic changes in many systems, which, according to research, is important for dissatisfaction with body image, in the sense of a person's mental perception of the development of his body image. Investing too much on physical appearance, which is associated with mental preoccupation and emotional fluctuations, is one of the reasons for teenage girls' dissatisfaction with body image. Studies show the role of family cohesion, stress and quality of life in a person's body image, and there is a research gap in examining the body image of people who have more self-compassion. Aims: This research was conducted with the aim of determining the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between family cohesion, stress and quality of life with body image satisfaction in adolescent girls. Methods: The method of the present study was descriptive correlation of structural equations type. The statistical population of the research included female students aged 12 to 24 years in Tehran in 1400, 250 of them were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method, and after dropping 50 people from the sample group, the data of 200 of them were analyzed. The data collection tools included five questionnaires: Family cohesion questionnaire (Samani, 2002), Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (Byrne & Mazanov, 2002), Quality of Life Questionnaire (World Health Organization, 1996), Body Image Concern Inventory (Littleton et al. 2005) and Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003). The analysis of the data collected using SPSS statistical software version 26 and Amos software version 24 is presented in two parts: descriptive findings and model analysis findings. Results: The obtained findings indicate that the model of body image satisfaction based on quality of life, family cohesion and stress with the mediating role of self-compassion in teenage girls has a good fit (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings obtained in the present study, it seems that self-compassion plays a mediating role in the relationship between family cohesion, stress, and quality of life with satisfaction with body image in teenage girls. The results of this research can be a guide for families and school counselors in order to promote self-compassion, family cohesion, quality of life and reduce stress in teenage girls and improve body image satisfaction.

This study was conducted to investigate the moderated role of basic psychological needs by family cohesion in the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency among girl adolescents. It is a descriptive correlational research study. The study population included all girl adolescents aged 13 to 18, who were students in Tehran in 1401. 283 individuals were selected as a sample using the convenience sampling method and responded to the Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (Cheek, 1983), Mobile Phone Addiction Index (Leung, 2008), Basic Psychological Needs Scale (Deci & Ryan, 2000), and Family Organized Cohesiveness Scale (Fisher et al., 1992). Pearson correlation and multiple regression were used to analyze the data, and the Hayes macro-Process (model 4 & 59) in SPSS24 was installed. The results showed that basic psychological needs mediate the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency. The relation of shyness with mobile phone dependency and basic psychological needs, as well as the relationship between basic psychological needs and mobile phone dependence, is moderated by family cohesion. Based on this, by increasing the satisfaction of basic psychological needs in adolescents and increasing family cohesion, their shyness, and as a result, their dependence on mobile phones will decrease. These findings are useful for understanding the complex mechanism of shyness effects on mobile phone dependency and have practical implications for preventing and reducing adolescents' dependence on mobile phones. ‌ Keywords Shyness, Mobile Phone Dependency, Basic Psychological Needs, Family Cohesion, Girl Adolescents. ‌ ‌Introduction Considering the expansion of mobile phone use among Iranian adolescents and the risk of dependency, it is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms of mobile phone dependency to make decisions for preventive interventions. Personality characteristics, especially high levels of shyness, make adolescents vulnerable to mobile phone dependency (Han et al., 2017). Shy adolescents experience communication problems, social anxiety, loneliness, and depression (Liu et al., 2019). To avoid these negative emotions, they turn to excessive use of mobile phones, which leads to dependency (Enez et al., 2016). Although existing studies have shown the effect of shyness on mobile phone dependency, the mechanism of this relationship has been less investigated from the perspective of the interaction between individual and environmental factors. One of the individual factors related to mobile phone dependency is basic psychological needs. If basic psychological needs are not met, pathological compensation may occur. Shy people's withdrawn personality facilitates unsatisfied interpersonal relationships and unmet basic psychological needs in real situations. Anonymity and lack of face-to-face contact in the mobile network space provide a relatively safe and relaxing environment for shy people so that their unmet needs can be pathologically compensated by using mobile phones. Improper mobile phone use may lead to mobile phone dependency. This mediating process, in which shyness affects mobile phone dependency through basic psychological needs, may be influenced by the family as the primary direct microsystem. Studies have shown that high family cohesion is a protective factor against Internet addiction (Wang et al., 2018). Shy people may become dependent on mobile phones to escape from social pressures in reality and eliminate negative emotions. However, if family members have intimate relationships, these relationships as a source of social support can address some basic psychological needs of shy people and reduce the incidence of mobile phone dependency (Sela et al., 2019). At present, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency among adolescents. Adolescence is a period in which the body and mind undergo drastic changes and the level of shyness increases. Also, although the effect of shyness on mobile phone dependency has been examined only in some foreign studies, the mechanism of this relationship is not clear, and few studies have examined this relationship from the perspective of the interaction between the person and the environment (Hong et al., 2019; Sela et al., 2019). Based on this, considering the expansion of mobile phone use, it is necessary to identify the impact that personal and individual characteristics and environmental factors have on mobile phone dependency in this period. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the mediating role of basic psychological needs in the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency in adolescent girls and to study the moderating role of family cohesion in the mediation process. Methodology The method of this research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included all adolescent girls aged 13 to 18 who were students in Tehran in 1401. A sample of 283 was selected using a convenience sampling method and responded to the Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (Cheek, 1983), Mobile Phone Addiction Index (Leung, 2008), Basic Psychological Needs Scale (Deci & Ryan, 2000) & Family Organized Cohesiveness Scale (Fisher et al., 1992). Descriptive Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression were used to analyze the data using the Hayes macro-process (models 4 & 59) in SPSS24. The moderated mediation model was also tested with 5000 bootstrap samples and a 95% confidence interval. Findings Investigating mediation paths using the Hayes regression model 4 showed that shyness has a positive and significant relationship with mobile phone dependency and a negative and significant relationship with basic psychological needs. Also, the relationship between basic psychological needs and mobile phone dependency was found to be negative and significant. When all three variables were entered into the regression equation, shyness positively and significantly predicted mobile phone dependency. Then, the indirect path of the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency was significant through the mediation of basic psychological needs. The bootstrap test results indicated the indirect effect of basic psychological needs with a 95% confidence interval, which means the mediation total effect was estimated as 57.90%. Examining the moderating paths using the 59 Hayes regression model showed that the interaction of shyness with family cohesion significantly predicted basic psychological needs and mobile phone dependency. Also, the interaction of basic psychological needs with family cohesion significantly predicted mobile phone dependency. Result The findings showed that shyness is directly and indirectly related to mobile phone dependency through basic psychological needs, and the mediation of basic psychological needs is moderated by family cohesion. In other words, the relationship of shyness with mobile phone dependency and basic psychological needs and the relationship between basic psychological needs and mobile phone dependency were all moderated by family cohesion. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency. As a practical suggestion, attention should be paid to the effect of shyness on mobile phone dependency, particularly for people with high shyness, to strengthen intervention and support and reduce the likelihood of mobile phone dependency through effective control of the level of shyness. Finally, understanding and satisfying the basic psychological needs of shy people through social skills training and self-disclosure tasks to improve social skills is important to reduce mobile phone dependency, and it is necessary to understand the importance of family cohesion in supporting individuals.

Family preservation services are considered essential and allow children to be with their families, which by implication, avoids their placement outside family care. This article presents the views of family heads on the effects of family preservation services, such as time spent together and connectedness. The findings of the study emerged from the qualitative approach, which entailed conducting semi-structured interviews with 20 family heads. Adverse circumstances such as travelling distances, lack of communication from professionals and fear of communal judgement faced by families during family preservation services are also addressed. The study nevertheless concludes that family preservation services are a mechanism to rebuild families.