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The article discusses important decision for child support of Jane Bolin, a African American woman judge of New York City Domestic Relations Court. Topics include child support determinations have changed with New York's adoption of child support guidelines of the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA); and proceedings in Family Court advocating for the interest of children, their rights, as wel, as discrimination against the children.

In recent years, teachers in kindergarten from the Chinese mainland face many new challenges after ECE (early children education) promoting policy in 2010 by the Chinese Ministry of Education. Therefore, highquality KG (kindergarten) teachers with excellent job performance and long retention are necessary. However, due to the high workload and low salary, the turnover intention among KG teachers in China is high. Once turnover happens, both direct cost and indirect cost occur, which would bring a negative influence on ECE quality. Due to the professional nature of KG teachers, the replacement is hard, therefore it is important to understand how to achieve retention of KG teachers. Hereby, workload and work-family conflict (WFC) are identified as independent variables to predict the turnover intention among KG teachers in the Chinese mainland mediated by job stress. Family-supportive supervisor (FSS) is identified as a moderator who belongs to the job resource under the Job-Demands-Resources (JD-R) model in this study. Through data analysis by SmartPLS, workload, and work-family conflict are positively related to turnover intention among KG teachers in the Chinese mainland mediated by job stress. However, family-supportive supervisor (FSS) does not have a moderating effect on the relationship between workload, work-family conflict, and job stress. This study gives new insights for understanding the factors that are related to turnover intention among KG teachers in the Chinese mainland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family is widely regarded as a cornerstone of student support. When family support exist as an essential form of social capital making, rupture of family ties places students in a disadvantageous position. This paper focuses on estranged students' accounts of their experiences of higher education, highlighting how capital dynamics shape their academic trajectories. Based on interviews with 21 estranged students, our research uncovers different dimensions of estranged students' struggles and successes as they move through academia. This paper explores the social imagination that surrounds the university student, or 'student experience', as resting upon family support. The authors propose that widening participation policies and practices need to be more attuned to the realities that mark estranged students' experiences, as they are not only impacted by the scarcity of either economic or social capital, but also by the instability of interrelated capitals that contribute to precarious and volatile experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a survey of income determination approaches among the U.S. states and District of Columbia and examines different methods for calculating child support in high-income cases and provides a historical background of child support guidelines and the Family Support Act of 1988.

I. INTRODUCTION It is no secret that women have long been economically disadvantaged in the United States. During the nation's first century, laws sanctioned female subjugation. (1) Most notably, the [...]

I. INTRODUCTION Since September 2005, Michael Turner has been incarcerated on six different occasions for nonpayment of child support. (1) His prison terms total over three years in jail. (2) [...]

The relationship between public opinion and policy change is examined. The extent to which the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) was radical than the 1988 Family Support Act is highlighted.

The Congressional and media debates in the U.S. and the evolution of the Family Support Act of 1988 (FSA) are highlighted. The debates reflected the individualistic approaches to poverty, the politics involved in the making of policy, and the importance of political rhetoric.

The article offers information on the history, purpose and significance of the child support law and its relationship to physical custody of child with noncustodial parents in the U.S. It discusses the significance of various statutes including the Social Services Amendments of 1974 (SSA), the Child Support Enforcement Amendments of 1984, and the Family Support Act of 1988 (FSA) in supporting the child-support guidelines issued by the Federal Government.

Basic research can inform social policy in a number of ways. First, it can draw the attention of policy makers to problems. Second, it can deflect policy makers away from [...]

While the Family Support Act of 1988 requires all States to assess their child support guidelines at least once every 4 years, States are not mandated to change their guidelines [...], A strong rationale for updating child support guidelines arises from changes over time in the measurement of expenditures on children, as well as from changes in the empirical relationship between expenditures on children and the income of parents. Such changes affect the accuracy of the numerics upon which States' child support guidelines are based. This study evaluated an alternative child support guideline that was proposed for Virginia and drew lessons for other States that similarly base their guidelines on older survey data. Regression results showed that, over time, the child expenditure and household income relationship has changed considerably. Furthermore, the largest increases in expenditures attributable to children have occurred for lower and middle-income households.

Byline: Amy Farmer (1), Jill Tiefenthaler (2) Keywords: divorce; bargaining; child support Abstract: When parents divorce, child support and visitation must be determined. The 1988 Family Support Act requires all states to have child support guidelines for courts to use in determining child support obligations. However, many divorcing couples arrive at agreements without court intervention, or they simply fail to enforce the court decision ex post. Given that the guidelines provide a starting point for negotiations, couples may be able to find self-negotiated, Pareto-improving solutions. In this paper we model the bargaining process that divorcing couples engage in when coming to agreements on visitation and child support. The model suggests that individuals may arrive at agreements that are Pareto improvements for both parents but that the children's welfare may decline as a result of these self-negotiated settlements. Data from the Stanford Child Custody Study show that the changes made in child support and visitation agreements are consistent with our model in only 30 percent of the cases. Therefore, we consider alternative specifications of the model and show that both significant costs of enforcing the original agreement and alternative assumptions on parental preferences can explain these empirical results. Author Affiliation: (1) University of Arkansas, USA (2) Colgate University, USA Article History: Registration Date: 03/10/2004

Research presented concerns federal and state child support guidelines, and how these guidelines impact child-support awards for children born out of wedlock, as well as for children whose parents are separated or divorced. Findings suggest that the probability of receiving child support increases with the presence of state child-support guidelines.

The last several decades witnessed dramatic changes to US tax and transfer programs. Despite an abundance of research evaluating the effect of these work-based policy reforms on single mothers' employment and welfare behavior, little is known about mothers' subjective well-being. Using unique data from the DDB Worldwide Communications Life Style survey, this study examines several dimensions of single mothers' subjective wellbeing before and after the full implementation of policy reforms, finding that single mothers experience large deficits in most indicators of well-being. However, over the past few decades, these mothers witnessed absolute and relative increases in global life satisfaction, declining regrets about the past, and improvements in financial satisfaction. Nearly all of these gains occurred after implementation of the tax and transfer reforms. In contrast, results from measures of self-reported stress and anxiety suggest that single mothers' condition worsened slightly following the transition to a work-based policy regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The underlying theory behind child support guidelines implies that child support orders should change when the incomes of noncustodial parents change. This paper documents changes in noncustodial fathers' earnings over a five‐year period and examines the relationship between the changes in earnings and modifications in child support orders. Using detailed longitudinal administrative data from Wisconsin, the authors examine the history of orders and earnings for fathers in couples who had their first child support ordered in 2000. A substantial proportion of fathers experience large changes in earnings, but relatively few of the associated child support orders are modified. Using discrete‐time multinomial event history models that consider time‐varying variables and control for censored observations, we find some evidence of changes in earnings being associated with changes in orders, all else equal, but the relationship is relatively weak and order changes are not proportional to earnings changes. The findings highlight the challenges and importance of developing policies that result in child support orders being more responsive to changes in fathers' incomes. © 2010 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes characteristics of Children's Rights Council child access and transfer centers and presents findings from a pilot survey of parents in a subset of centers. The legislative history of Federal government support for child access projects is presented. The importance of parent-child access following divorce is noted, and existing research findings on outcomes associated with child access programs are reviewed. The differences between the CRC model of child access centers, and those operated by other providers, are discussed in detail. Add-on services, such as parenting education, counseling, and marriage and family therapy, receive due attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes personal and professional obligations of lawyers. Topics discussed include rules on Lawyers Professional Responsibility, importance of timely filing all tax returns and promptly paying employee withholdings as important professional obligations, failure to promptly file tax returns, pay law-related judgments, and remain current with family support obligations.

This analysis of the Community Work Experience (CWEP) component of the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills program under the Family Support Act of 1988 examines the service delivery framework and management challenges of welfare policy reform. We focus on the interagency relationships that must be built and maintained to provide work experience to welfare recipients. In particular, we examine three questions: Why do agencies that provide placement sites participate? What problems are encountered and how are they resolved? How does the management of the program affect the experience of the placement site agency? Answers to these questions are vital to the success of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 that transformed the American welfare system by establishing time limits on welfare benefits and creating work requirements for recipients. The analysis is based on a set of interviews with state and local JOBS managers and managers of CWEP placement sites in eight states.

This paper reviews the Reagan administration's attack on the US welfare system during the 1980s. The paper considers the origins, provisions and impact of Reagan's three major pieces of retrenchment legislation: the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981, the Social Security Amendments of 1983, and the Family Support Act of 1988. It is argued that Reagan's record in retrenching welfare was limited in budgetary terms, but was successful in making welfare programmes more restrictive. Reagan's welfare legacy is assessed in terms of his attempts at restructuring social provision and shifting the welfare debate to the right. The paper concludes by asserting that Reagan's critique of, and attack on, social provision was accepted by his presidential successors, George Bush and Bill Clinton.

The article examines political and administrative components of successful welfare reform, using the Family Support Act's Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training program as an example. It is posited that a clearly articulated vision and patience for management details are key to successful reform.

This article describes caseload models that were used to provide new information on the effects of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children-Unemployed Parents (AFDC-UP) program, which offers cash assistance to poor, two-parent families. In two states that started or stopped providing AFDC-UP benefits during the period when the program was optional, the caseload of the AFDCBasic program (which primarily serves single-parent families) was modeled to examine the relationship between the availability of UP benefits and the number of families receiving AFDC-Basic benefits. In contrast to what might have been predicted based on the findings from the negative income tax experiments, in these states the provision of AFDC-UP benefits was associated with decreased growth in the AFDC-Basic caseload., As of October 1990, the Family Support Act required all states to provide income assistance to two-parent families in which the principal wage earner is unemployed. Prior to this mandate, [...]

Frontline workers fulfill a critical role in the implementation of the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training (JOBS) program, a welfare employment program authorized under the Family Support Act of 1988. This study of frontline workers finds that workers perceived their agencies as emphasizing the opportunities available to clients under the JOBS program rather than clients' obligations to participate in the program. In addition, these workers viewed the supply of most education, training, and employment services as adequate to serve JOBS participants. However, at the time of the study, states were required to serve only 7 percent of the nonexempt Aid to Families with Dependent Children caseload in the JOBS program, and some states were only beginning to enroll clients into services.

On October 13, 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed into law the Family Support Act, which established the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training Program (JOBS). The act requires that states [...], The Family Support Act of 1988 requires that states provide education, training, and employment activities for employable individuals receiving benefits from the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program. This article presents findings from an exploratory study of the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training Program (JOBS), examines and analyzes information received in response to a survey of state JOBS programs, and discusses whether JOBS has problems similar to those of the Work Incentive Program. The conclusions indicate that staff reductions and increased caseloads may have a negative impact on the provision of services. Although states are emphasizing educational activities to improve clients' employability, they are minimally addressing the underlying causes of poverty such as low wages and lack of jobs.

The passage of the Family Support Act of 1988, mandating workfare for recipients of AFDC, appears to have been influenced by a firm of program evaluation researchers. This paper examines the organization's research and presentation of findings to account for the unusual prominence of policy experts in the welfare policy domain. Evidence in this case suggests that effective mobilization and deployment of resources through interorganizational networks of policy experts, media, and policymakers, was more important than the position of technocrats in the policy process. This raises the question of whether knowledge about work, welfare, and single motherhood that extends beyond the purview of current policy research could possibly influence policy outcomes.

Child support and establishing paternity for children born out of wedlock figure importantly in the Family Support Act of 1988 and in other proposals aimed at reforming the welfare system and reducing the incidence of child poverty. Noncooperative behavior among custodial parents and interorganizational conflicts are thought to be impediments to the paternity establishment process. Subsequent research has identified the limits in various approaches for establishing paternity and the tensions that arise between the goal of an expedited paternity establishment process and concerns with due process and openness. This research points to human services-based child support systems as the model best suited for limiting the adverse effects of interorganizational conflicts associated with paternity establishment.

The Family Support Act of 1988, hailed as landmark welfare reform legislation (Rovner, 1988), seeks to increase the economic self-sufficiency of families that receive Aid to Families with Dependent Children [...], The Family Support Act of 1988 introduced a new welfare employment program, the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training (JOBS) program, that seeks to increase the economic self-sufficiency of recipients of Aid to Families with Dependent Children. In implementing this legislation, states retain considerable discretion over the design and structure of the program, including the use of case management services. To track the implementation of JOBS, a 10-state, three-year study is being undertaken that focuses on states' choices for implementing JOBS. During the initial stages of JOBS implementation, states have focused primarily on the 'broker,' or linkage, function of case management, paying less attention to advocacy and client support functions. This approach is consistent with the view that case management will facilitate clients' abilities to receive services in a fragmented service delivery system. However, the ability to broker services depends on the availability of those services in the clients' communities. Additionally, the ability of case managers to leverage services may become much more difficult in states that seek to draw JOBS services from other programs at no cost to JOBS.

Welfare policy in the 1980s placed more responsibility on poor people to get off welfare, on the one hand, and excluded these same people from policy discussions about how they can best exercise this responsibility, on the other. Through the support of a private philanthropy, welfare recipients have been involved in implementing welfare-to-work policy, including the Job Opportunities in the Business Sector provisions of the Family Support Act, in Illinois since 1986. Clients have had important roles in problem formulation, model program development, policy development, and policy implementation. They have contributed to a shift from compulsory, job search-focused programs to a voluntary, education-focused one. This article describes this experience and its implications for social workers who are involved in policy development.

The growing trend for employment of both mothers and fathers outside the home has been accelerated by the welfare-to-work requirements of the Family Support Act of 1988. This article reviews [...]

In enacting the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training program (JOBS), Congress recognized that the participation of many mothers with young children would depend on child care. In this article, we consider how 10 states initially responded to the child-care provisions of the legislation. Although many state administrators perceived both the supply and funding of child care as adequate at the time of the study, most viewed child care as a quasi entitlement, available as long as state funding allowed. Not surprisingly, limited state funding for child care has already resulted in restricted access to the JOBS program and to child-care support for other low-income, non-Aid to Families with Dependent Children families.

The Family Support Act (FSA) requires states to raise welfare/work program participation rates to unprecedented levels in the 1990s. This study analyzes Ohio's welfare/work demonstration to estimate the impact of mandated high participation on welfare caseloads. The estimated caseload reductions are larger than earlier estimates due to high participation rates, an emphasis on workfare, and a multi-year observation period., I. INTRODUCTION The Family Support Act (FSA) of 1988 substantially changed conditions of welfare dependency by requiring Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) recipients to participate in work-related programs. [...]

In recent years, public welfare agencies have focused extensively on their responsibilities to provide cash assistance to those in need. With the passage of the Family Support Act of 1911, however, welfare agencies are now expected to deliver or to coordinate a wide range of services. This exploratory study was undertaken to examine the roles and functions of front-line workers in a county public welfare office. The findings indicate an interlocking of selective tasks and functions for clerks, income maintenance workers, and caseworkers.

In this article, the chief provisions of the 1988 Family Support Act are outlined. Its background, implementation, especially its JOB Opportunities and Basic Skills Training (JOBS) program and child-care components, and plans for evaluation are discussed. In addition, the child-care earned income tax credit and expanded Medicaid assistance provisions of the 1990 Budget Reconciliation Act are briefly summarized since these provisions may affect important added resources for selected employed graduates of JOBS programs. Finally, a critique of, many aspects of, the Family Support Act plus an estimate of the probable success of the JOBS components are presented, together with suggestions for further experimentation and research.