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Objective. Total knee replacement (TKR) is a common solution for patients with advanced knee osteoarthritis (OA). Still, fall rates remain relatively high after surgery. TKR may alter pain and knee function, balance control, and proprioception. However, given the role of complex (dual-task) walking in fall prediction for older adults, it is unknown how TKR alters the attentional demand of walking in older adults. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of TKR on dual-task walking among older adults. Methods. Participants were evaluated 1 month before surgery and 4.5 months after surgery. Participants walked along an instrumented 7-meter path for 1 minute with and without a cognitive task (serial-3 subtraction). Pain and knee function, knee proprioception, dynamic balance, and balance confidence, as well as dual-task costs (DTC) were compared before and after the surgery and factors associated with change in gait DTCs were assessed. Results. Thirty-eight participants completed the study (age 72.6 years, SD = 4.9; 11 men). A significant decrease in pain was found following TKR, with no change in balance, balance confidence, or proprioception. There were no differences in gait DTCs before and after the surgery. However, change in dynamic balance, specifically reactive postural control and dynamic gait, predicted changes in gait speed and stride time DTCs. Conclusion. The absence of an effect of TKR on gait DTCs can potentially underlie increased fall risk after TKR. Results from this study emphasize the significance of balance as a measure and focal point for rehabilitation after TKR. Impact. This study contributes to our understanding of the attentional cost of walking in people before and after TKR, as well as to factors associated with it. Results from this work can assist formulation of rehabilitation programs for people with knee OA. Keywords: Balance, Dual-Task Cost, Gait Speed, Pain, Proprioception, Introduction Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common causes of disability among the elderly, with 13% of women and 10% of men over the age of 60 experiencing [...]

Objective. Reactive stepping is critical for preventing falls and is impaired in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS); however, which aspects of stepping relate to falls remains poorly understood. Identifying outcomes most related to falls is a first step toward improving rehabilitation for fall prevention. The purpose of this study was to assess whether reactive step latency or length during forward and backward losses of balance were related to a history of falls in PwMS. Methods. Of the 111 PwMS who participated in this study, 76 reported no falls in the previous 6 months, whereas 36 reported 1 or more falls. Participants completed 3 forward and 3 backward treadmill-induced reactive steps from stance. Step length (centimeters) and step latency (milliseconds) were measured using motion capture and analyzed via MATLAB. Results. Participants with a history of falls had significantly slower step latencies during backward stepping, but not forward stepping, than those without a history of falls. Step length did not differ between groups. Slower step latencies during backward stepping significantly increased the odds of having experienced a fall ([beta] = .908, SE = 0.403, odds ratio =2.479, 95% CI =1.125 to 5.464). Conclusion. PwMS and a history of falling show delayed step onsets during backward reactive stepping. Specifically, for every 10-millisecond increase in step latency, PwMS were 2.5 times more likely to have a fall history. Although clinical trials are necessary to determine whether interventions targeting reactive stepping reduce falls in PwMS, the current work indicates that the latency of steps may be a relevant target for this work. Impact. Subsequent fall prevention clinical trials should consider targeting backward reactive step latency to further assess its relevance for rehabilitation in PwMS. Lay Summary. If you have MS and a history of falls, you may be more likely to have delayed reactive step latencies. Keywords: Automatic Postural Response, Falls, Multiple Sclerosis, Perturbation, Reactive Stepping, Introduction Falls are a significant concern for people living with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). (1,2) Compared with their neurotypical peers, PwMS fall twice as often and incur greater physical, emotional, and [...]

2023 SEP 23 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Obesity, Fitness & Wellness Week -- Investigators publish new report on business. According to news originating from Stuttgart, [...]

2023 SEP 16 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Obesity, Fitness & Wellness Week -- Investigators discuss new findings in endoscopy. According to news originating from Ankara, [...]

Objective. The Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest) is a balance scale common to clinical practice, but different scoring has been proposed, that is, total score and/or subsections. This study aimed to investigate Mini-BESTest validity by comparing 6 structural models and to establish the best model for discriminating fallers from nonfallers, that is, those who did or did not report at least 2 falls in the 6 months before evaluation. Methods. In this cross-sectional validation study, data from 709 individuals with idiopathic Parkinson disease (Hoehn and Yahr stages 1-3) were analyzed. Individuals were evaluated with the Mini-BESTest, and fall history was recorded. Construct, convergent, and discriminant validity and reliability of the 6 models were analyzed. The ability of the models to adequately identify individuals with or without a history of falls was tested with receiving operating characteristic curves. Results. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the unidimensional models and the 4-factor solutions showed the best fit indexes. Conversely, second-order models, which allowed reporting of both total and subsections, did not converge. Most models and factors showed a low convergent validity (average variance extracted values Conclusion. The original unidimensional Mini-BESTest model--with a total score of 28--showed the highest validity and reliability and was best at discriminating fallers from nonfallers. Conversely, its 4 subsections should not be reported separately, because they were highly correlated and had low reliability; therefore, they are not actually capable of measuring different aspects of balance. Impact. This study shows that the Mini-BESTest should be used only with the original unidimensional scoring system in people with Parkinson disease. Keywords: Accidental Falls, Balance, Outcome Measures, Parkinson Disease, ROC Curve, Introduction Measuring and monitoring balance control and fall risk in people with Parkinson disease (PD) is critical for accurate assessment of disease progression. (1,2) Additionally, a valid balance scale is [...]

Objective. The authors sought to systematically review the existing literature on the falls-related diagnostic test properties of the Functional Reach Test (FRT), single-leg stance test (SLST), and Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) in older adults across settings and patient populations. Methods. The PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases were searched (inception--July 2020). Inclusion criteria were participants aged 60 years or more, prospectively recorded falls, and the reporting of falls-related predictive validity. Manuscripts not published in English were excluded. Methodological quality of reporting was assessed using the Tooth Scale. Results. Of 1071 studies reviewed, 21 met the inclusion criteria (12 POMA, 8 FRT, 6 SLST). Seven studies (58.3%) used a modified version of the POMA, and 3 (37.5%) used a modified FRT. For the outcome of any fall, the respective ranges of sensitivity and specificity were 0.076 to 0.615 and 0.695 to 0.97 for the POMA, 0.27 to 0.70 and 0.52 to 0.83 for the modified POMA, 0.73 and 0.88 for the FRT, 0.47 to 0.682 and 0.59 to 0.788 for the modified FRT, and 0.51 and 0.61 for the SLST in community-dwelling older adults. For the SLST, the sensitivity and specificity for recurrent falls in the community-dwelling setting were 0.33 and 0.712, respectively. Conclusion. All the clinical tests of balance demonstrated an overall low diagnostic accuracy and a consistent inability to correctly identify fallers. None of these tests individually are able to predict future falls in older adults. Future research should develop a better understanding of the role that clinical tests of balance play in the comprehensive assessment of falls risk in older adults. Impact. Neither the FRT, SLST, nor POMA alone shows consistent evidence of being able to correctly identify fallers across fall types, settings, or older adult subpopulations. These clinical tests of balance cannot substitute a comprehensive falls risk assessment and thus should be incorporated in practice solely to identify and track balance impairment in older adults. Keywords: Accidental Falls, Gait, Postural Balance, Predictive Value of Tests, Systemic Review, Introduction Falls are common among community-dwelling older adults, with approximately 30% reporting at least 1 fall annually. (1) The immediate consequences of falls can be serious and include physical injuries [...]

Hospital inpatient falls, especially of older adult patients, can result in injury and death and generate high costs. A new technology, PUP® (Patient Is Up) Smart Socks, combines sensors and geolocation in socks with a wireless platform. To determine whether these socks prevent falls of patients with high fall risk, we performed a clinical trial at one hospital, and an observational study at two other hospitals. In the clinical trial, patients spent 1,694 patient-days wearing the socks, reducing falls from 4 to 0 per 1,000 patient-days (p < 0.01). In the observational study, patients spent 2,286 patient-days wearing the socks, reducing falls from 4 to 1.3 per 1,000 patient-days (p < 0.05). The new technology resulted in a significant reduction in fall rates among patients with high fall risk and may greatly reduce inpatient fall-related injury and death and their associated costs. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 47(10), 37–43.], Inpatient falls are a major adverse safety event in hospitals. Each year, 700,000 to 1,000,000 people in the United States fall in the hospital (Currie, 2008). Due to the aging [...]

Objective. Foot tactile sensitivity loss, commonly assessed by monofilaments, is a fall risk factor among older adults. The broadly used threshold of the monofilament for fall risk assessment in older adults is 5.07. However, this threshold originates from assessing foot ulceration risk in people with peripheral neuropathy. The primary purpose of this study was to identify the optimal filament size and its cutoff number of sensitive sites that can be used to best identify a high risk of falls in terms of the foot tactile sensitivity for community-dwelling older adults. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, the foot tactile sensitivity was assessed by a 6-piece Semmes-Weinstein monofilament kit at 9 sites per foot among 94 older adults, including 38 fallers and 56 nonfallers. The number of sensitive sites was determined for each monofilament size as the cutoff. Logistical regression analyses were used to determine the monofilament size and number of sensitive sites best able to differentiate fallers from nonfallers. Results. Fallers showed overall worse foot tactile sensory measurements than nonfallers. Logistical regression analyses identified 4.31 as the best monofilament size and 7 as the number of sensitive sites to differentiate fallers from nonfallers with an accuracy of 71.3%. Conclusion. The 4.31 monofilament could be the best filament to detect the risk of falls among older adults in terms of tactile sensory loss. Inability to feel the pressure from the 4.31 filament at more than 7 sites could indicate a high risk of falls. Impact. These findings could help physical therapists and other rehabilitation professionals improve decision making in detecting older adults with a high risk of falls, thus facilitating the effort of fall prevention in older adults. Keywords: Cutaneous Sensation, Fall Prevention, Fall Risk Assessment, Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament Test, Sensory Loss, Introduction Falls are a health threat to older adults aged 65 years and over. (1) Even the healthiest older adults are not exempted from falling. (2) Previous studies have reported [...]

Fear of falling is common among older adults with spinal diseases. The purpose of the current study was to examine fear of falling and related factors in this population. A total of 138 participants were recruited and completed survey questionnaires along with the Timed Up & Go Test. Participants were 73.7 years old on average, 52% had fall experience, and 56% were taking more than four medications. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that the use of sleeping pills, residence type, pain, activities of daily living, gait ability, and gait efficacy were significant predictors of fear of falling. Findings suggest that a fall prevention intervention for older adults with spinal diseases should include pain management, functional improvement, and gait rehabilitation with a focus on gait performance and gait efficacy. In addition, it is important to improve living environment and sleep hygiene, which are conducive to falls. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 47(8), 29–35.], Falls are a common and major threat that often cause fatal injury among older adults (Casteel et al., 2018); (Landers et al., 2016). The incidence rate of falls is increasing [...]

Objective. Deficits in vestibular function increase the risk for falls while turning. However, the clinical assessment of turning in patients with vestibular dysfunction is lacking, and evidence is limited that identifies the effectiveness of vestibular physical therapy in improving turning performance. The purpose of this study was to quantify walking and turning performance during the instrumented Timed "Up & Go" (TUG) test using body-worn inertial measurement units (IMUs). Novel instrumented TUG parameters were investigated for ability to distinguish patients with unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD) from control groups and discriminate the differences in turning parameters of patients with UVD following vestibular physical therapy. Methods. Thirty-eight individuals were recruited following UVD surgery: 26 age-matched veteran controls with reports of dizziness not from a peripheral vestibular origin, and 12 age-matched healthy controls. Participants were donned with IMUs and given verbal instructions to complete the TUG test as fast as safely possible. The IMU-instrumented and automated assessment of the TUG test provided component-based TUG parameters, including the novel walk:turn ratio. Among the participants with UVD, 19 completed an additional instrumented TUG testing after vestibular physical therapy. Results. The walk:turn time ratio showed that turning performance in patients with UVD before rehabilitation is significantly more impaired than both the individuals with nonperipheral conditions and healthy controls. Vestibular rehabilitation significantly improved turning performance and "normalized" their walk:turn time ratio compared with healthy controls. The duration of the straight walking component in individuals with UVD before vestibular physical therapy, however, was not significantly different compared with that component in people after vestibular physical therapy and in healthy controls. Conclusion. The IMU-instrumented TUG test can be used to distinguish individuals with vestibular deafferentation and to objectively quantify the change in their turning performance after vestibular physical therapy. Impact. The IMU-based instrumented TUG parameters have the potential to quantify the efficacy of vestibular physical therapy and be adopted in the clinic. Keywords: Gait, Inertial Measurement Unit, Rehabilitation, Timed Up and Go, Turn, Vestibular Hypofunction, Introduction Individuals with vestibular hypofunction commonly present with dizziness, balance deficits, and gaze disturbance. (1) Such symptoms can cause changes in movement kinematics and compensatory alterations, with respect to gait [...]

Objective. This study sought to answer the following questions: What are the reference values of sensorimotor performance for fall risk in community-dwelling adults? How do population norms compare with that of other populations? Are younger adults at risk of falls? Methods. In a cross-sectional study design, sensorimotor functions and fall risk scores of community-dwelling adults were assessed and calculated to derive corresponding fall risk categories. Reference values were determined using the average scores by age group. A total of 542 community-dwelling adults were recruited (21-90 years old) across 10-year (21 -60 years) and 5-year age groups (>60 years) to obtain a representative sample of community-dwelling adults in Singapore. Five physiological domains were assessed: vision, proprioception, muscle strength, reaction time, and postural balance according to the Physiological Profile Assessment (PPA). Fall risk scores and the corresponding fall risk profiles were generated from an online calculator. Results. Sensorimotor performance and PPA fall risk scores were significantly worse for increasing age categories. Females had significantly slower reaction time, lower muscle strength, and higher fall risk. The representative sample of older adults ([greater than or equal to]65 years) performed poorer in postural sway (z = -0.50) and reaction time (z = -0.55), but better in proprioception (z= 0.29) and vision (z = 0.23) compared with Caucasian norms. Among younger adults (21-59 years), 36.8% appeared to exhibit higher fall risk. Conclusion. This study presents important reference data and compared sensorimotor functions and physiological fall risk across age groups of community-dwelling adults in a Southeast Asian population. Poor sensorimotor performance and fall risk appear already pertinent in younger adults. Further studies are warranted to improve understanding of fall risk among younger adults. Impact. In physical therapist practice, PPA reference values can aid clinicians in the development of targeted interventions tailored towards an individual&apos;s physiological risk profile, addressing specific physiological systems that require particular attention. Keywords: Sensorimotor, Physiological, Falls, Reference, Singapore, Introduction Aging is associated with increased fall risk and fall-related injuries. The prevalence of falls in community-dwelling older adults increases from 30% among those 65 years and older to 40% [...]

Objective. Forward walking speed (FWS) is known to be an important predictor of mobility, falls, and falls-related efficacy poststroke. However, backward walking speed (BWS) is emerging as an assessment tool to reveal mobility deficits in people poststroke that may not be apparent with FWS alone. Since backward walking is more challenging than forward walking, falls efficacy may play a role in the relationship between one&apos;s preferred FWS and BWS. We tested the hypothesis that people with lower falls efficacy would have a stronger positive relationship between FWS and BWS than those with higher falls efficacy. Methods. Forty-five individuals (12.9 [+ or -] 5.6 months poststroke) participated in this observational study. We assessed FWS with the 10-meter walk test and BWS with the 3-meter backward walk test. The modified Falls-Efficacy Scale (mFES) quantified falls efficacy. A moderated regression analysis examined the hypothesis. Results. FWS was positively associated with BWS ([R.sup.2] = 0.26). The addition of the interaction term FWS x mFES explained 7.6% additional variance in BWS. As hypothesized, analysis of the interaction revealed that people with lower falls efficacy (mFES [less than or equal to] 6.6) had a significantly positive relationship between their preferred FWS and BWS, whereas people with higher falls efficacy (mFES > 6.6) had no relationship between their walking speed in the 2 directions. Conclusions. FWS is positively related to BWS poststroke, but this relationship is influenced by one&apos;s perceived falls efficacy. Our results suggest that BWS can be predicted from FWS in people with lower falls efficacy, but as falls efficacy increases, BWS becomes a separate and unassociated construct from FWS. Impact. This study provides unique evidence that the degree of falls efficacy significantly influences the relationship between FWS and BWS poststroke. Physical therapists should examine both FWS and BWS in people with higher falls efficacy, but further investigation is warranted for those with lower falls efficacy. Keywords: Gait, Rehabilitation, Self-Efficacy, Stroke, Introduction Stroke is the number one cause of long-term disability in the United States. (1) Nearly 7.2 million Americans were reported to be living with stroke between 2011 and 2014. [...]

2022 AUG 20 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Obesity, Fitness & Wellness Week -- Current study results on Engineering - Building Engineering have been published. According [...]

Low-dose aspirin taken daily fails to reduce the risk of fractures and increases the risk of serious falls in older adults, a new study finds. Previous research suggests that aspirin [...]

Background. The Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest), Mini-BESTest, and Brief-BESTest are useful in the assessment of balance. Their psychometric properties, however, have not been tested in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objective. This study aimed to compare the validity, reliability, and ability to identify fall status of the BBS, BESTest, Mini-BESTest, and the Brief-BESTest in patients with COPD. Design. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Methods. Forty-six patients (24 men, 22 women; mean age = 75.9 years, SD = 7.1) were included. Participants were asked to report their falls during the previous 12 months and to fill in the Activity-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale. The BBS and the BESTest were administered. Mini-BESTest and Brief-BESTest scores were computed based on the participants' BESTest performance. Validity was assessed by correlating balance tests with each other and with the ABC Scale. Interrater reliability (2 raters), intrarater reliability (48-72 hours), and minimal detectable changes (MDCs) were established. Receiver operating characteristics assessed the ability of each balance test to differentiate between participants with and without a history of falls. Results. Balance test scores were significantly correlated with each other (Spearman correlation rho =.73-.90) and with the ABC Scale (rho =.53-.75). Balance tests presented high interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] =.85-.97) and intrarater reliability (ICC =.52-.88) and acceptable MDCs (MDC = 3.3-6.3 points). Although all balance tests were able to identify fall status (area under the curve = 0.74-0.84), the BBS (sensitivity=73%, specificity = 77%) and the Brief-BESTest (sensitivity = 81%, specificity=73%) had the higher ability to identify fall status. Limitations. Findings are generalizable mainly to older patients with moderate COPD. Conclusions. The 4 balance tests are valid, reliable, and valuable in identifying fall status in patients with COPD. The Brief-BESTest presented slightly higher interrater reliability and ability to differentiate participants' fall status., Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases among adults aged 60 years and older. (1) This respiratory disease is characterized by a progressive deterioration [...]

Background. Balance confidence and fear of falling are factors associated with recurrent falls in people with Parkinson disease (PD). However, the accuracy for predicting falls on the basis of self-report measures has not been widely investigated. Objective. The study objectives were: (1) to compare the accuracy of the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC) and the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) with that of the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), Functional Reach Test (FRT), and Timed 'Up & Go' Test (TUG) for predicting recurrent falls in people with PD and (2) to explore the ability of combinations of up to 3 tests to predict recurrent falls. Design. This was a prospective cohort study involving 225 people with PD. Methods. Participants were assessed with the ABC, FES-I, BBS, FRT, TUG, and DGI. Participants who reported 2 or more falls in the 12-month follow-up period were classified as recurrent fallers. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were determined, and the Akaike information criterion was used to select the best predictive model. Results. Eighty-four participants (37.3%) were classified as recurrent fallers. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the ABC, FES-I, TUG, FRT, DGI, and BBS were 0.73, 0.74, 0.72, 0.74, 0.76, and 0.79, respectively. Two-test models provided additional discriminating ability compared with individual measures and had Akaike information criterion values similar to those of 3-test models, particularly the combination of the BBS with the FES-I. Limitations. The lack of an external validation sample was a limitation of this study. Conclusions. The ABC and FES-I demonstrated moderate accuracy in predicting recurrent falls and a predictive ability similar to that of performance-based balance measures, especially the FRT and the TUG. Two-test models showed performance similar to that of 3-test models, suggesting that a combination of 2 measures may improve the ability to predict recurrent falls in people with PD. Specifically, the combination of the BBS with the FES-I may be considered., Parkinson disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases affecting elderly people and is a major cause of disability in this population. (1) One or more aspects of [...]

Falls are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. In prospective studies, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) have been shown to be an independent risk factor for [...]

Background. A reduced capacity to modify gait to the environment may contribute to the risk of falls in people with poststroke foot drop using an ankle-foot orthosis. Objective. This study aimed to quantify their capacity to restore steady gait after a step modification. Design. This was a cross-sectional, observational study. Methods. Nineteen people in the chronic phase (>6 months) after stroke (mean age=55.0 years, SD=10.1) and 20 people of similar age (mean age = 54.6 years, SD=12.0) who were able-bodied were included. Participants were instructed to avoid obstacles that were suddenly released in front of the paretic leg (stroke group) or left leg (control group) while walking on a treadmill. Outcomes were success rates of obstacle avoidance as well as post-crossing step length, step duration, hip flexion angle at foot-strike, and peak hip extension of the steps measured within 10 seconds following obstacle release. Results. Success rates of obstacle avoidance were lower for people poststroke. Moreover, their first post-crossing step length and duration (ie, the nonparetic step) deviated more front steady gait than those of people in the control group (ie, the right step), with lower values for people poststroke. Similar deviations were observed for post-crossing hip flexion and extension excursions. Limitations. People poststroke were relatively mildly impaired and used an ankle-foot orthosis, which may limit the generalizability of the results to other populations poststroke. Conclusions. People with poststroke foot drop using an ankle-foot orthosis had reduced gait adaptability, as evidenced by lower success rates of obstacle avoidance as well as an impaired capacity to restore steady gait after crossing an obstacle. The latter finding unveils their difficulty in incorporating step modifications in ongoing gait., Walking is a context-specific activity involving instant gait adjustments to a continually changing environment. Gait adjustments are essential when walking on uneven or cluttered terrain to secure adequate foot placement [...]

Background. Declining cognition is a risk factor for falls among older adults. The extent to which impaired judgment in performance of daily activities increases fall risk is unclear. Objective. The aim of this study was to determine whether engagement in mobility activities in a risky manner explains the association between declining cognition and rate of falls. Design. This study was a secondary analysis of baseline and prospective data from older adults enrolled in the intervention arm of a randomized clinical trial. Methods. Two hundred forty-five community-dwelling older adults (79% female; mean age=79 years, SD=8.0) who were at risk for falls received physical, cognitive, and functional evaluations. Cognition was assessed with the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ). Using interview and in-home assessment data, physical therapists determined whether participants were at risk for falls when performing mobility-related activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL (IADL). Falls were measured prospectively for 1 year using monthly falls diaries. Results. Declining cognition was associated with increased number of mobility activities designated as risky (1.5% of mobility activities performed in a risky manner per SPMSQ point) and with increased rate of falls (rate ratio=l.16 for each unit change in SPMSQ score). Risky performance of mobility activities mediated the relationship between cognition and rate of falls. Limitations. Risk assessment was based on the clinical judgment of experienced physical therapists. Cognition was measured with a relatively insensitive instrument, and only selected mobility activities were evaluated. Conclusions. Engagement in mobility ADL and IADL tasks in a risky manner emerged as a link between declining cognition and increased number of falls, suggesting a mechanism through which the rate of falls may increase. Specifically, declining cognition is associated with performance of mobility activities in an unsafe manner, thereby increasing the risk for falls., Declining cognition is known to be a risk factor for falls in older adults. (1-8) Increased fall risk has been associated with a wide array of cognitive disorders found in [...]