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Study Question: Does hysterosalpingo-foam sonography (HyFoSy) prior to hysterosalpingography (HSG) or HSG prior to HyFoSy affect visible tubal patency when compared HSG or HyFoSy alone?, Summary Answer: Undergoing either HyFoSy or HSG prior to tubal patency testing by the alternative method does not demonstrate a significant difference in visible tubal patency when compared to HyFoSy or HSG alone., What Is Known Already: HyFoSy and HSG are two commonly used visual tubal patency tests with a high and comparable diagnostic accuracy for evaluating tubal patency. These tests may also improve fertility, although the underlying mechanism is still not fully understood. One of the hypotheses points to a dislodgment of mucus plugs that may have disrupted the patency of the Fallopian tubes., Study Design, Size, Duration: This is a secondary analysis of the randomized controlled FOAM study, in which women underwent tubal patency testing by HyFoSy and HSG, randomized for order of the procedure. Participants either had HyFoSy first and then HSG, or vice versa. Here, we evaluate the relative effectiveness of tubal patency testing by HyFoSy or HSG prior to the alternative tubal patency testing method on visible tubal patency, compared to each method alone., Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: Infertile women aged between 18 and 41 years scheduled for tubal patency testing were eligible for participating in the FOAM study. Women with anovulatory cycles, endometriosis, or with a partner with male infertility were excluded. To evaluate the effect HyFoSy on tubal patency, we relied on HSG results by comparing the proportion of women with bilateral tubal patency visible on HSG in those who underwent and who did not undergo HyFoSy prior to their HSG (HyFoSy prior to HSG versus HSG alone). To evaluate the effect of HSG on tubal patency, we relied on HyFoSy results by comparing the proportion of women with bilateral tubal patency visible on HyFoSy in those who underwent and who did not undergo HSG prior to their HyFoSy (HSG prior to HyFoSy versus HyFoSy alone)., Main Results and the Role of Chance: Between May 2015 and January 2019, we randomized 1160 women (576 underwent HyFoSy first followed by HSG, and 584 underwent HSG first followed by HyFoSy). Among the women randomized to HyFoSy prior to HSG, bilateral tubal patency was visible on HSG in 467/537 (87%) women, compared with 472/544 (87%) women who underwent HSG alone (risk difference 0.2%; 95% CI: -3.8% to 4.2%). Among the women randomized to HSG prior to HyFoSy, bilateral tubal patency was visible on HyFoSy in 394/471 (84%) women, compared with 428/486 (88%) women who underwent HyFoSy alone (risk difference -4.4%; 95% CI: -8.8% to 0.0%)., Limitations, Reasons for Caution: The results of this secondary analysis should be interpreted as exploratory and cannot be regarded as definitive evidence. Furthermore, it has to be noted that pregnancy outcomes were not considered in this analysis., Wider Implications of the Findings: Tubal patency testing by either HyFoSy or HSG, prior to the alternative tubal patency testing method does not significantly affect visible tubal patency, when compared to alternative method alone. This suggests that both methods may have comparable abilities to dislodge mucus plugs in the Fallopian tubes., Study Funding/competing Interest(s): The FOAM study was an investigator-initiated study, funded by ZonMw, a Dutch organization for Health Research and Development (project number 837001504). IQ Medical Ventures provided the ExEm®-FOAM kits free of charge. The funders had no role in study design, collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data. H.R.V. reports consultancy fees from Ferring. M.v.W. received a travel grant from Oxford University Press in the role of Deputy Editor for Human Reproduction and participates in a Data Safety and Monitoring Board as an independent methodologist in obstetrics studies in which she has no other role. M.v.W. is coordinating editor of Cochrane Fertility and Gynaecology. B.W.J.M. received an investigator grant from NHMRC (GNT1176437) and research funding from Merck KGaA. B.W.J.M. reports consultancy for Organon and Merck KGaA, and travel support from Merck KGaA. B.W.J.M. reports holding stocks of ObsEva. V.M. received research grants from Guerbet, Merck and Ferring and travel and speaker fees from Guerbet. The other authors do not report conflicts of interest., Trial Registration Number: International Clinical Trials Registry Platform No. NTR4746., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology.)

Introduction: Acquired ovarian torsion is an uncommon gynecologic emergency that afflicts women of reproductive age and requires correction by surgery. A rare complication of asymptomatic ovarian torsion can be necrosis and autoamputation of the adnexal structures., Case Description: A 28-year-old nulliparous woman presented with irregular menses since puberty associated with dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, and nausea, and that did not improve with trials of oral hormone therapy. Ultrasound and pelvic MRI revealed a large, tubular-cystic mass separated from the right ovary and tubo-ovarian junction. Intraoperative findings revealed filmy adhesions and fimbriae emanating from this cystic lesion, as well as dilation of the medial portion of the right fallopian tube. Histopathology reported dilated, cystic structures with focal tubal-type epithelial lining, and a dilated fallopian tube lumen, consistent with hydrosalpinx., Discussion: Autoamputation of fallopian tube is a rare but serious complication of adnexal torsion that should be treated promptly via intraoperative detorsion., Competing Interests: Conflict of interests: none., (© 2024 by SLS, Society of Laparoscopic & Robotic Surgeons.)

Background: Omphalocele is an abnormality in which fetal abdominal organs protrude through the abdominal wall., Case Report: We report the case of a 13-year-old female with a history of omphalocele repair who presented with acute periumbilical pain, nausea, and vomiting. A computed tomography scan showed a para-ovarian cyst and mild dilation of the small bowel. During laparoscopy, the right ovary and fallopian tube were detached from the uterus and located behind the cecum. Despite this displacement, the ovary appeared to have retained functionality with intact blood supply. We hypothesize that surgical repair led to pelvic adhesion that caused torsion and avulsion of the fallopian tube and utero-ovarian ligament that led to the displacement., Conclusion: This anatomical change should be considered in surgical patients with a history of omphalocele repair., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest Neither author has any conflict of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Finding an ovary and/or fallopian tube within an indirect inguinal hernia is a rare occurrence that can be detected incidentally during elective surgery or present as a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention. Hence, it poses a difficult clinical picture in a reproductive-age woman with groin mass., Clinical Presentation: We describe the case of a 45-year-old Ethiopian woman of Amhara ethnicity who presented with a left inguinal swelling that persisted for 5 years. Physical examination revealed an irreducible, non-tender lump in the left groin and an ultrasonography scan confirmed the presence of an indirect inguinal hernia. The patient was then scheduled for elective hernia repair. During the surgery, both her left ovary and fallopian tube were found within the hernial sac. The contents were released from the sac, high ligation performed, and the inguinal floor repaired with mesh., Discussion: Inguinal hernias in women are rare and often present a diagnostic challenge. Although the exact pathogenesis of inguinal hernias containing female genital organs is unknown, some risk factors have been postulated. Diagnosis should start with a physical exam and imaging, but many of the cases have been intraoperative surprises. Management is primarily surgical, ranging from simple reduction and hernia repair to salpingo-oophorectomy depending on the status of the hernia contents., Conclusion: This report emphasizes the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion when examining females with inguinal hernias to ensure accurate diagnosis and management of tubo-ovarian hernias. Although rare, inguinal hernias containing female genital organs should be considered in the differential diagnosis of inguinal hernias, as early detection and appropriate surgical management can prevent potential complications., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: To investigate the value of painless transvaginal four-dimensional hysterosalpingo contrast sonography (TV 4-D HyCoSy) in reducing venous intravasation and its influencing factors through a retrospective comparative study on conventional TV 4-D HyCoSy., Materials and Methods: A total of 451 patients were enrolled in this study from Jan. 2019 to Oct. 2021. There were 249 patients in the painless TV 4-D HyCoSy group and 202 patients in the conventional TV 4-D HyCoSy group. The incidence of venous intravasation and its related influencing factors were analyzed and compared between these two groups. The difficulty of image evaluation for the diagnosis was also compared., Results: There was no significant difference in the baseline characteristics between the painless group and the conventional group (p > 0.05). Compared with the conventional group, the painless group had a lower incidence of venous intravasation (16.9 vs. 24.8%; p = 0.039). Painless TV 4-D HyCoSy was more effective in reducing venous intravasation in patients with primary infertility (p = 0.032) without a history of pelvic surgery (p = 0.008) or ectopic pregnancy (p = 0.018). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that painless TV 4-D HyCoSy and endometrial thickness > 5 mm were protective factors for venous intravasation. Moreover, the diagnostic procedure was easier in the painless group than in the conventional group (p = 0.002)., Conclusions: Painless TV 4D-HyCoSy may be an effective mode in reducing the incidence of venous intravasation and improving the diagnosis of patency of fallopian tubes., (© 2024. Società Italiana di Ultrasonologia in Medicina e Biologia (SIUMB).)

Research Question: What is the diagnostic accuracy of hysterosalpingo-foam sonography (HyFoSy), using two-dimensional ultrasound in tubal patency assessment in infertile women compared with laparoscopy with dye chromotubation?, Design: This prospective study was conducted at My Duc Hospital, Vietnam. Infertile women aged 18 years or older, who were scheduled for laparoscopy, were included. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score for perception of pain during HyFoSy was used. Laparoscopy was carried out on the same day. Clinicians undertaking laparoscopy were blinded to HyFoSy results. Sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive value, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. A sample size of 455 women (n = 910 fallopian tubes) was needed to demonstrate a fluctuation hypothesis, not exceeding 6%, for sensitivity and specificity (power 0.80, two-sided alpha 5%, loss to follow-up 5%)., Results: Between 2019 and 2022, 455 participants were recruited. Hysterosalpingo-foam sonography was unsuccessfully carried out in six participants. Two withdrew their consent. Data analysis was conducted on the remaining 447 participants (n = 868 fallopian tubes). The sensitivity and specificity of hysterosalpingo-foam sonography compared with laparoscopy were 0.75 (95% CI 0.71 to 0.79) and 0.70 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.74), respectively. Hysterosalpingo-foam sonography gave a positive predictive value of 0.76 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.80) and negative predictive value of 0.68 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.73). A total of 42.8% of women reported a VAS score of no pain. No adverse event was reported., Conclusion: Compared with laparoscopy with dye chromotubation, two-dimensional HyFoSy is a well-tolerated, reliable technique for assessing tubal patency., (Copyright © 2024 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: infertility is a significant public health concern in Africa and Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is an affordable option for initial treatment. This study aimed to provide information about the incidence of abnormal pathology and tubal findings in HSG of Sudanese women who experienced infertility., Methods: this prospective cross-sectional study included 100 infertile patients who were requested for HSG, including age, duration of infertility, body mass index (BMI), medical history, and HSG findings collected after performing the radiographic test, which was diagnosed by an experienced radiologist., Results: one hundred infertile women (46% and 54%) experienced primary and secondary infertility, respectively. Mean age was (31.1 ± 5.2, 27.5 ± 6.0) years, and BMI was (25.1 ± 3.3, 25.7 ± 2.9) Kg/cm 2 for primary and secondary infertility respectively. Abnormal findings prevalence was (29/46, 63%) and (30/54, 56%). The incidence of fallopian tube abnormality was (52/100, 52% (25/46, 54.3%), and (27/56, 50%) for primary and secondary infertility, respectively. Forty-one percent of participants had normal hysterosalpingograms. Pelvic surgery was the highest risk factor in 24% of the participants. Age and medical history were significantly associated with the infertility type (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: infertile patients who underwent hysterosalpingography (HSG) were predominantly older, with secondary infertility being slightly more common, underscoring the importance of early diagnostic evaluation and care. Fallopian tube abnormalities were the most common cause of infertility, with tube blockage affecting nearly half of the participants. Additionally, this study revealed that prior pelvic surgery significantly increased the risk of infertility., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright: Eiman Kamal et al.)

Ectopic pregnancy is a medical condition in which a fertilized egg takes an unexpected detour away from the uterine cavity and the fallopian tube becomes a popular host, with the ampulla being the prime location. However, it can occur in other areas such as cervix, ovaries, or abdomen. The most common risk factors are pelvic inflammatory disease, previous pelvic or abdominal surgery, abnormal anatomy of genital organs, endometriosis, previous ectopic pregnancies, assisted reproductive technologies, endocrine disorders, and even the subtle influence of low-dose progestins from contraceptives. We will present a rare case of unrecognized late-stage tubal ectopic pregnancy. The following case report is of a 25-year-old Caucasian female patient (G2, P0) who presented to the emergency department with a 24-hour abdominal pain syndrome. The patient did not have a gynecological examination for this reason. During the examination, taking into account the clinical and ultrasound findings, a suspicion of pregnancy in a bicornuate uterus was raised, and an MRI of the pelvis was performed. MRI showed ectopic pregnancy in the left fallopian tube with a properly developed fetus that corresponded to a gestation of 19 weeks. An emergency laparotomy was performed and the left fallopian tube with the fetus was removed. The early and late course of recovery went smoothly. The patient was discharged after adequate clinical development., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Abstract: Transvaginal 4-D hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (TV 4-D HyCoSy) plays an important role in the detection and diagnosis of clinical female infertility. The purposes of this study were to analyze the influencing factors of TV 4murD HyCoSy complicated with contrast agent reflux and to provide evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Female patients diagnosed as infertility by transvaginal hysterosalpingography from January 2021 to December 2022 were included. The characteristics of patients with and without contrast agent reflux were evaluated. Pearson correlation and logistic regression were conducted to analyze the related factors affecting the occurrence of contrast reflux. A total of 416 patients undergoing TV 4-D HyCoSy were included, and the incidence of contrast agent reflux in patients undergoing TV 4-D HyCoSy was 38.94%. Pearson correlation analysis results indicated that history of uterine cavity operation ( r = 0.556), adenomyosis of uterus ( r = 0.584), examination on less than 5 days after menstruation ( r = 0.602), endometrial thickness ( r = 0.566), and endometrial polyps ( r = 0.575) are all correlated with contrast agent reflux in patients undergoing 4-D HyCoSy (all P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that history of uterine cavity operation (odds ratio [OR], 1.109; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.012-1.872), adenomyosis of uterus (OR, 2.026; 95% CI, 1.864-2.425), examination on less than 5 days after menstruation (OR, 2.465; 95% CI, 2.118-2.851), endometrial thickness less than 6 mm (OR, 2.866; 95% CI, 2.095-2.957), and endometrial polyps (OR, 1.587; 95% CI, 1.137-1.744) were the influencing factors of contrast agent reflux in patients undergoing (all P < 0.05). The incidence of contrast agent reflux in TV 4-D HyCoSy is high, and there are many influencing factors. Clinical medical workers should take early measures based on these influencing factors to reduce the contrast agent reflux., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Aim: To evaluate the efficiency of last image capture in interpreting a hysterosalpingogram (HSG) when compared to conventional spot views; to confirm its validity in showing pathology; to establish its use as the preferred method; and to decrease the radiation dose to the patient., Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of women aged ≥18 years. A standard technique was performed including additional five last image capture after each spot view. Every patient had two stacks of images, one with the exposure film and one with the last image capture. The images were interpreted separately (high-dose versus low-dose) and blindly by two radiologists with different levels of training assessing for uterine abnormalities, fallopian tube abnormalities, peritoneal spillage, and incidental findings. Inter-reading variability was calculated using Kohen's kappa., Results: Discrepancies between exposure film and last image capture were detected in only a minority of cases for all variables. Except for the presence of strictures, there was at least substantial agreement between the readers and almost perfect agreement regarding peritoneal spillage and fallopian tube patency, both on exposure film and last image capture., Conclusion: Reduction in radiation dose without compromising the diagnostic efficacy of HSG is mandatory. If the study is of sufficient quality and deemed negative on last image capture, conventional spot view can be avoided. If further detail is required, standard spot views can still be obtained. Using last image capture instead of spot films has the potential to reduce the overall radiation dose by up to 78%., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Ectopic pregnancy accounts for 1-2% of all pregnancies. Ultrasound is the primary diagnostic tool to locate pregnancy outside the uterus and identify complications such as haemoperitoneum. In inconclusive cases, MRI is an adjunctive imaging modality offering more precise tissue differentiation and helpful to location identification. Presented is an unusual case of tubal pregnancy. The patient in her 30s, who was 14 weeks into her first pregnancy, had a suspected abdominal pregnancy. Both transabdominal ultrasound and an MRI indicated an ectopic pregnancy, likely originating from the right fallopian tube. A successful laparotomy and right salpingectomy were performed without complications. Rarely, as in this case, large unruptured and advanced tubal pregnancies can mimic an abdominal pregnancy, underscoring the importance of disease recognition and familiarity with uncommon image findings. An accurate diagnosis of pregnancy location is crucial for effective case management., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background and Study Aim: Currently, several limitations exist in the examination of the oviduct. In this study, the usefulness and feasibility of a novel ultrafine dual-modality oviduct endoscopy device for in vivo assessment of the oviduct were evaluated., Methods: Five Japanese white rabbits were selected to undergo oviduct probing using a combination of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intratubal ultrasonography. The feasibility of the procedure was evaluated through 152 pairs of clear, clinically interpretable images obtained using spiral scanning via the pull-back method. OCT images were compared with the oviduct histopathology sections., Results: Visualization of the oviduct using both OCT and ultrasound revealed a differentiated three-layer tissue; however, ultrasound showed a poorer clarity than OCT. By comparing OCT images with the histological morphology of the oviduct, the inner low-reflective layer of the oviduct corresponds to the mucosal layer, the middle high-reflective layer corresponds to the fibrous muscle layer, and the outer low-reflective layer corresponds to the connective tissue layer. Postoperatively, the general condition of the animals was good., Conclusion: This study demonstrated the feasibility and potential clinical value of the novel ultrafine dual-modality oviduct endoscope. Dual-modality imaging of OCT and intratubal ultrasonography can provide clearer microstructure of the oviduct wall., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Isolated fallopian tube torsion is a rare cause of acute abdominal pain in adolescent females. It is known to be a surgical emergency as it may lead to ischemia of the fallopian tube which can result in necrosis, infertility or infection. Presenting symptoms and radiographic findings are vague making diagnosis difficult, often requiring direct visualization in the operating room to make the definitive diagnosis. There has been an increase in this diagnosis at our institution in the previous year prompting compilation of cases and a literature review., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background: Transvaginal hysterosalpingo-foam sonography (HyFoSy) assesses tubal patency in an outpatient setting and without ionising radiation, unlike traditional hysterosalpingography (HSG) under fluoroscopy. Like HSG, HyFoSy may be complicated by uterine intramural contrast leak, leading to venous intravasation. Intravasation of particulate contrast agents risks pulmonary or cerebral emboli., Aims: We aimed to assess the intravasation rate of HyFoSy using ExEm® Foam and association with endometrial thickness, ExEm® Foam volume, uterine length, adenomyosis severity, uterine morphology or pain score., Methods: An ethics-approved retrospective study on all HyFoSy examinations between 23 January 2018 and 27 October 2021 on sub-fertile patients, trying to conceive. Initial transvaginal sonography confirmed anatomy, uterine morphology, adenomyosis severity and endometrial thickness. Subspecialist radiologists performed HyFoSy with sonographer assistance. Intravasation was identified in real time but also checked for afterwards. Patients were asked to rate instillation pain/discomfort from one to ten immediately afterward., Results: Four hundred and thirty-six (n = 436) patients met inclusion criteria. Thirty (6.9%) experienced intravasation. Endometrial thickness and pain score were associated with intravasation. For every millimetre increase in endometrial thickness, the odds of intravasation decreased by 26% (P = 0.010). For every point increase on the pain scale, the odds of intravasation increased by 22% (P = 0.032). There was no evidence of an association between instilled ExEm® Foam volume or the other previously published parameters with intravasation., Conclusion: A 6.9% rate of intravasation was observed. Both endometrial thickness and pain score were significantly associated with intravasation. There was no evidence of an association between ExEm® Foam volume and intravasation., (© 2023 The Authors. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.)

In this case report, a woman with no risk factors was admitted with bilateral tubal ectopic pregnancy. Bilateral ectopic pregnancy is a rare clinical condition with clinical findings which in their symptoms do not differ from those of unilateral ectopic pregnancy. The condition can therefore easily be missed. The risk of rupture and haemorrhagic shock might be increased because of the increased danger of both tubes presenting with complications. Thus, it is important to examine both adnexa by transvaginal ultrasound. Even if unilateral ectopic pregnancy is considered before operation, the inspection of the abdomen, especially of the other fallopian tube, must always be done during surgery.

Objectives: To analyze the risk factors of sulfur hexafluoride microbubble contrast agent intravasation during hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (HyCoSy), and to explore a simple prediction model by the obvious clinical history., Methods: This was a retrospective study included 299 infertility women who had undergone HyCoSy examination from July 1, 2018 to June 31, 2019. The factors were recorded, including age, endometrial thickness, balloon length, infertility type, history of intrauterine surgery, history of pelvic surgery, and tubal patency. The method of multivariate logistic regression analysis was adopted to analyze the risk factors affecting the contrast agent intravasation, and the receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted to test their efficacy., Results: Secondary infertility, a history of intrauterine surgery, thin endometrial thickness, and tubal obstruction were all risk factors of the occurrence of intravasation (P < .05). And the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of the multifactor-combined prediction model of the intravasation was significantly larger than that of single-factor., Conclusions: Sonographers and gynecologists should be familiar with the risk factors of intravasation and select the appropriate timing of HyCoSy toward reducing the occurrence of intravasation and other complications after thoroughly explaining and communicating with the patients., (© 2023 American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.)

Due to the lack of reliable early-diagnostic tools, most ovarian cancers are diagnosed at late stages. Although optical coherence tomography (OCT) has shown promise for identifying diseased ovaries and fallopian tubes at an earlier stage, previous studies either did not provide quantitative scattering mapping or simply used Beer's law to fit the scattering coefficients of each A-line. In this paper, we calculated the pixel-wise attenuation coefficients of ovaries and fallopian tubes in OCT images. Data from 73 freshly excised human ovaries and fallopian tubes from 36 patients have shown that statistical features are statistically different between cancerous ovaries, infundibula, and fimbriae and normal ones., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Background: In women with unexplained infertility, tubal flushing with oil-based contrast during hysterosalpingography leads to significantly more live births as compared to tubal flushing with water-based contrast during hysterosalpingography. However, it is unknown whether incorporating tubal flushing with oil-based contrast in the initial fertility work-up results to a reduced time to conception leading to live birth when compared to delayed tubal flushing that is performed six months after the initial fertility work-up. We also aim to evaluate the effectiveness of tubal flushing with oil-based contrast during hysterosalpingography versus no tubal flushing in the first six months of the study., Methods: This study will be an investigator-initiated, open-label, international, multicenter, randomized controlled trial with a planned economic analysis alongside the study. Infertile women between 18 and 39 years of age, who have an ovulatory cycle, who are at low risk for tubal pathology and have been advised expectant management for at least six months (based on the Hunault prediction score) will be included in this study. Eligible women will be randomly allocated (1:1) to immediate tubal flushing (intervention) versus delayed tubal flushing (control group) by using web-based block randomization stratified per study center. The primary outcome is time to conception leading to live birth with conception within twelve months after randomization. We assess the cumulative conception rate at six and twelve months as two co-primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes include ongoing pregnancy rate, live birth rate, miscarriage rate, ectopic pregnancy rate, number of complications, procedural pain score and cost-effectiveness. To demonstrate or refute a shorter time to pregnancy of three months with a power of 90%, a sample size of 554 women is calculated., Discussion: The H2Oil-timing study will provide insight into whether tubal flushing with oil-based contrast during hysterosalpingography should be incorporated in the initial fertility work-up in women with unexplained infertility as a therapeutic procedure. If this multicenter RCT shows that tubal flushing with oil-based contrast incorporated in the initial fertility work-up reduces time to conception and is a cost-effective strategy, the results may lead to adjustments of (inter)national guidelines and change clinical practice., Trial Registration Number: The study was retrospectively registered in International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (Main ID: EUCTR2018-004153-24-NL)., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

MR imaging has an important role in imaging evaluation of fallopian tube (FT) pathology, ranging from benign to malignant conditions. Congenital Mullerian anomalies of FTs such as accessory tubal ostia and unicornuate uterus and associated pathology are well assessed by MR imaging. Benign diseases include hydrosalpinx, pelvic inflammatory disease, and its manifestations including salpingitis, pyosalpinx, tubo-ovarian abscess, and tubal endometriosis manifesting as hematosalpinx. Acute benign conditions include isolated FT torsion and ectopic pregnancy. Neoplastic conditions include benign paratubal cysts to malignant primary FT carcinomas., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To determine whether fallopian tube embolization with n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (nBCA) administered via a microcatheter in a rabbit model was technically feasible and resulted in short-term tubal occlusion., Materials and Methods: In 10 female New Zealand white rabbits, the 2 cervices were cannulated using a 5-F catheter and hydrophilic guide wire transvaginally. Salpingography confirmed tubal patency bilaterally. A 2.4-F microcatheter was advanced to the distal fallopian tube, and nBCA/ethiodized oil was administered as the microcatheter was withdrawn to fill the length of the tube. A metallic coil was deployed prior to nBCA administration in half of the fallopian tubes. Rabbits were evaluated for tubal occlusion with salpingography at 1 month, followed by euthanasia and histopathologic analysis. Inflammation and fibrosis were graded from 0 (normal) to 3 (severe)., Results: Fallopian tube embolization was technically successful in 17 (85%) of 20 fallopian tubes. Thirteen (76%) of 17 embolized fallopian tubes were occluded at 1 month on salpingography (nBCA only, 7/9; nBCA and coil, 6/8). On histopathologic analysis, direct or indirect evidence of occlusion was observed in 14 (82%) of 17 fallopian tubes. Mild or early fibrosis was observed in 65% of the tubes. The mean inflammation and fibrosis scores for the embolized tubes were 0.62 and 0.94, respectively., Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrated that embolization of rabbit fallopian tubes using nBCA administered via a microcatheter is technically feasible and results in occlusion of most fallopian tubes in the short term with minimal inflammation. Investigation of efficacy in preventing pregnancy over the long term is warranted., (Copyright © 2022 SIR. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In Brief: In vivo imaging of gametes and embryos in the oviduct enables new studies of the native processes that lead to fertilization and pregnancy. This review article discusses recent advancements in the in vivo imaging methods and insights which contribute to understanding the oviductal function., Abstract: Understanding the physiological dynamics of gametes and embryos in the fallopian tube (oviduct) has significant implications for managing reproductive disorders and improving assisted reproductive technologies. Recent advancements in imaging of the mouse oviduct in vivo uncovered fascinating dynamics of gametes and embryos in their native states. These new imaging approaches and observations are bringing exciting momentum to uncover the otherwise-hidden processes orchestrating fertilization and pregnancy. For mechanistic investigations, in vivo imaging in genetic mouse models enables dynamic phenotyping of gene functions in the reproductive process. Here, we review these imaging methods, discuss insights recently revealed by in vivo imaging, and comment on emerging directions, aiming to stimulate new in vivo studies of reproductive dynamics.

This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of HyCoSy using sulfur hexafluoride microbubbles for fallopian tubal patency assessment in infertile females. Twenty-four studies, including 1358 females with 2661 detected fallopian tubes published from January 2003 to May 2019, were identified. The pooled sensitivity was 93% (95% CI: 90-95%), while the specificity was 90% (95% CI: 87-92%). The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.96 (95% CI: 94-98%). The specificity of the four-dimensional HyCoSy subgroup was higher than the 2D/3D subgroup; an increased dose of contrast agent did not affect the specificity, with only a slightly reduced sensitivity., (© 2022 American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.)

Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is the leading cause of maternity-related death in the first trimester of pregnancy. Approximately 98% of ectopic implantations occur in the fallopian tube, and expedient management is crucial for preventing hemorrhage and maternal death in the event of tubal rupture. Current ultrasound strategies misdiagnose EP in up to 40% of cases, and the failure rate of methotrexate treatment for confirmed EP exceeds 10%. Here the first theranostic strategy for potential management of EP is reported using a near-infrared naphthalocyanine dye encapsulated within polymeric nanoparticles. These nanoparticles preferentially accumulate in the developing murine placenta within 24 h following systemic administration, and enable visualization of implantation sites at various gestational stages via fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. These nanoparticles do not traverse the placental barrier to the fetus or impact fetal development. However, excitation of nanoparticles localized in specific placentas with focused NIR light generates heat (>43 °C) sufficient for disruption of placental function, resulting in the demise of targeted fetuses with no effect on adjacent fetuses. This novel approach would enable diagnostic confirmation of EP when current imaging strategies are unsuccessful, and elimination of EP could subsequently be achieved using the same nano-agent to generate localized hyperthermia resulting in targeted placental impairment., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Arterial branches to the uterus and ovaries that pass through the mesosalpinx contribute significantly to the maintenance of the ovarian reserve. Especially arterial supply of the uterine tube is provided by a number of anastomoses between both the uterine and ovarian vessels. Knowledge on the morphologic peculiarities will allow to identify main contributors especially blood flow ultrasound examination for the purpose of ovary preserving surgery. This study aimed at identifying landmarks especially for so-called low-flow tubal vessels. Arteries of 17 female Thiel-embalmed bodies were studied along three preselected paramedian segments and measurements taken. A section was made through the center of the ovary perpendicular to uterine tube, then the mesosalpinx tissue distance was divided into 3 equivalent zones: upper, middle and lower thirds. The surface area of the mesosalpinx averaged 1088 ± 62 mm2. 47.7 ± 7.1 % of the mesosalpinx zones included macroscopically visible vessels. The lower third segment of mesosalpinx was the thickest averaging 2.4 ± 1.5 mm. One to three tubal branches were identified in the middle third of the mesosalpinx. Arterial anastomoses were found in the upper segment of the mesosalpinx, but no presence of a marginal vessel supplying the fallopian tube could be found. Statistically significant moderate positive correlations were established between the diameters of the mesosalpingeal arteries between the three zones. The mesosalpinx, uterine tube and the ovary form areas of segmental blood supply. Variants of tubal vessels appear to be a sparse source of blood supply.

Current evidence suggests that the hysterosalpingo-foam sonography test (HyFoSy) has emerged as a new option to make Fallopian tube assessment easier. Several published studies have compared the different types of tubal patency test available with the accepted gold standard, laparoscopy and dye, endorsing the advantages of HyFoSy over the other techniques. However, the authors wonder why professionals nowadays do not indicate HyFoSy as a first-choice diagnostic tool, with X-ray hysterosalpingography as still the most recommended procedure in outpatients. The aim of this article is to highlight the latest updates on this topic in order to raise awareness of the benefits of hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography as well as provide some tips for performing HyFoSy to obtain the maximum information in a single consultation., (Copyright © 2022 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Up to 30% of female infertility can be attributed to tubal abnormalities. Assessment of fallopian tube patency forms a component of the basic assessment of infertility. Tubal patency can be checked through hysterosalpingogram (HSG) under radiologic guidance with oil- or water-based contrast medium (OBCM or WBCM), or hystero-salpingo contrast sonography (HyCoSy) under ultrasound guidance with WBCM. Tubal flushing with OBCM has been shown to improve fertility rates., Objectives: To study the feasibility and tolerability of performing Lipiodol (ethiodised oil) flush concurrently with HyCoSy. To examine the in vivo sonographic visibility of Lipiodol vs normal saline., Materials and Methods: Retrospective observational study of patients with subfertility referred for Lipiodol flushing under ultrasound guidance between August 2017-September 2020 at six private ultrasound practices in Sydney, Australia., Results: There were 412 patients who were referred for Lipiodol flushing. Of these, 86 patients did not have concurrent Lipiodol flush at HyCoSy performed due to strict exclusion criteria. Of the 326 patients who proceeded with Lipiodol flushing at HyCoSy, all cases were successful, with no cases of extravasation. There were no major complications. In vivo sonographic visualisation of Lipiodol was similar to that of the commonly used agitated 0.9% saline (n = 20; mean visibility score 4.3 ± 0.9 vs 4.0 ± 1.2)., Conclusion: Our study has shown that Lipiodol flushing at time of HyCoSy as a single procedure is feasible and tolerable to patients. Flushing with Lipioidol during HyCoSy is likely as sonographically visible as 0.9% saline., (© 2022 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.)

The heterogeneity in the pathological and clinical manifestations of ovarian cancer is a major hurdle impeding early and accurate diagnosis. A host of imaging modalities, including Doppler ultrasound, MRI, and CT, have been investigated to improve the assessment of ovarian lesions. We hypothesized that pathologic conditions might affect the ovarian vasculature and that these changes might be detectable by optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM). In our previous work, we developed a benchtop OR-PAM and demonstrated it on a limited set of ovarian and fallopian tube specimens. In this study, we collected data from over 50 patients, supporting a more robust statistical analysis. We then developed an efficient custom analysis pipeline for characterizing the vascular features of the samples, including the mean vessel diameter, vascular density, global vascular directionality, local vascular definition, and local vascular tortuosity/branchedness. Phantom studies using carbon fibers showed that our algorithm was accurate within an acceptable error range. Between normal ovaries and normal fallopian tubes, we observed significant differences in five of six extracted vascular features. Further, we showed that distinct subsets of vascular features could distinguish normal ovaries from cystic, fibrous, and malignant ovarian lesions. In addition, a statistically significant difference was found in the mean vascular tortuosity/branchedness values of normal and abnormal tubes. The findings support the proposition that OR-PAM can help distinguish the severity of tubal and ovarian pathologies., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Purpose: Hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (HyCoSy) is the preferred method for evaluating fallopian tubal patency, and it is associated with improved rates of natural pregnancy among infertile patients. However, the mechanism underlying the improvement in pregnancy rates following HyCoSy remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of HyCoSy examination on endometrial receptivity as well as pregnancy rates among infertile women., Methods: This prospective study included 120 women with unexplained infertility who visited our department between June 2018 and February 2021. These patients were classified into the study group (n = 60) and the control group (n = 60) depending on their willingness to undergo three-dimensional HyCoSy in the present cycle (study group) or 6 months later (control group). Endometrial characteristics, including endometrial thickness and pattern as well as the endometrial blood flow distribution pattern, were measured twice by transvaginal Doppler ultrasonography in the preovulatory phase before and after HyCoSy examination. Participants were followed for 6 months to observe the outcome of spontaneous conception., Results: Compared with the control group, the study group had a significantly higher cumulative pregnancy rate at 6 months after HyCoSy (21.6% [13/60] vs 5.0% [3/60], P = 0.007). More patients in the study group showed improved endometrial blood flow distribution (P = 0.021, χ 2  = 7.699), but no differences in endometrial thickness and pattern were observed between the groups (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: HyCoSy examination may improve endometrial perfusion and has a therapeutic effect on improving spontaneous pregnancy among women with unexplained infertility., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: To revive the use of the Kahn Uterine Trigger Cannula to overcome limitations associated with technical difficulties during hysterosalpingography (HSG) using the disposable balloon HSG catheter., Method: A case series was conducted of 17 patients who encountered technically difficult or incomplete HSG study while using a disposable HSG balloon catheter, also leading to false-positive findings. Nine patients underwent a repeat HSG using a Kahn Uterine Trigger Cannula (Group 1). Eight patients underwent diagnostic laparoscopy and tubal perfusion testing using a Kahn Uterine Trigger Cannula (Group 2). The findings for each group in comparison to their initial HSG results using the disposable balloon HSG catheter are described., Results: All patients were noted to have patent fallopian tubes using a Kahn Uterine Trigger Cannula on repeat HSG or tubal perfusion testing during laparoscopy., Conclusion: Providers who perform HSG studies should be familiar with the value of a Kahn Uterine Trigger Cannula when the traditional use of disposable HSG balloon catheter fails due to technical difficulty or incomplete study. The use of the Kahn Uterine Trigger Cannula in such situations can prevent inaccurate assessment and unnecessary interventions., (© 2022 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics.)

Existing literature on primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube is limited because of the rarity of this disease. We report a patient with intermittent vaginal bleeding and vaginal discharge who underwent transvaginal ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and 18-F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18-F FDG PET/CT) in our hospital. Ultrasound showed a bilateral fallopian tube mass and a uterine lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed typical sausage-shaped bilateral adnexal masses, but overlooked a small lesion in the uterus in the initial diagnosis. FDG PET/CT findings not only showed bilateral fallopian tube masses and uterine lesions, but also ruled out distant metastasis. Postoperative pathology confirmed bilateral primary high-grade serous adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube with implants in the uterus. These findings suggest that 18-F FDG PET/CT imaging could be a good approach for the diagnosis and staging of primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube.

The high efficacy of modern assisted reproductive technology (ART) and increase in the number of noninfertile patients who are using ART for family building in the United States call into question the relevance of the standard, one-size-fits-all infertility evaluation. Here, we explore whether all patients presenting for ART need uterine cavity and tubal assessment and what tests are most appropriate, efficient, and cost-effective in current times., (Copyright © 2022 American Society for Reproductive Medicine. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a bygone method, hystero-salpingo-scintigraphy (HSSG), for tubal patency assessment of infertile women., Material and Methods: Prospective cohort study involving women in the infertility workup at the University of Debrecen, Hungary. Seventy infertile patients were scheduled to either basic dynamic HSSG, post-purge dynamic HSSG, or post-purge dynamic HSSG followed by SPECT/CT for reducing tracer contamination. The primary endpoint was the evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of HSSG for the three methods., Results: During the basic dynamic group, the examination yielded a sensitivity of 87.5%, with a specificity of 71.7%, while positive and negative predictive values were 31.8%, and 97.4% respectively. Using post purge dynamic HSSG, it resulted in a sensitivity of 87.5%, a specificity of 88.7%, a positive predictive value of 53.8%, and a negative predictive value of 97.9%. Adding SPECT/CT to post-purge dynamic HSSG increased diagnostic accuracy with 100% sensitivity and 88.7% specificity, while positive and negative predictive values were 57.1% and 100%, respectively., Conclusion: HSSG is a non-invasive and well-tolerated technique for tubal patency. It could be used initially to predict tubal patency in case of infertility. Its diagnostic accuracy is higher when it is carried out by adding SPECT/CT to the post-purge dynamic method.

Objective: Investigate potential factors associated with non-visualisation of tubal patency during Hysterosalpingo-Foam-Sonography (HyFoSy)., Study Design: This retrospective study was carried out at the medically assisted procreation centre of the University Hospital Centre in Reunion Island and focuses on HyFoSy performed between 01/01/2018 and 31/12/2020. We aimed to compare HyFoSy with bilateral tubal patency and those with a passage defect. Factors associated with non-visualisation of the contrast medium were investigated using comparison tests and logistic regression. Explanatory variables were patient history and ultrasound characteristics., Results: 137 eligible HyFoSy were included, of which 70.8% could be established for bilateral tubal patency. The assessment of tubal patency decreased in cases of overweight/obesity (62.5% versus 47.4%), previous pelvic surgery (17.5% versus 10.3%) and deep endometriosis (12.5% versus 5.2%), without significant difference. In the logistic regression model, a trend towards significance was observed for body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m² (OR 2.01 [95% CI 0.93-4.35], p= 0.07)., Conclusion: HyFoSy as a first-line infertility test should be discussed in certain circumstances, due to risk of non-visualisation of tubal patency. In case of poor echogenicity, it should be performed by a trained ultrasonographer or a hysterosalpingography should be preferred. For tubo-pelvic pathologies, a laparoscopy should be discussed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. DISCIPLINE: gynaecology, infertility., Competing Interests: Disclosure of interest The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: To investigate the safety and effectiveness of tubal inflammatory drugs in patients with incomplete tubal obstruction of at least one side after four-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography (4D-HyCoSy) examination., Methods: Two hundred fifteen cases of tubal incomplete obstruction were diagnosed by ultrasonography from February 2019 to November 2020.According to retrospective analysis,the patients in this study were divided into experimental and control groups; the experimental group combined with salpingitis drugs, and the control group received blank control. Basic information, degree of pain, postoperative complications, and pregnancy rate were then compared between the two groups., Results: Compared with the control group, there was no significant difference in the basic information; in preoperative, intraoperative, or postoperative pain; or in postoperative complications (P > 0.05). The cumulative pregnancy rate of the experimental group (26.8%) was statistically different from that of the control group (14.4%) (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: We observed that for infertile patients with incomplete obstruction of at least one fallopian tube as diagnosed by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, salpingitis-treatment drugs effectively improved the pregnancy rate postoperatively, with high effectiveness and safety. This regimen is thus worthy of further investigation and promotion in the future., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Hysterosalpingo-foam sonography (HyFoSy) is considered an acceptable alternative for hysterosalpingography (HSG). By combining HyFoSy with two and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) ultrasound and hysterosonography, a complete fertility work-up can be done. We aimed to evaluate the value of a combined ultrasound examination for fertility work-up. During the study period 113 women were examined. Five of 113 (4.4%) examinations were abandoned due to intra-uterine adhesions that were detected by hysterosonography, and five (4.4%) were abandoned due to technical difficulties. Of 103 women who had completed the examination, 2D ultrasound revealed six patients with hydrosalpinx (5.8%) and sonographic signs of adenomyosis in 13 (12.6%) patients. By combining 2D ultrasound with hysterosonography, two (1.9%) fibroids that were penetrating the uterine cavity and seven (6.8%) endometrial polyps were detected. HyFoSy showed bilateral patent tubes in 58 patients (56.3%), unilateral tubal occlusion in 29 (28.1%) and bilateral tubal occlusion in 16 (15.5%). This study shows that the 'one-stop shop' examination is feasible. The combined examination had detected 16 pathological findings that would have not been detected by HyFoSy alone. Hence, it should be offered to couples undergoing routine infertility work-up.IMPACT STATEMENT What is already known on this subject? The accuracy of the HyFoSy alone has been evaluated in different studies, but this presented ultrasound scan is integrating 4 different modalities in one exam (2D scanning of the pelvis, 3D scanning of the uterus, hysterosonography and HyFoSy) and we were able to evaluate the female pelvic organs, including the uterine cavity, the tubes and the ovaries, in order to expand the range of diagnosed pathologies. What do the results of this study add? The concept of 'one-stop shop' for the evaluation of female pelvis in couples suffering from infertility is feasible, has comparable accuracy as HSG for tubal occlusion, and higher detection rate for uterine malformations. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? We suggest to incorporate this examination in routine fertility work-up.

Ex vivo ultrasound (US) of human tissues has been used for decades on the study of the acoustic physical aspects of the US, to the study of the morphology of the organs. Using three-dimensional (3D) US, we demonstrate the possibilities to study surgical specimens from gynecological conditions. 3D images of the surgical specimen were collected and virtually segmented according to the contrast of its images, providing a 3D image of the ectopic pregnancy and its effects on the fallopian tube., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective: To determine the clinical pregnancy rate following sequential hydrosonography and hysterosalpingo-foam sonography (HyFoSy) in tubal patency assessment among women undergoing infertility work-up., Study Design: Prospective follow-up of women referred to our department between July 2019 and October 2020. Sequential hydrosonography and HyFoSy were carried out., Results: Out of 250 having the procedure, 100 women were excluded from study due to limited infertility, semen abnormal or not examined, evaluation for social egg freezing or they were single. Of the remaining 150 women, 48 (32%) conceived during a 10-24 months follow-up period: 17 (11%) conceived naturally and 7 (4.7%) by IUI. The mean time to conception was 5.5 ± 5.4 months and the pregnancy rate was 52% within 6 months. Among the spontaneous pregnancies 47% occurred within a month and 76% within 3 months., Conclusion: Sequential hydrosonography and HyFoSy is a promising method for assessing the uterine cavity and tubal patency in women undergoing infertility workup. The findings suggest that the procedure may increase the chance of a spontaneous pregnancy following the procedure. Given the other known advantages of sequential hydrosonography and HyFoSy, this test is worth including in the initial workup for infertile patients., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Pelvic MRI plays an important adjunctive role in the clinical workup of female infertility. Hysterosalpingography is the first line imaging modality in evaluation of female infertility, and hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography can also be used to evaluate both the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes. Pelvic MRI can be helpful in the workup of female infertility, particularly in cases of Mullerian duct anomalies, fibroids, adenomyosis, endometriosis, and tubal disease. These conditions and their appearance on imaging will be reviewed in this article., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Salpingotomy may change the anatomical structure and patency of the fallopian tube, which may affect the fallopian function. This study is to investigate the clinical efficacy of preliminary hysteroscopic tubal hydrotubation (HTH) after laparoscopic salpingotomy for tubal ampullary pregnancy., Methods: A retrospective study was carried out, 140 women underwent laparoscopic salpingotomy for ampullary pregnancy from March 2013 to March 2017. Some patients received HTH in the 1st month and hysterosalpingography (HSG) in the 3rd month after salpingotomy (HTH group; n = 95), and some patients only received HSG in the 3rd month after salpingotomy (control group; n = 45). Clinical data, tubal patency and fertility outcome were evaluated after follow-up of 15 months., Results: The tubal patency rate of the operated side was significantly higher in the HTH group than that in the control group (89.47% vs 68.89%, P < 0.05). The intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) rate was significantly higher in the HTH group (76.47% vs 51.11%, P < 0.05), and the recurrent ectopic pregnancy rate in the operated side was significantly lower in the HTH group than in the control group (9.41% vs 22.22%, P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the positive factor for IUP was HTH (OR = 3.109, 95% CI 1.439-6.714, P = 0.004), while the negative factors were history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (OR = 0.167, 95% CI 0.074-0.377, P < 0.001) and history of tubal infertility (OR = 0.286, 95% CI 0.113-0.723, P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Preliminary HTH after laparoscopic salpingotomy for ampullary pregnancy could improve reproductive function and lead to a better fertility outcome. Patients without history of PID or tubal infertility may be the most suitable ones for HTH after salpingotomy., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Epithelial cells lining the oviduct/fallopian tube are essential in reproduction and have been identified as the cell-of-origin in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). This protocol describes the generation of organoids from mouse oviduct epithelial cells, providing a powerful in vitro tool to study epithelial homeostasis and malignant transformation. We also outline a protocol for whole-mount immunofluorescence and 3D confocal imaging. In addition, we describe approaches of viral transduction to investigate gene function in organoid development and epithelial cell behavior. For complete details on the use and execution of this profile, please refer to Ford et al. (2021)., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2022 The Author(s).)

Research Question: What is the efficacy of sequential two-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound (2D-US) and hysterosalpingo-foam sonography (HyFoSy) after methotrexate (MTX) treatment for tubal pregnancy among patients who desire a future pregnancy?, Design: A prospective trial conducted between May 2019 and November 2020. Patients who had a suspected tubal ectopic pregnancy diagnosed by ultrasound and treated by MTX were included. These patients underwent sequential transvaginal 2D-US assessment of the pelvic organs and a complementary HyFoSy for tubal patency. The primary outcome was tubal obstruction in the affected side., Results: A total of 360 women underwent sequential transvaginal 2D-US assessment of the pelvic organs and a complementary HyFoSy for tubal patency. Of these, 40 (11.1%) women fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled. In six out of 40 (15%), hydrosalpinx of the affected tube was found during the initial transvaginal ultrasound examination and were excluded from further investigation. In the remaining 34 (85%) patients, HyFoSy was carried out. Tubal block was found in 10 out of 34 (29.4%) patients. Of these, eight out of 34 (23.5%) and two out of 34 (5.9%) had a proximal block of the affected tube and bilateral proximal obstruction, respectively. Hysterosalpingography confirmed the tubal obstruction in all the affected cases. No procedure-related complications were documented., Conclusions: Forty per cent of women who were treated by MTX for tubal pregnancy were diagnosed with tubal obstruction. We recommend that sequential transvaginal ultrasound and HyFoSy become part of routine follow-up for these women, thus offering them timely referral to the appropriate specialist., (Copyright © 2021 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this meta-analysis, we aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of 2D- and 3D/4D-HyCoSy for the assessment of tubal occlusion in women with infertility, using a laparoscopic tubal chromoperturbation dye test as the reference standard. Studies assessing 2D- and 3D/4D-HyCoSy for the assessment of tubal occlusion in women with infertility were searched from January 1990 to April 2019 using Medline and Web of Science databases by three of the authors, using the terms: 'hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography', 'sonohysterosalpingography', 'HyCoSy', 'HyFoSy', 'three-dimensional', 'four-dimensional', 'ultrasound', 'tubal patency' and 'tubal occlusion'. Data quality was determined using the QUADAS-2 tool. Thirty articles were included; twenty-one studies used 2D-HyCoSy to assess tubal occlusion, six used 3D/4D-HyCoSy, one study used both techniques but in a different set of patients and two used both techniques in the same patients. The risk of bias for most studies was low as determined by QUADAS-2, except for the patient selection domain. Overall, pooled estimated sensitivity and specificity of 2D-HyCoSy were 86% (95% CI = 80%-91%) and 94% (95% CI = 90%-96%), respectively. The corresponding figures for 3D/4D HyCoSy were 95% (95% CI = 89%-98%) and 89% (95% CI = 82%-94%). High heterogeneity was found for both sensitivity and specificity. No statistically significant differences were found between the methods ( p  = 0.13). We concluded that 2D-HyCoSy has a similar diagnostic performance to 3D/4D-HyCoSy.