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2. Recommendations for recognizing, risk stratifying, treating, and managing children and adolescents with hypoglycemia

Author

Stefano Zucchini, Stefano Tumini, Andrea Enzo Scaramuzza, Riccardo Bonfanti, Maurizio Delvecchio, Roberto Franceschi, Dario Iafusco, Lorenzo Lenzi, Enza Mozzillo, Stefano Passanisi, Claudia Piona, Ivana Rabbone, Novella Rapini, Andrea Rigamonti, Carlo Ripoli, Giuseppina Salzano, Silvia Savastio, Riccardo Schiaffini, Angela Zanfardino, Valentino Cherubini, Diabetes Study Group of the Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes, Albino Claudia Accursia, Aloe Monica, Anzelotti Maria Teresa, Arnaldi Claudia, Barbetti Fabrizio, Bassi Marta, Berioli Maria Giulia, Bernardini Luca, Bertelli Enrica, Biagioni Martina, Bobbio Adriana, Bombaci Bruno, Bonfanti Riccardo, Bonura Clara, Bracciolini Giulia Patrizia, Bruzzese Mariella, Bruzzi Patrizia, Buono Pietro, Buscarino Piera, Cadario Francesco, Calcaterra Valeria, Calzi Elena, Cappa Marco, Cardani Roberta, Cardella Francesca, Cardinale Giuliana Marcella, Casertano Alberto, Castorani Valeria, Cauvin Vittoria, Cenciarelli Valentina, Ceruti Franco, Cherubini Valentino, Chiarelli Francesco, Chiari Giovanni, Cianfarani Stefano, Cicchetti Mario, Cipriano Paola, Cirillo Dante, Citriniti Felice, Coccioli Maria Susanna, Confetto Santino, Contreas Giovanna, Coro Anna, Correddu Antonella, Corsini Elisa, Crino’ Antonino, d’Annunzio Giuseppe, De Berardinis Fiorella, De Donno Valeria, De Filippo Gianpaolo, De Marco Rosaria, De Sanctis Luisa, Del Duca Elisabetta, Delvecchio Maurizio, Deodati Annalisa, Di Bonito Procolo, Di Candia Francesca, Faleschini Elena, Fattorusso Valentina, Favia Anna, Federico Giovanni, Felappi Barbara, Ferrari Mara, Ferrito Lucia, Fichera Graziella, Fontana Franco, Fornari Elena, Franceschi Roberto, Franco Francesca, Franzese Adriana, Frongia Anna Paola, Frontino Giulio, Gaiero Alberto, Galassi Sabrina Maria, Gallo Francesco, Gargantini Luigi, Giani Elisa, Gortan Anna Jolanda, Graziani Vanna, Grosso Caterina, Gualtieri Antonella, Guasti Monica, Guerraggio Lucia Paola, Guzzetti Chiara, Iafusco Dario, Iannicelli Gennaro, Iezzi Maria Laura, Ignaccolo Maria Giovanna, Innaurato Stefania, Inzaghi Elena, Iovane Brunella, Iughetti Lorenzo, Kaufmann Peter, La Loggia Alfonso, Lambertini Anna Giulia, Lapolla Rosa, Lasagni Anna, Lazzaro Nicola, Lazzeroni Pietro, Lenzi Lorenzo, Lera Riccardo, Levantini Gabriella, Lezzi Marilea, Lia Rosanna, Liguori Alice, Lo Presti Donatella, Lombardo Fortunato, Lonero Antonella, Longhi Silvia, Lorubbio Antonella, Lucchesi Sonia, Maccioni Rosella, Macedoni Maddalena, Macellaro Patrizia Cristiana, Madeo Simona Filomena, Maffeis Claudio, Mainetti Benedetta, Maltoni Giulio, Mameli Chiara, Mammì Francesco, Manca Bitti Maria Luisa, Mancioppi Valentina, Manco Melania, Marigliano Marco, Marino Monica, Marsciani Alberto, Matteoli Maria Cristina, Mazzali Elena, Minute Marta, Minuto Nicola, Monti Sara, Morandi Anita,, Morganti Gianfranco, Morotti Elisa, Mozzillo Enza, Musolino Gianluca, Olivieri Francesca, Ortolani Federica, Pampanini Valentina, Pardi Daniela, Pascarella Filomena, Pasquino Bruno, Passanisi Stefano, Patera Ippolita Patrizia, Pedini Annalisa, Pennati Maria Cristina, Peruzzi Sonia, Peverelli Paola, Pezzino Giulia, Piccini Barbara, Piccinno Elvira Eugenia Rosaria, Piona Claudia, Piredda Gavina, Piscopo Alessia, Pistone Carmelo, Pozzi Erica, Prandi Elena, Predieri Barbara, Prudente Sabrina, Pulcina Anna, Rabbone Ivana, Randazzo Emioli, Rapini Novella, Reinstadler Petra, Riboni Sara, Ricciardi Maria Rossella, Rigamonti Andrea, Ripoli Carlo, Rossi Virginia, Rossi Paolo, Rutigliano Irene, Sabbion Alberto, Salvatoni Alessandro, Salvo Caterina, Salzano Giuseppina, Sanseviero Mariateresa, Savastio Silvia, Savini Rosanna, Scanu Mariapiera, Scaramuzza Andrea Enzo, Schiaffini Riccardo, Schiavone Maurizio, Schieven Eleonardo, Scipione Mirella, Secco Andrea, Silvestri Francesca, Siri Giulia, Sogno Valin Paola, Sordelli Silvia, Spiri Daniele, Stagi Stefano, Stamati Filomena Andreina, Suprani Tosca, Talarico Valentina, Tiberi Valentina, Timpanaro Tiziana Antonia Lucia, Tinti Davide, Tirendi Antonina, Tomaselli Letizia Grazia, Toni Sonia, Torelli Cataldo, Tornese Gianluca, Trada Michela,, Trettene Adolfo Andrea, Tumini Stefano, Tumminelli Marilena, Valerio Giuliana, Vandelli Sara, Ventrici Claudia, Zampolli Maria, Zanatta Manuela, Zanfardino Angela, Zecchino Clara, Zonca Silvia, and Zucchini Stefano

Subjects
adolescents, automated insulin delivery, children, hypoglycemia, glucagon, oral glucose, Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology, RC648-665
Abstract

There has been continuous progress in diabetes management over the last few decades, not least due to the widespread dissemination of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and automated insulin delivery systems. These technological advances have radically changed the daily lives of people living with diabetes, improving the quality of life of both children and their families. Despite this, hypoglycemia remains the primary side-effect of insulin therapy. Based on a systematic review of the available scientific evidence, this paper aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for recognizing, risk stratifying, treating, and managing patients with hypoglycemia. The objective of these recommendations is to unify the behavior of pediatric diabetologists with respect to the timely recognition and prevention of hypoglycemic episodes and the correct treatment of hypoglycemia, especially in patients using CGM or advanced hybrid closed-loop systems. All authors have long experience in the specialty and are members of the Italian Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology. The goal of treating hypoglycemia is to raise blood glucose above 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) and to prevent further decreases. Oral glucose at a dose of 0.3 g/kg (0.1 g/kg for children using “smart pumps” or hybrid closed loop systems in automated mode) is the preferred treatment for the conscious individual with blood glucose

Published
2024
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4. Minimizing unnecessary brain magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric endocrinology: a retrospective cohort analysis.

Author

Marin, Maura, Murru, Flora Maria, Baldo, Francesco, Tamaro, Gianluca, Faleschini, Elena, Barbi, Egidio, and Tornese, Gianluca

Subjects
PATIENTS' families, PITUITARY dwarfism, MAGNETIC resonance imaging, CHILD patients, PEDIATRIC endocrinology, PRECOCIOUS puberty, SHORT stature
Abstract

Background: Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is mandatory or highly recommended in many pediatric endocrinological conditions to detect causative anatomic anomalies and rule out neoplastic lesions. However, MRI can also show findings associated with the underlying clinical condition, as well as unrelated "incidentalomas". These latter findings are often abnormalities with a high incidence in the general population for which there is no clear literature regarding their management, especially in pediatric patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the number of unnecessary performed MRIs in pediatric endocrinology. Methods: Retrospective analysis on 584 MRI scans performed in 414 patients (254 growth hormone deficiency, 41 other causes of short stature, 116 central precocious puberty). Results: The MRI scans were completely normal in 67% of the individuals, and the prevalence of individuals who underwent more than one MRI was 18%, with no significant differences among the groups. The overall prevalence of incidentalomas was 17%. Among 170 repeated MRI scans, 147 (86%) were not required according to a dedicated protocol. Only five patients (four GHD, one Noonan) correctly repeated the MRI. All the repeated MRI scans did not reveal any progression in the findings. If we include the MRIs performed in cases of OCSS other than Noonan syndrome (n=32) and girls with CPP older than 6 years (n=89), an additional 121 MRIs could have been avoided, leading to a total number of unnecessary MRIs to 268 (46%). Conclusions: Only a few specific neuroimaging findings in endocrinologic pediatric patients warrant further investigation, while too often repeated imaging is carried out unnecessarily. We advocate the importance of guidelines to reduce costs for both the healthcare system and patients' families, as well as to alleviate physical and psychological distress for patients and caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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7. Effectiveness and safety of long-term treatment with sulfonylureas in patients with neonatal diabetes due to KCNJ11 mutations: an international cohort study

Author

Aisenberg, Javier, Akkurt, Ilker, Abdul-Latif, Hussein, Al-Abdullah, Anees, Barak, Lubomir, Van Den Bergh, Joop, Bertrand, Anne-Marie, Bizzarri, Carla, Bonfanti, Riccardo, Bruel, Henri, Burrows, Anthony, Cadario, Francesco, Cameron, Fergus J., Carson, Dennis, Cartigny, Maryse, Cauvin, Vittoria, Cave, Helene, Chakera, Ali, Chetan, Ravi, Chiari, Giovanni, Couch, Bob, Coutant, Régis, Cummings, Elizabeth, Dankovcikova, Adriana, Davis, Liz, Deiss, Dorothee, Delvecchio, Maurizio, Faleschini, Elena, Fauret, Anne-Laure, Finn, Roisin, Ford, Tamsin, Franco, Elisa De, Gallen, Bastian De, Gasperíková, Daniela, Guntamukkala, Padma, Hakeem, Vaseem, Hasegawa, Shinji, Hathout, Eba H., Heffernan, Emmeline, Hill, David, Ho, Josephine, Hoarau, Marie, Holl, Reinhard, Hoddinott, Rebecca, Houghton, Jane, Howard, Neville, Hughes, Natalie, Hunter, Ian, Høgåsen, Anne Kirsti, Kuulasmaa, Helena, Ioacara, Sorin, Iotova, Violeta, Irgens, Henrik, Jaap, Alan, Jones, Kenneth, Kapellen, Thomas, Kaufman, Ellen, Klinge, Andreas, Klupa, Tomasz, Krishnaswamy, Ramaiyer, Lafferty, Tony, LeGault, Laurent, Lambert, Paul, Malecki, Maciej T, Malievsky, Olag, Mathew, Revi, Mathews, Frances, McVie, Robert, Menzel, Ulrike, Metz, Chantale, Meulen, John Van Der, Modgil, Gita, Mul, Dick, Muther, Silvia, Nuboer, Roos, O'Connell, Susan M., O'Riordan, Stephen, Palko, Miroslav, Patel, Kashyap Amratlal, Pesavento, Roberta, Piccinno, Elvira, Pillai, Janani Kumaraguru, Pruhova, Stephanka, Punthakee, Zubin, Rabbone, Ivana, Raile, Klemens, Rincon, Marielisa, Rose, Danette, Sanchez, Janine, Sandereson, Susan, Saxena, Vinay, Schebek, Martin, Schmidt, Dorothee, Shehadeh, Naim, Shiels, Julian P.H., Silva, Jose M. C. L, Stanik, Juraj, Tinklin, Tracy, Tjora, Erling, Tumini, Stefano, Tuomi, Tiinamaija, Uehara, Akiko, Velde, Robert Van der, Vermeulen, Guido, Visser, Uma, Voorhoeve, Paul, Walker, Jan, Weill, Jaques, Weisner, Tobias, Werner, Andrea, Williams, Toni, Woodhead, Helen, øddegård, Rønnaug, Bowman, Pamela, Sulen, Åsta, Barbetti, Fabrizio, Beltrand, Jacques, Svalastoga, Pernille, Codner, Ethel, Tessmann, Ellen H, Juliusson, Petur B, Skrivarhaug, Torild, Pearson, Ewan R, Flanagan, Sarah E, Babiker, Tarig, Thomas, Nicholas J, Shepherd, Maggie H, Ellard, Sian, Klimes, Iwar, Szopa, Magdalena, Polak, Michel, Iafusco, Dario, Hattersley, Andrew T, and Njølstad, Pål R

Published
2018
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10. Ipertiroidismo e tiroidite autoimmune in età evolutiva

Author

Pellegrin, Maria Chiara, Occhipinti, Alessandro, Bossini, Benedetta, Norbedo, Stefania, Faleschini, Elena, Barbi, Egidio, Bizzarri, Carla, Tornese, Gianluca, Pellegrin, Maria Chiara, Occhipinti, Alessandro, Bossini, Benedetta, Norbedo, Stefania, Faleschini, Elena, Barbi, Egidio, Bizzarri, Carla, and Tornese, Gianluca

Subjects
Radioiodine ablation, endocrine system, endocrine system diseases, Down syndrome, Antithyroid agents, Antithyroid agent, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Thyroidectomy, Graves’ disease, Hyperthyroidism
Abstract

Hyperthyroidism is a rare clinical entity in paediatric age. In most cases the etiology is autoimmune and goiter represents the typical presentation. Ophthalmopathy is rare and can precede the diagnosis of autoimmune hyperthyroidism. Thyrotoxicosis caused by the hyperthyroid phase of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis must be carefully distinguished from Graves’ disease (GD), since the first condition has a better prognosis for spontaneous remission. Three treatment options are currently available for the management of paediatric GD. First-line therapy is antithyroid drugs, while thyroidectomy and radioiodine are considered on relapse. A lower remission rate and a higher risk of adverse events are observed after the first course of methimazole in childhood with respect to adulthood. Children and adolescents may require a prolonged antithyroid treatment, but an overall consensus regarding the optimal regimen is lacking.

Published
2021
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11. A Short-Duration Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation Test for the Diagnosis of Central Precocious Puberty.

Author

Pellegrin, Maria Chiara, Marzin, Chiara, Monasta, Lorenzo, Tamaro, Gianluca, Vidonis, Viviana, Vittori, Giada, Faleschini, Elena, Barbi, Egidio, and Tornese, Gianluca

Subjects
PRECOCIOUS puberty, GONADOTROPIN releasing hormone, CHILD patients, RECEIVER operating characteristic curves, BLOOD sampling, SENSITIVITY & specificity (Statistics)
Abstract

Background and Objectives: The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test is the gold standard method for diagnosing central precocious puberty (CPP), although it requires multiple blood samplings over 120 min. This study aimed to evaluate if a shorter test may have an equivalent diagnostic accuracy. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the GnRH tests of 188 consecutive pediatric patients (169 females) referred for signs of early pubertal development. The diagnostic accuracy of the hormonal levels was evaluated at different time points (15, 0, 60, 90, and 120 min after the GnRH stimulus). Results: A diagnosis of CPP was made in 130 cases (69%), with 111 (85%) being female. Sensitivity and specificity ratings higher than 99% for the diagnosis of CPP were achieved for LH levels ≥4.7 mU/mL at 30 and 60 min after the stimulus (area under the ROC curve (AUC) = 1), with no further increase in the diagnostic accuracy in the remaining time points. No sex differences in diagnostic accuracy were found. The LH/FSH ratio at 30 min showed a sensitivity of 94.9%, with an AUC of 0.997 and a value ≥0.76. Conclusions: A short-duration GnRH test of 60 min provided optimal results for the diagnosis of CPP. Extending the test for an extra hour is therefore unnecessary and inadvisable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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12. Prevalence and characteristics of thelarche variant.

Author

Burlo, Francesca, Lorenzon, Beatrice, Tamaro, Gianluca, Fabretto, Antonella, Buonomo, Francesca, Peinkhofer, Martina, Vidonis, Viviana, Vittori, Giada, Faleschini, Elena, Barbi, Egidio, and Tornese, Gianluca

Subjects
PRECOCIOUS puberty, OVARIAN follicle, PUBERTY, OVARIES, TELEVISION programs
Abstract

Introduction: Girls with early thelarche may show an intermediate clinical picture between isolated premature thelarche (PT) and central precocious puberty (CPP), defined as “thelarche variant” (TV), characterized by an FSH-predominant response, although a univocal definition is lacking. Methods: Retrospective analysis on 91 girls with early thelarche (<8 years) and advanced bone age and/or accelerated growth who underwent 104 LHRH tests. Patients were classified into CPP (LH peak ≥5 IU/L; n = 28, 31%), TV (FSH peak ≥20 IU/L, LH peak <5 IU/L; n = 15, 16%), or PT (FSH peak <20 IU/L and LH peak <5 IU/L; n = 48, 53%). Results: TV patients were younger (5.51 years) and with less advanced bone age (+0.8 years). They had higher basal and peak FSH (2.5 and 26.6 IU/L) and lower basal and peak LH/FSH ratios (0.08 and 0.11). The prevalence of presence of ovarian follicles >5 mm in TV (42%) was similar to CPP but significantly higher than PT, whereas maximum ovarian volume was smaller in TV (1.0 cm3). At the last follow-up visit (available in 60% of the cases), 44% of TV developed CPP compared with 14% of PT (p = 0.04). At first evaluation, those who progressed to CPP had a higher basal FSH (3.2 IU/L), lower LH/FSH ratio (0.07), and a higher peak LH (4.1 IU/L) compared with those who did not progress to CPP (basal FSH 1.9 IU/L, p < 0.01; basal LH/FSH ratio 0.12, p < 0.01; peak LH 2.8 IU/L, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Using laboratory parameters only as a definition, we identified the clinical, laboratory, and imaging features of TV: these girls showed less advanced bone age and FSH predominance also at baseline, with smaller ovaries but with follicles >5 mm. Almost half of girls initially diagnosed as TV developed CPP at last follow-up visit, and these girls had higher baseline FSH, lower baseline LH/FSH ratio, and higher peak LH at first evaluation. Therefore, TV may represent a “precocious prepuberty” in which the FSH predominance may initially limit the progression into proper puberty, but it may eventually trigger full puberty (even CPP, depending on the girls’ age). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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20. Reduction in Pediatric Growth Hormone Deficiency and Increase in Central Precocious Puberty Diagnoses During COVID 19 Pandemics

Author

Peinkhofer, Martina, primary, Bossini, Benedetta, additional, Penco, Arturo, additional, Giangreco, Manuela, additional, Pellegrin, Maria Chiara, additional, Vidonis, Viviana, additional, Vittori, Giada, additional, Grassi, Nicoletta, additional, Faleschini, Elena, additional, Barbi, Egidio, additional, and Tornese, Gianluca, additional

Published
2021
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22. Differences between transient neonatal diabetes mellitus subtypes can guide diagnosis and therapy

Author

Bonfanti, Riccardo, primary, Iafusco, Dario, additional, Rabbone, Ivana, additional, Diedenhofen, Giacomo, additional, Bizzarri, Carla, additional, Patera, Patrizia Ippolita, additional, Reinstadler, Petra, additional, Costantino, Francesco, additional, Calcaterra, Valeria, additional, Iughetti, Lorenzo, additional, Savastio, Silvia, additional, Favia, Anna, additional, Cardella, Francesca, additional, Lo Presti, Donatella, additional, Girtler, Ylenia, additional, Rabbiosi, Sarah, additional, D’Annunzio, Giuseppe, additional, Zanfardino, Angela, additional, Piscopo, Alessia, additional, Casaburo, Francesca, additional, Pintomalli, Letizia, additional, Russo, Lucia, additional, Grasso, Valeria, additional, Minuto, Nicola, additional, Mucciolo, Mafalda, additional, Novelli, Antonio, additional, Marucci, Antonella, additional, Piccini, Barbara, additional, Toni, Sonia, additional, Silvestri, Francesca, additional, Carrera, Paola, additional, Rigamonti, Andrea, additional, Frontino, Giulio, additional, Trada, Michela, additional, Tinti, Davide, additional, Delvecchio, Maurizio, additional, Rapini, Novella, additional, Schiaffini, Riccardo, additional, Mammì, Corrado, additional, Barbetti, Fabrizio, additional, _, _, additional, Aloe, Monica, additional, Amadeo, Simona, additional, Arnaldi, Claudia, additional, Bassi, Marta, additional, Beccaria, Luciano, additional, Benelli, Marzia, additional, Maria Berioloi, Giulia, additional, Bertelli, Enrica, additional, Biagioni, Martina, additional, Bobbio, Adriana, additional, Boccato, Stefano, additional, Bologna, Oriana, additional, Bontempi, Franco, additional, Bonura, Clara, additional, Bracciolini, Giulia, additional, Brufani, Claudia, additional, Bruzzi, Patrizia, additional, Buono, Pietro, additional, Cardani, Roberta, additional, Cardinale, Giuliana, additional, Casertano, Alberto, additional, Cristina Castiglione, Maria, additional, Cauvin, Vittoria, additional, Cherubini, Valentino, additional, Chiarelli, Franco, additional, Chiari, Giovanni, additional, Cianfarani, Stefano, additional, Cirillo, Dante, additional, Citriniti, Felice, additional, Coccioli, Susanna, additional, Cogliardi, Anna, additional, Confetto, Santino, additional, Contreas, Giovanna, additional, Corò, Anna, additional, Corsini, Elisa, additional, Cresta, Nicoletta, additional, De Berardinis, Fiorella, additional, De Donno, Valeria, additional, De Filippo, Giampaolo, additional, De Marco, Rosaria, additional, Deodati, Annalisa, additional, Faleschini, Elena, additional, Fattorusso, Valentina, additional, Favalli, Valeria, additional, Felappi, Barbara, additional, Ferrito, Lucia, additional, Fichera, Graziella, additional, Fontana, Franco, additional, Fornari, Elena, additional, Franceschi, Roberto, additional, Franco, Francesca, additional, Franzese, Adriana, additional, Paola Frongia, Anna, additional, Gaiero, Alberto, additional, Gallo, Francesco, additional, Gargantini, Luigi, additional, Giani, Elisa, additional, Giorgetti, Chiara, additional, Bianchi, Giulia, additional, Graziani, Vanna, additional, Gualtieri, Antonella, additional, Guasti, Monica, additional, Iannicelli, Gennaro, additional, Iannilli, Antonio, additional, Giovanna, Ignaccolo, additional, Ingletto, Dario, additional, Innaurato, Stefania, additional, Inzaghi, Elena, additional, Iovane, Brunella, additional, Kaufmann, Peter, additional, La Loggia, Alfonso, additional, Lapolla, Rosa, additional, Lasagni, Anna, additional, Lazzaro, Nicola, additional, Lenzi, Lorenzo, additional, Lera, Riccardo, additional, Levantini, Gabriella, additional, Lombardo, Fortunato, additional, Lonero, Antonella, additional, Longhi, Silvia, additional, Lucchesi, Sonia, additional, Paola Guerraggio, Lucia, additional, Lucieri, Sergio, additional, Macellaro, Patrizia, additional, Maffeis, Claudio, additional, Mainetti, Bendetta, additional, Maltoni, Giulio, additional, Mameli, Chiara, additional, Mammì, Francesco, additional, Luisa Manca-Bitti, Maria, additional, Manco, Melania, additional, Marino, Monica, additional, Mariano, Matteo, additional, Marigliano, Marco, additional, Marsciani, Alberto, additional, Mastrangelo, Costanzo, additional, Cristina Matteoli, Maria, additional, Mazzali, Elena, additional, Meschi, Franco, additional, MIgliaccio, Antonella, additional, Morandi, Anita, additional, Morganti, Gianfranco, additional, Mozzillo, Enza, additional, Musolino, Gianluca, additional, Nugnes, Rosa, additional, Ortolani, Federica, additional, Pardi, Daniela, additional, Pascarella, Filomena, additional, Passanisi, Stefano, additional, Pedini, Annalisa, additional, Pennati, Cristina, additional, Perrotta, Angelo, additional, Peruzzi, Sonia, additional, Peverelli, Paola, additional, Pezzino, Giulia, additional, Claudia Piona, Anita, additional, Piredda, Gavina, additional, Pistone, Carmelo, additional, Prandi, Elena, additional, Pedieri, Barbara, additional, Di Bonito, Procolo, additional, Pulcina, Anna, additional, Quinci, Maria, additional, Randazzo, Emioli, additional, Ricciardi, Rossella, additional, Ripoli, Carlo, additional, Roppolo, Rosanna, additional, Rutigliano, Irene, additional, Sabbio, Alberto, additional, salardi, Silvana, additional, Salvatoni, Alessandro, additional, Saporiti, Anna, additional, Sardi, Rita, additional, Scanu, Mariapiera, additional, Scaramuzza, Andrea, additional, Eleonardo Schiven, ,, additional, Secco, Andrea, additional, Sessa, Linda, additional, Sogno Valin, Paola, additional, Sordelli, Silvia, additional, Spallino, Luisa, additional, Stagi, Stefano, additional, Stamati, Filomena, additional, Suprani, Tosca, additional, Talarico, Valentina, additional, Timapanaro, Tiziana, additional, Tirendi, Antonella, additional, Tomaselli, Letizia, additional, Tornese, Gianluca, additional, Andrea Trettene, Adolfo, additional, Tumini, Stefano, additional, Valerio, Giuliana, additional, Ventrici, Claudia, additional, Viscardi, Matteo, additional, Zaffani, Silvana, additional, Zampolli, Maria, additional, Zanette, Giorgio, additional, Zecchino, Clara, additional, Antonietta Zedda, Maria, additional, Zonca, Silvia, additional, and Zucchini, Stefano, additional

Published
2021
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34. Sindrome di Rokitansky e dintorni: cosa deve sapere il pediatra

Author

Pellegrin, Maria Chiara, Corrias, Francesca, Bramuzzo, Matteo, Scrimin, Federica, Cattaruzzi, Elisabetta, Tornese, Gianluca, Faleschini, Elena, Ventura, Alessandro, Pellegrin, Maria Chiara, Corrias, Francesca, Bramuzzo, Matteo, Scrimin, Federica, Cattaruzzi, Elisabetta, Tornese, Gianluca, Faleschini, Elena, and Ventura, Alessandro

Subjects
Müllerian agenesi, Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome, Müllerian agenesis, Amenorrhea, Neovagina
Abstract

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKHS) is a rare congenital disorder characterised by variable aplasia of the uterus and the upper part of the vagina in women with a normal 46,XX karyotype and normal ovarian function. It may be isolated (type I) but it is more frequently associated with other congenital defects (type II), mainly renal and vertebral defects. Exact etiology remains unknown. Clinical presentation is primary amenorrhoea with normal development of secondary sexual characteristics and normal external genitalia. Ultrasound and MRI allow accurate identification of MRKHS. Diagnosis may be delayed even in cases with known renal or vertebral malformation and causes important psychological distress. The creation of a neovagina allows sexual intercourse; fertility is obviously compromised.

Published
2018

37. Placental determinants of fetal growth: identification of key factors in the insulin-like growth factor and cytokine systems using artificial neural networks

Author

Faleschini Elena, Volta Cecilia, Grossi Enzo, Street Maria E, and Bernasconi Sergio

Subjects
Pediatrics, RJ1-570
Abstract

Abstract Background Changes and relationships of components of the cytokine and IGF systems have been shown in placenta and cord serum of fetal growth restricted (FGR) compared with normal newborns (AGA). This study aimed to analyse a data set of clinical and biochemical data in FGR and AGA newborns to assess if a mathematical model existed and was capable of identifying these two different conditions in order to identify the variables which had a mathematically consistent biological relevance to fetal growth. Methods Whole villous tissue was collected at birth from FGR (N = 20) and AGA neonates (N = 28). Total RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed and then real-time quantitative (TaqMan) RT-PCR was performed to quantify cDNA for IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2 and IL-6. The corresponding proteins with TNF-α in addition were assayed in placental lysates using specific kits. The data were analysed using Artificial Neural Networks (supervised networks), and principal component analysis and connectivity map. Results The IGF system and IL-6 allowed to predict FGR in approximately 92% of the cases and AGA in 85% of the cases with a low number of errors. IGF-II, IGFBP-2, and IL-6 content in the placental lysates were the most important factors connected with FGR. The condition of being FGR was connected mainly with the IGF-II placental content, and the latter with IL-6 and IGFBP-2 concentrations in placental lysates. Conclusion These results suggest that further research in humans should focus on these biochemical data. Furthermore, this study offered a critical revision of previous studies. The understanding of this system biology is relevant to the development of future therapeutical interventions possibly aiming at reducing IL-6 and IGFBP-2 concentrations preserving IGF bioactivity in both placenta and fetus.

Published
2008
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38. Insufficienza surrenalica: Rara ma non troppo

Author

Patti, Giuseppa, Tornese, Gianluca, Pellegrin, Maria Chiara, Vecchiato, Katy, Faleschini, Elena, Ventura, Alessandro, Patti, Giuseppa, Tornese, Gianluca, Pellegrin, Maria Chiara, Vecchiato, Katy, Faleschini, Elena, and Ventura, Alessandro

Subjects
Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Adrenal crisis, Perinatology and Child Health, Mortality, Primary adrenal insufficiency, Pediatrics, Adrenal crisi, Secondary adrenal insufficiency
Abstract

Adrenal insufficiency is a rare condition in childhood. Clinical characteristics of adrenal insufficiency in children may be non-specific. Therefore, the diagnosis may be suspected late. If unrecognized, adrenal insufficiency may present with life-threatening cardiovascular collapse. In this article, current knowledge of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of adrenal insufficiency in children and factors precipitating adrenal crisis are summarized.

Published
2016

39. High frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in Italian children: A nationwide longitudinal study, 2004-2013

Author

Cherubini, Valentino, Skrami, Edlira, Ferrito, Lucia, Zucchini, Stefano, Scaramuzza, Andrea, Bonfanti, Riccardo, Buono, Pietro, Cardella, Francesca, Cauvin, Vittoria, Chiari, Giovanni, D'Annunzio, Giuseppe, Frongia, Anna Paola, Iafusco, Dario, Patera, Ippolita Patrizia, Toni, Sonia, Tumini, Stefano, Rabbone, Ivana, Lombardo, Fortunato, Carle, Flavia, Gesuita, Rosaria, Lera, Riccardo, De Luna, Livia, Gualtieri, Antonella, Zecchino, Clara, Piccinno, Elvira, Reinstadler, Petra, Prandi, Elena, Gallo, Francesco, Morganti, Gianfranco, Ripoli, Carlo, La Loggia, Alfonso, Scanu, Piera, Cardinale, Giuliana, Tomaselli, Letizia Grazia, Citriniti, Felice, Lazzaro, Nicola, De Donno, Valeria, Mainetti, Benedetta, Coccioli, Maria Susanna, Maccioni, Rosella, Marongiu, Ugo, Bruzzese, Mariella, Iannilli, Antonio, Pardi, Daniela, Confetto, Santino, Zanfardino, Angela, Iughetti, Lorenzo, Franzese, Adriana, Cadario, Francesco, Milia, Anna Franca, Piredda, Gavina, Soro, Miriam, Correddu, Antonella, Galderisi, Alfonso, De Berardinis, Fiorella, Federico, Giovanni, Zanette, Giorgio, Suprani, Tosca, Pedini, Annalisa, Bitti, Maria Luisa Manca, Delvecchio, Maurizio, Trada, Michela, Meloni, Gianfranco, Gaiero, Alberto, Bulciolu, Pasquale, Guerraggio, Lucia, Faleschini, Elena, Zanatta, Manuela, Salvatoni, Alessandro, Maffeis, Claudio, Arnaldi, Claudia, Cherubini, Valentino, Skrami, Edlira, Ferrito, Lucia, Zucchini, Stefano, Scaramuzza, Andrea, Bonfanti, Riccardo, Buono, Pietro, Cardella, Francesca, Cauvin, Vittoria, Chiari, Giovanni, D'Annunzio, Giuseppe, Frongia, Anna Paola, Iafusco, Dario, Patera, Ippolita Patrizia, Toni, Sonia, Tumini, Stefano, Rabbone, Ivana, Lombardo, Fortunato, Carle, Flavia, Gesuita, Rosaria, Lera, Riccardo, De Luna, Livia, Gualtieri, Antonella, Zecchino, Clara, Piccinno, Elvira, Reinstadler, Petra, Prandi, Elena, Gallo, Francesco, Morganti, Gianfranco, Ripoli, Carlo, La Loggia, Alfonso, Scanu, Piera, Cardinale, Giuliana, Tomaselli, Letizia Grazia, Citriniti, Felice, Lazzaro, Nicola, De Donno, Valeria, Mainetti, Benedetta, Coccioli, Maria Susanna, Maccioni, Rosella, Marongiu, Ugo, Bruzzese, Mariella, Iannilli, Antonio, Pardi, Daniela, Confetto, Santino, Zanfardino, Angela, Iughetti, Lorenzo, Franzese, Adriana, Cadario, Francesco, Milia, Anna Franca, Piredda, Gavina, Soro, Miriam, Correddu, Antonella, Galderisi, Alfonso, De Berardinis, Fiorella, Federico, Giovanni, Zanette, Giorgio, Suprani, Tosca, Pedini, Annalisa, Bitti, Maria Luisa Manca, Delvecchio, Maurizio, Trada, Michela, Meloni, Gianfranco, Gaiero, Alberto, Bulciolu, Pasquale, Guerraggio, Lucia, Faleschini, Elena, Zanatta, Manuela, Salvatoni, Alessandro, Maffeis, Claudio, Arnaldi, Claudia, Cherubini, V., Skrami, E., Ferrito, L., Zucchini, S., Scaramuzza, A., Bonfanti, R., Buono, P., Cardella, F., Cauvin, V., Chiari, G., D'Annunzio, G., Frongia, A. P., Iafusco, D., Patera, I. P., Toni, S., Tumini, S., Rabbone, I., Lombardo, F., Carle, F., Gesuita, R., Lera, R., De Luna, L., Gualtieri, A., Zecchino, C., Piccinno, E., Reinstadler, P., Prandi, E., Gallo, F., Morganti, G., Ripoli, C., La Loggia, A., Scanu, P., Cardinale, G., Tomaselli, L. G., Citriniti, F., Lazzaro, N., De Donno, V., Mainetti, B., Coccioli, M. S., Maccioni, R., Marongiu, U., Bruzzese, M., Iannilli, A., Pardi, D., Confetto, S., Zanfardino, A., Iughetti, L., Franzese, A., Cadario, F., Milia, A. F., Piredda, G., Soro, M., Correddu, A., Galderisi, A., De Berardinis, F., Federico, G., Zanette, G., Suprani, T., Pedini, A., Bitti, M. L. M., Delvecchio, M., Trada, M., Meloni, G., Gaiero, A., Bulciolu, P., Guerraggio, L., Faleschini, E., Zanatta, M., Salvatoni, A., Maffeis, C., and Arnaldi, C.

Subjects
Male, Longitudinal study, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, endocrine system diseases, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Adolescent, Population, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Longitudinal Studie, Logistic regression, Article, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Diabetic Ketoacidosi, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 030225 pediatrics, Diabetes mellitus, Humans, Medicine, Age Factor, Longitudinal Studies, Family history, education, Diabetes, Ketoacidosis, Type 1 diabetes, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Age Factors, nutritional and metabolic diseases, medicine.disease, Ketoacidosis, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Italy, Female, business, Human
Abstract

This longitudinal population-based study analyses the frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at type 1 diabetes diagnosis in Italian children under 15 years of age, during 2004–2013. DKA was defined as absent (pH ≥ 7.30), mild/moderate (7.1 ≤ pH

Published
2016

40. La ginecomastia: Cosa deve sapere il pediatra

Author

Pellegrin, Maria Chiara, Patti, Giuseppa, Faleschini, Elena, TORNESE, GIANLUCA, VENTURA, ALESSANDRO, Pellegrin, Maria Chiara, Patti, Giuseppa, Faleschini, Elena, Tornese, Gianluca, and Ventura, Alessandro

Subjects
Prepubertal, Tamoxifen, Aromatase, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Pubertal, Gynecomastia, Perinatology and Child Health, Pediatrics
Abstract

Gynecomastia is the glandular proliferation of male breast tissue, involving up to 65% of men in their lifetime. It is often a benign condition, but it can be the sign of a serious endocrine disease and the source of significant physical and psychological stress. It is important to understand its pathogenesis in order to distinguish a normal developmental variant from pathological causes and to guide a correct treatment on its specific cause.

Published
2016

42. Effectiveness and safety of long-term treatment with sulfonylureas in patients with neonatal diabetes due to KCNJ11 mutations: an international cohort study

Author

Bowman, Pamela, primary, Sulen, Åsta, additional, Barbetti, Fabrizio, additional, Beltrand, Jacques, additional, Svalastoga, Pernille, additional, Codner, Ethel, additional, Tessmann, Ellen H, additional, Juliusson, Petur B, additional, Skrivarhaug, Torild, additional, Pearson, Ewan R, additional, Flanagan, Sarah E, additional, Babiker, Tarig, additional, Thomas, Nicholas J, additional, Shepherd, Maggie H, additional, Ellard, Sian, additional, Klimes, Iwar, additional, Szopa, Magdalena, additional, Polak, Michel, additional, Iafusco, Dario, additional, Hattersley, Andrew T, additional, Njølstad, Pål R, additional, Aisenberg, Javier, additional, Akkurt, Ilker, additional, Abdul-Latif, Hussein, additional, Al-Abdullah, Anees, additional, Barak, Lubomir, additional, Van Den Bergh, Joop, additional, Bertrand, Anne-Marie, additional, Bizzarri, Carla, additional, Bonfanti, Riccardo, additional, Bruel, Henri, additional, Burrows, Anthony, additional, Cadario, Francesco, additional, Cameron, Fergus J., additional, Carson, Dennis, additional, Cartigny, Maryse, additional, Cauvin, Vittoria, additional, Cave, Helene, additional, Chakera, Ali, additional, Chetan, Ravi, additional, Chiari, Giovanni, additional, Couch, Bob, additional, Coutant, Régis, additional, Cummings, Elizabeth, additional, Dankovcikova, Adriana, additional, Davis, Liz, additional, Deiss, Dorothee, additional, Delvecchio, Maurizio, additional, Faleschini, Elena, additional, Fauret, Anne-Laure, additional, Finn, Roisin, additional, Ford, Tamsin, additional, Franco, Elisa De, additional, Gallen, Bastian De, additional, Gasperíková, Daniela, additional, Guntamukkala, Padma, additional, Hakeem, Vaseem, additional, Hasegawa, Shinji, additional, Hathout, Eba H., additional, Heffernan, Emmeline, additional, Hill, David, additional, Ho, Josephine, additional, Hoarau, Marie, additional, Holl, Reinhard, additional, Hoddinott, Rebecca, additional, Houghton, Jane, additional, Howard, Neville, additional, Hughes, Natalie, additional, Hunter, Ian, additional, Høgåsen, Anne Kirsti, additional, Kuulasmaa, Helena, additional, Ioacara, Sorin, additional, Iotova, Violeta, additional, Irgens, Henrik, additional, Jaap, Alan, additional, Jones, Kenneth, additional, Kapellen, Thomas, additional, Kaufman, Ellen, additional, Klinge, Andreas, additional, Klupa, Tomasz, additional, Krishnaswamy, Ramaiyer, additional, Lafferty, Tony, additional, LeGault, Laurent, additional, Lambert, Paul, additional, Malecki, Maciej T, additional, Malievsky, Olag, additional, Mathew, Revi, additional, Mathews, Frances, additional, McVie, Robert, additional, Menzel, Ulrike, additional, Metz, Chantale, additional, Meulen, John Van Der, additional, Modgil, Gita, additional, Mul, Dick, additional, Muther, Silvia, additional, Nuboer, Roos, additional, O'Connell, Susan M., additional, O'Riordan, Stephen, additional, Palko, Miroslav, additional, Patel, Kashyap Amratlal, additional, Pesavento, Roberta, additional, Piccinno, Elvira, additional, Pillai, Janani Kumaraguru, additional, Pruhova, Stephanka, additional, Punthakee, Zubin, additional, Rabbone, Ivana, additional, Raile, Klemens, additional, Rincon, Marielisa, additional, Rose, Danette, additional, Sanchez, Janine, additional, Sandereson, Susan, additional, Saxena, Vinay, additional, Schebek, Martin, additional, Schmidt, Dorothee, additional, Shehadeh, Naim, additional, Shiels, Julian P.H., additional, Silva, Jose M. C. L, additional, Stanik, Juraj, additional, Tinklin, Tracy, additional, Tjora, Erling, additional, Tumini, Stefano, additional, Tuomi, Tiinamaija, additional, Uehara, Akiko, additional, Velde, Robert Van der, additional, Vermeulen, Guido, additional, Visser, Uma, additional, Voorhoeve, Paul, additional, Walker, Jan, additional, Weill, Jaques, additional, Weisner, Tobias, additional, Werner, Andrea, additional, Williams, Toni, additional, Woodhead, Helen, additional, and øddegård, Rønnaug, additional

Published
2018
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44. Predittività dell'emoglobina glicata nei confronti dell'OGTT in una popolazione pediatrica italiana sovrappeso/obesa

Author

Pellegrin, Maria Chiara, Faleschini, Elena, Radillo, Oriano, TORNESE, GIANLUCA, VENTURA, ALESSANDRO, Pellegrin, Maria Chiara, Tornese, Gianluca, Faleschini, Elena, Radillo, Oriano, and Ventura, Alessandro

Subjects
Diabetes and Metabolism, Endocrinology, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Internal Medicine
Abstract

Background. Recently glycated hemoglobin (A1c) ≥ 48 mmol/mol has been included among the diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) in adults, while borderline levels of 39-47 mmol/mol indicate impaired glycemia (pre-diabetes). In overweight/ obese children an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is used to screen for DM2 and pre-diabetic status (impaired fasting glucose [IFG] and impaired glucose tolerance [IGT]). A1c could therefore theoretically replace OGTT as a screening test in children at risk for DM2, IFG, IGT, or insulin resistance (IR). Methods. Italian patients aged less than 18 years, consecutively assessed for overweight/obesity (BMI > 85th percentile) in our Pediatric Endocrinology Outpatient Care Unit between July 2011 and December 2012, were included. A1c was determined for each patient (IFCC method) and an OGTT was done (blood glucose and insulin levels at 0, 60 and 120 min). Results. Data were collected from 225 patients (105 males), mean age 11.2 ± 3.2 years and mean BMI 27.6 ± 4.7 (77% with BMI > 95th percentile). Mean A1c was 36.2 ± 4.9 mmol/mol (range 16-50). Three cases had IFG, 12 IGT and 83 IR. In 71 cases (32%) with borderline A1c, none had IFG, 5 had IGT, and 37 had IR. The only child known to be diabetic had borderline A1c. Sensitivity and specificity were 0, 67.6% for IFG, 41.6, 68.8% for IGT, 45.1, 76.1% for IR. Conclusions. A1c is not sensitive enough for detecting diabetic and pre-diabetic status, so it would not be a reliable tool. Given the intermediate specificity of borderline A1c 39-47 mmol/mol to identify pre-diabetic status, confirmation with an OGTT is always advisable. In our series, borderline A1c was better at predicting IR.

Published
2014

45. Reumatologia per il pediatra

Author

Pellegrin, Maria Chiara, Faleschini, Elena, Tornese, Gianluca, Lepore, Loredana, Pellegrin, Maria Chiara, Faleschini, Elena, and Tornese, Gianluca

Subjects
Rheumatology, pediatrics
Abstract

"This book is a real Treaty of paediatric Rheumatology. (Perhaps the only treaty that's out there. Certainly the more usable than a pediatrician could find: complete and easy to read at the same time. This book is more than just a Treaty of Rheumatology. And in fact a living tool that, through the interpretation of Rheumatology, lets go over a large part of Pediatrics which is useful to the present day: easy or difficult. It is a work in which the experience of the older authors and prestigious joins, and it was revived, the enthusiasm and desire to do well (and teach) of younger authors. A miracle only possible thanks to the dedication and passion of Loredana Lepore, to its ability to act concretely with joy and never stop learning and teaching ".

Published
2014

46. Il timo ectopico nella diagnosi differenziale delle masse del collo

Author

Pellegrin, Maria Chiara, Patti, Giuseppa, Faleschini, Elena, Tornese, Gianluca, Guastalla, Pierpaolo, Ventura, Alessandro, Pellegrin, Maria Chiara, Patti, Giuseppa, Faleschini, Elena, Tornese, Gianluca, Guastalla, Pierpaolo, and Ventura, Alessandro

Subjects
Paediatric neck masses, Incidentaloma, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Incidentalomas, Perinatology and Child Health, Ectopic thymu, Pediatrics, Ectopic thymus, Thyroid nodule, Ultrasonography, Paediatric neck masse
Abstract

Ectopic thymus is a rare benign cause of paediatric neck masses. Because of embryologic migrational defects, ectopic thymic remnants can be found along the descent pathway from the mandible angle to the superior mediastinum. Clinically, between 2 and 13 years of age, ectopic thymus presents as a painless neck mass, secondary to hyperplasia (like in the normal thymus gland). Ectopic thymus rarely determinates symptoms of compression of adjacent cervical structures. Radiologic imaging and biopsy (especially in cases of intra-thyroidal nodules) help to determine the nature of the mass. If ectopic thymus is definitively diagnosed before surgery, it can be treated conservatively. In asymptomatic cases surgery is not mandatory because there is no convincing evidence of malignant degeneration and bleeding is very rare and typical of adulthood. A spontaneous involution of thymic tissue after puberty is expected.

Published
2014

48. Glucose Metabolism Evaluated by Glycated Hemoglobin and Insulin Sensitivity Indices in Children Treated with Recombinant Human Growth Hormone.

Author

Chiara Pellegrin, Maria, Michelon, Daria, Faleschini, Elena, Germani, Claudio, Barbi, Egidio, and Tornese, Gianluca

Subjects
DIABETES risk factors, BLOOD sugar, GLUCOSE tolerance tests, HEMOGLOBINS, INSULIN resistance, HUMAN growth hormone, RETROSPECTIVE studies, CHILDREN
Abstract

Objective: To evaluate glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in children with idiopathic growth hormone (GH) deficiency, treated with recombinant human GH (rhGH), and to identify possible risk factors for the development of glucose abnormalities in this population. Methods: We retrospectively collected data from 101 patients (60 males, median age 10.4 years, 77 prepubertal), with confirmed GH deficiency, enrolled before starting rhGH and followed up during the first three years of treatment. Glucose metabolism was evaluated annually by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). OGTT was used to calculate insulin sensitivity (HOMA-S) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), defined as HOMA-IR >3. Results: RhGH was effective in improving growth and dosages significantly reduced after the first year of therapy. No patient developed diabetes mellitus. After one year of therapy, a significant increase in HbA1c (p=0.0042) and insulin levels (fasting p<0.0001, 60 min p=0.0018, 120 min p=0.0003) was observed, with a higher prevalence of IR (p<0.05). These indices did not alter further during the follow-up and were not related to GH dose or to family history of diabetes. A significant correlation was found only for IR indices and pubertal status, weight and age (p<0.05). Conclusion: In this retrospective study on a large GH deficient pediatric population, conventional use of replacement therapy resulted in an increase in HbA1c and IR after one year of therapy, regardless of rhGH dosage. These alterations did not worsen significantly in the following two years and were not associated with overt diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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49. Accuracy and consequences of reported target height.

Author

Ceconi, Viola, Grigoletto, Veronica, Pellegrin, Maria Chiara, Faleschini, Elena, Barbi, Egidio, and Tornese, Gianluca

Subjects
PITUITARY dwarfism, SHORT stature
Abstract

The discrepancy between reported and measured TH (R-TH and M-TH) was significantly higher in the group SS compared to noSS (median 1.8 cm/0.3 SDS vs. 0.8 cm/0.1 SDS; I P i < .01). Children referred for SS with CHt <-1.5 SDS below TH were 38 (58%) considering R-TH and 29 (45%) looking at M-TH ( I P i < .01). Keywords: short stature; growth hormone; target height; parents; reported EN short stature growth hormone target height parents reported 1513 1515 3 04/19/21 20210501 NES 210501 Abbreviations CHt child's height (measured) GH growth hormone IQRs interquartile range M-TH measured target height M-PHt measured parent's height noSS no short stature R-TH reported target height R-PHt reported parent's height SDS standard deviation score TH target height INTRODUCTION Short stature is a common referral in paediatric endocrinology. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2021
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50. Uno, cento, mille diabeti - I diabeti meno noti e meno frequenti - Parte seconda

Author

Tornese, Gianluca, Rubert, Laura, Faleschini, Elena, Tonini, Giorgio, Tornese, Gianluca, Rubert, Laura, Faleschini, Elena, and Tonini, Giorgio

Subjects
Double diabete, Neonatal diabete, Children, MODY, Neonatal diabetes, Double diabetes, Secondary diabetes
Abstract

The term “diabetes mellitus” does not only refer to one disease, but to a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Besides these two main forms (type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus), there are a number of less known classifications that have specific characteristics and which should be known by non-specialist staff as well, for therapeutic and prognostic implications therefrom. This article provides a review of the current information about etiopathogenesis, epidemiology and therapy of these less common types of diabetes.

Published
2011

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