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In this article we look briefly into some of the conundrums around the practice of FGM/C. The practice, existent in dozens of countries, is often categorized as a “harmful traditional practice”, and a framework of “zero tolerance to FGM/C” has been created to combat it. We will describe how it became an agenda in the human rights framework, before we can discuss how the connections between Portugal and Guinea Bissau, have helped institutionalize an anti-FGM/C agenda in Portugal. We will also discuss the first condemnation for the practice of FGM/C in the country. This example will allow us to make some interpretations on how the juridical approach to the ban on this practice, despite seemingly consensual, is in reality contributing to new forms of invisibility (by pushing the practice underground), discrimination (association of certain groups to the practice) and double victimization (by punishing victims). We will also question the way policy is produced and intervention takes place. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Diamond nanoparticles (DNPs) have showed in vitro and in vivo biomedical applicability due to their low toxicity and biocompatibility. Recent studies have focused on the potential use of (DNPs) as suitable vehicles for improving drug delivery in cancer treatment. The advantages of DNPs lies in their high stability and small size compared to other carbon-based nanomaterials. In this work, CVD-diamond nanoparticles (CVD-DNPs) were synthesized and evaluated regarding their application as a new drug delivery platform for metastatic melanoma therapy. A new synthesis technique developed DNPs from CVD diamond thin film. This type of diamond has the same physical and chemical properties as a natural diamond: extreme hardness, excellent thermal conductivity, low coefficient of friction, biocompatibility, chemically inert for temperatures below 800 0 C, among others. The main objective of this study was to produce CVD-DNPs by laser ablation and to evaluate their cytotoxicity. A pulsed, ytterbium-doped fiber (Yb) was used to form DNPs in the pure aqueous medium (Milli-Q). The final suspension was obtained at high concentration of the CVD-DNPs and it was used to evaluate the cytotxicity in murine metastatic melanoma B16-F10 cells by using colorimetric assays. The characterization by FT-IR, X-Ray, DLS, RAMAN, SEM, and TEM demonstrated the successful synthesis of CVD-DNPs with a hydrodynamic diameter of 57 and 54 nm. In vitr o studies performed for 24h and 48h resulted in viability of 70-80% of cells incubated with CVD-DNPs at 250 μg/mL, which demonstrated a insignificant cytotoxic effect. Thus, these results suggest a potential use of CVD-DNPs as a drug delivery platform for antitumoral therapy.

This paper is part of an ongoing research on Sexual and Reproductive Rights in West Africa, with a particular focus in Senegal. It starts with the assumption that the body is a signifier of local social and moral worlds, and also that it is through the body that experiences of freedom and autonomy, violence, social pressure and inequality are manifested. Individuals are socially situated through their gender but gender representations are disputed by social actors, endogenous and exogenous. The claims for social change concerning FGM/C envisions an abandonment of the practice as part of a social project that isn’t always shared with practicing communities in the same lines as those set by stakeholders. Political and activist mobilisation often fails to anticipate backlashes. With this paper I want to claim that we have to cast a wider view on gender inequality, social values and norms, because both practicing and non-practicing communities share cultural representations that fuel an overepresentation of femininity, female sexuality and the female body and its link to social order and morality. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Devido à migração internacional, o C/MGF é agora reconhecido como um problema na Europa. Até à viragem deste século, a sua prevalência no continente era largamente considerada um assunto pouco conhecido e que se pensava que se praticava principalmente em África, mesmo se, no passado, e de acordo com as definições atualmente aceites, existiram procedimentos médicos na Europa considerados como formas de mutilação. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

A primeira referência explícita à circuncisão feminina foi feita pelo geógrafo e historiador grego Estrabão, por volta do século I a. C., relatando a forma como a prática era zelosamente realizada no Egito. Existem provas, porém, de que a circuncisão feminina pode ter sido uma prática comum nesta região mesmo antes desse período. Descrições mais detalhadas começaram a surgir, de acordo com Sara Johnsdotter, durante os séculos XV e XVI com as viagens europeias a África. Foi mais tarde (principalmente nos séculos XVIII e XIX) que diferentes interpretações se debruçaram sobre as finalidades da prática, tendo originado debates a nível moral, a par de considerações higiénicas e estéticas. No entanto, as origens do C/MGF permanecem desconhecidas (Johnsdotter 2012).

We evaluated the expression of 10 adhesion molecules on peripheral blood tumor cells of 17 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 17 with mantle-cell lymphoma, and 13 with nodal or splenic marginal B-cell lymphoma, all in the leukemic phase and before the beginning of any therapy. The diagnosis of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas was based on cytological, histological, immunophenotypic, and molecular biology methods. The mean fluorescence intensity of the adhesion molecules in tumor cells was measured by flow cytometry of CD19-positive cells and differed amongst the types of lymphomas. Comparison of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle-cell lymphoma showed that the former presented a higher expression of CD11c and CD49c, and a lower expression of CD11b and CD49d adhesion molecules. Comparison of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and marginal B-cell lymphoma showed that the former presented a higher expression of CD49c and a lower expression of CD11a, CD11b, CD18, CD49d, CD29, and CD54. Finally, comparison of mantle-cell lymphoma and marginal B-cell lymphoma showed that marginal B-cell lymphoma had a higher expression of CD11a, CD11c, CD18, CD29, and CD54. Thus, the CD49c/CD49d pair consistently demonstrated a distinct pattern of expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia compared with mantle-cell lymphoma and marginal B-cell lymphoma, which could be helpful for the differential diagnosis. Moreover, the distinct profiles of adhesion molecules in these diseases may be responsible for their different capacities to invade the blood stream.

A 46-year-old woman with a previous diagnosis of sarcoidosis presented with morphologically typical large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia/lymphoma with an aggressive clinical course. Epstein-Barr virus DNA was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by PCR. The phenotype was typical of the T cell lineage (CD2+ CD3+ CD5+ CD7+ CD8+ TCRαβ+) but with the absence of the CD16, CD56, CD57 NK cell markers. In addition, the LGLs expressed CD122 (p75) in the absence of CD25 which is characteristic of LGLs. These leukemic LGLs did not exhibit NK activity. The clonal nature of this proliferation was demonstrated by the rearrangement of the TCRγ gene. This phenotypically unusual but morphologically typical LGL leukemia/lymphoma may represent the clonal expansion of a minor normal subset of T-LGLs which do not express any NK cell markers, probably corresponding to in vivo activated T cells.

Bananeiras são plantas cultivadas principalmente em países em desenvolvimento das regiões tropicais e subtropicais, onde a produção de bananas tem grande impacto econômico e social, pois envolve um número muito grande de pequenos produtores. A maioria dos genótipos de banana utilizados na alimentação é de plantas diplóides, triplóides e tetraplóides, oriundos de cruzamentos entre Musa acuminata Colla e Musa balbisiana Colla. O caráter semiperene e a propagação assexuada de bananeiras facilitam a transmissão e/ou disseminação de doenças, além de impedir a chance de recornbinação gênica, processo fundamental para o melhoramento genético, o qual possui, dentre muitos objetivos, a obtenção de plantas resistentes a estresses bióticos e abióticos. A utilização de técnicas citogenéticas para realizar o mapeamento fisico de genes em cromossomos produz informações básicas para os programas de melhoramento genético tradicional e para a transformação genética de plantas. O mapeamento fisico realizado por hibridização in situ fluorescente (FISH - 'fluorescence in situ hybridization') em preparações mitóticas do meristema radicular tem por finalidade mostrar a localização mais precisa dos genes nos cromossomos. Porém em espécies cujos cromossomos são pequenos (50Mpb) tais como Arabidopsis spp. e Musa spp, a técnica de FISH deve ser adaptada. Nestes casos para realizar mapeamento físico de elevada resolução de genes de interesse agronômico sugere-se a utilização de cromossomos meióticos em fase de paquíteno. A aplicação dessa metodologia, após adaptações, permitiu real izar o mapeamento de um clone de BAC da biblioteca de M. balbisiana Colla - Pisang Klutuk Wulung, contendo seqüência gênica análoga a genes de resistência (RGA), em duas espécies silvestres diplóides M. acuminata ssp. burmannicoides - Calcutta 4 (genoma AA), M. balbisiana - Pisang Klutuk Wulung (PKW) (genoma BB) e na cultivar triplóide M acuminata subgrupo Cavendish - Nanica (genoma AAA). O trabalho desenvolvido para esta dissertação é o primeiro relato de mapeamento físico de genes em cromossomos meióticos de M balbisiana e em um híbrido triplóide. Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-05T00:32:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AdaptacaodametodologiadeBACFISHdealtaresolucaoparaestudosgenomicoscomparativosemMusa..pdf: 5658943 bytes, checksum: 797d8996fd1c89c94ee88c8bc7ee6818 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-24 Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia) - Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF. Orientador: Guy de Capdeville, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia.

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