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Bias-based aggression at school in the form of homophobic name-calling is quite prevalent among early adolescents. Homophobic name-calling is associated with low academic performance, higher risky sexual behaviors, and substance abuse, among other adverse outcomes. This longitudinal study examined risk and protective factors across multiple domains of the social ecology (individual, peer, family, school and community) and levels of analysis (within- and between-person) associated with homophobic name-calling perpetration and victimization. Students from four middle schools in the U.S. Midwest (N = 1,655; (Formula presented.) age = 12.75; range = 10���16 years) were surveyed four times (Spring/Fall 2008, Spring/Fall 2009). For homophobic name-calling perpetration, significant risk factors included impulsivity, social dominance, traditional masculinity, family violence, and neighborhood violence; while empathy, peer support, school belonging, and adult support were significant protective factors. For homophobic name-calling victimization, significant risk factors included empathy (between-person), impulsivity, traditional masculinity, family violence, and neighborhood violence, while empathy (within-person), parental monitoring, peer support, school belonging, and adult support were significant protective factors.

MOLA (Museum of London Archaeology) was commissioned by CgMs Heritage to undertake an archaeological observation, investigation and recording during the ground works for tennis courts, changing room pavilion and test pits at Spratton Hall School. The areas investigated had previously been levelled and terraced by landscaping for the existing playing fields which had destroyed any archaeology that may have existed in the areas. No archaeological features were recorded or archaeological finds recovered.

Archaeological remains dating from the Neolithic to the post-medieval were found with the large majority dating to the middle Iron Age. Four pits and a natural feature predating the middle Iron Age and these contained small quantities of artefacts. Two were dated to the Neolithic, one the early Bronze Age and two were early Iron Age. In the middle Iron Age a small settlement/farmstead was constructed and comprised three ditched enclosures and up to five ring ditches as well as more than 30 pits. The settlement probably lasted no more than c250 years within the excavation area. The evidence suggests this was a farmstead involved in mixed agriculture, with evidence for both livestock management and the processing and storage of crops. Only three late Iron Age features (two pits and a linear) were within the excavation, but one contained a notable quantity of pottery suggesting that occupation had possibly moved to just beyond the site. Similarly Roman occupation was likely to lay to the north with only parts of two possible enclosures at the extreme northern extent of the site. Directly to the south of the enclosures was a contemporary small cemetery which comprised four inhumations including one decapitation and another with footware. Two Saxon features were within the excavation area and these comprised a later 6th to early 7th burial which contained an iron spearhead, of long lanceolate form, and a snaffle bit as well as a single pit. Two pits were dated to the medieval or post-medieval periods but only a few artefacts were recovered from them.