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The article is focused on legal nature of International Valuation Standards Committee (renamed to International Valuation Standards Council in 2008) and implementation of its valuation standards by states and international organizations. The paper concentrates on legal gaps regarding the application aspects of property value calculations in international law. Treaties do not provide substantial determinacy, include no instruction or the appropriate methodology on numerous calculation issues and typically set forth only basic standard of valuation such as standard of fair market value of property for the calculation of compensation. It shows that lack of standards for determining awards of compensation creates a source of uncertainty for protection in international public law. The issue discusses a framework where international valuation standards of international non-governmental organizations are given legal weight and serve as guidelines for the calculation of awards. After establishing the legal basis for an award, tribunals use their impression of valuation best practices as well as discretion to conduct the analysis. The result depends on the assumptions and philosophy of the adjudicating tribunal. It is emphasized that international arbitration practice in measures of compensation should be based on principles of fairness and reasonableness. Part of the issue is based on Directive of European Union with provisions that valuation standards of states should take into account internationally recognised valuation standards, in particular those developed by the International Valuation Standards Committee, the European Group of Valuers’ Associations or the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. Member states of European Union admitted valuation standards of international non-governmental organizations as reliable standards for the credit purposes after the financial crisis, which has shown that irresponsible behaviour by market participants can undermine the foundations of the financial system leading to potentially severe social and economic consequences.

The article covers some issues of the organization of exchange trade in agricultural products in Ukraine. It is established that the order of exchange trade in agricultural products is determined, as a rule, in the rules of exchange trade and its organization may differ on different commodity and agricultural exchanges. The author substantiates that some requirements for exchange trading should be established by law and be the same for all commodity exchanges. It was found that only members of the exchange have the right to participate in the exchange trade in agricultural products. It is substantiated that brokers carry out direct participation in exchange trading and concluding exchange agreements at the expense and in the interests of the exchange member. The essence and types of auction as the main form of exchange trade in agricultural products are studied. The order and conditions of formation of the equilibrium (market) price for agricultural products during the exchange trading are determined. which is considered the price of a particular exchange transaction. It was found that this formation occurs by balancing the publicly announced price of supply and demand. It is established that the formation of a fair market price for agricultural products during its trading on the stock exchange is possible in the absence of violations of legislation on protection of economic competition, stock exchange legislation by the organizer and bidders. The author defines the method of coordination of state regulation of prices for certain types of agricultural products and the formation of a fair market price during exchange trade in the relevant types of products. It was found that the main way to solve this problem is to provide state agrarian intervention. Based on the conducted scientific and legal analysis, some proposals have been developed to improve economic legislation in the field of regulating the organization of exchange trade in agricultural products in Ukraine.

Significance This paper presents high-resolution maps of the estimated value of private lands in the contiguous United States. The estimates permit the prediction of the cost of conservation interventions at a much higher accuracy than proxies used in previous nationwide conservation planning studies. A close look at two recent studies on US-wide floodplain protection and species conservation planning for climate change suggests that the use of previous cost proxies led to the underestimation of policy budgets necessary to achieve environmental goals by a factor of 2 and a factor of 37.5, respectively. This can undermine the validity of findings. Future analyses of conservation policies can and should use high-resolution cost estimates in their justification and spatial prioritization of interventions., The justification and targeting of conservation policy rests on reliable measures of public and private benefits from competing land uses. Advances in Earth system observation and modeling permit the mapping of public ecosystem services at unprecedented scales and resolutions, prompting new proposals for land protection policies and priorities. Data on private benefits from land use are not available at similar scales and resolutions, resulting in a data mismatch with unknown consequences. Here I show that private benefits from land can be quantified at large scales and high resolutions, and that doing so can have important implications for conservation policy models. I developed high-resolution estimates of fair market value of private lands in the contiguous United States by training tree-based ensemble models on 6 million land sales. The resulting estimates predict conservation cost with up to 8.5 times greater accuracy than earlier proxies. Studies using coarser cost proxies underestimate conservation costs, especially at the expensive tail of the distribution. This has led to underestimations of policy budgets by factors of up to 37.5 in recent work. More accurate cost accounting will help policy makers acknowledge the full magnitude of contemporary conservation challenges and can help improve the targeting of public ecosystem service investments.

Assessing the value of property is important in the real estate activity. Important factor to assess the property value is the location of the property. In India, value of a property is mainly evaluated by the guideline value and the market value. This paper addresses the effect of different parameters that affect the market value in Madurai Corporation area. It also addresses the implementation of urban valuation on a Geographic Information System for better decision-making. The valuation of the land depends upon the popularity and also the facilities around in that area. The spatial data constitutes the location information of the assets and the attributes that contain the details of the assets. Quantum GIS software is used for the storage and analysis of the data. The effective use of GIS along with reliable data and predictive tools can provide a robust and near realistic solution in predicting real estate trends. It is found that, for land assets, the Geographic Information System approach is effective. In this paper, we have used the statistical methods in order to find the market value and modelled value using Voronoi Polygon Method.

It is essential for the advanced practitioner to have an understanding of how fair market value is determined by employers in order to successfully negotiate a compensation package or salary raise. However, because of the compliance and regulatory environment, determining fair market value is never simple. In addition, potential variances in compensation reported in national surveys and other factors can affect fair market value. This article defines fair market value and discusses the factors that go into determining it to aid the oncology advanced practitioner in preparing for salary negotiations.

Este estudo tem como objetivo prospectar as inovações tecnológicas apresentadas em feiras virtuais para a aquicultura e identicar os segmentos que mais se destacam para subsidiar a produção em cativeiro de camarões e peixes. O estudo prospectivo foi desenvolvido a partir da compilação de informações coletadas em duas feiras virtuais realizadas em 2020: Aqua Expo El Oro Online e International Fish Congress Brasil Digital. Dentre os resultados obtidos, identificaram-se segmentos que ofertaram produtos com alto know-how direcionados às novas tendências de cultivos. Destacou-se o segmento de nutrição e saúde animal, com uma ampla oferta de insumos, bem como tecnologias voltadas para alimentação automatizada em viveiros, demonstrando a importância nutricional para o enfretamento de enfermidades na produção aquícola. Ainda, os eventos apresentaram palestras com importantes profissionais da área da aquicultura que relataram os impactos da pandemia de Covid-19 no comércio internacional para o setor. Made available in DSpace on 2022-03-25T12:01:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rsd-2022.pdf: 513230 bytes, checksum: 6e1bfcce86535f3a6f0843cb85850388 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

In this editorial, we address the urgent need to rapidly expand hospital and ICU capacity during the COVID-19 pandemic and future infectious disease outbreaks. As a remedy to this problem currently plaguing many US municipalities, we discuss states' Emergency Takings Power, an alternative to eminent domain proceedings that allows the immediate commandeering of vacant hospitals without exorbitant costs or the need to litigate fair market price up front. We briefly describe the legal basis for emergency takings power and how states can empower local municipalities to act on that power during public health emergencies.

Додана вартість є об’єктивним показником, що ві-дображає результати виробничої діяльності, визначає стимули потенційним постачальникам матеріальних благ і є єдиним джерелом доходів суб’єктів господарю-вання та держави. Додана вартість дає змогу встанови-ти або визначити справедливу ринкову ціну будь-якого товару і забезпечити еквівалентний обмін різних това-рів/послуг. Повна вартість кінцевого продукту визна-чається сумою доданої вартості, створеної на кожній стадії виробничого циклу. Товари/послуги набувають певну вартість лише після реалізації споживачам. Ринкова оцінка споживачем не впливає на структуру доданої вартості, яка визначається сумою факторних доходів виробника – фонду оплати праці і прибутку, що включає підприємницький дохід, відсоток і ренту. 123Випуск 2(27), 2019Додана вартість, створена на кожній стадії виробничо-го циклу, дорівнює різниці ринкової вартості товарів/послуг, затрат виробництва і амортизації обладнання. До витрат виробництва належать будь-які витрати, які підтверджені належною сумою сплаченого ПДВ. Амортизаційні відрахування нараховуються за нор-мами Податкового кодексу України. Валова виручка, сплачений ПДВ і нарахована амортизація дають змогу точно визначити додану вартість, створену на кожній стадії циклу, тобто базу основних податків. Оподат-кування доданої вартості і її складників за діючими в Україні ставками визначає податкове навантаження на неї. Якщо прийняти, що фонд оплати праці стано-вить 30% доданої вартості, прибуток – решту 70%, податкове навантаження становить 42,71%, тобто сума сплачених податків (ПДВ, на прибуток, на доходи фізичних осіб) і єдиного соціального внеску має стано-вити 42,71% від величини створеної доданої вартості на кожній стадії циклу. Підсумовуючи додану вартість всієї економіки країни, отримуємо податкове наван-таження на ВВП – ті самі 42,71%. Запропонований спосіб нарахування податкових зобов’язань гранично спрощує адміністрування основних податків і єдиного соціального внеску.

This study aims to examine the contradiction in determining Sales Value of Taxable Object (SVTO) in accordance with fair market price in Bantul Regency and Yogyakarta City. This study elaborates the success factors of Yogyakarta City in determining SVTO which approaches the market price. The study used descriptive qualitative method with a case study design. The research data were obtained using in-depth interview and document review. The theoretical basis used was the pressure of isomorphism in institutional theory (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983). The preliminary research was conducted at five Primary Tax Offices of Directorate General of Taxes (DGT) Regional Office in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Province. The respondents of this study were employees of the Revenue and Regional Asset Management Office (BPKAD) Yogyakarta and Financial and Regional Assets Office (BKAD) Bantul. The results show that SVTO determination in Bantul is influenced by normative isomorphism pressure because Bantul follows the group norms of surrounding local governments. On the other hand, SVTO determination in Yogyakarta is influenced by coercive pressure because Yogyakarta tends to follow the laws and regulations. The essential lessons from Yogyakarta City are the readiness of regulations, use of reliable data, incentive provision, increase in the untaxable value of the sales value of taxable object, extensive socialization, and recruitment of appraisers. Bantul should refer to the Laws and Yogyakarta City, as the best practices in determining SVTO. This research can be a preliminary of further research in a broader area or on nationwide level.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the effect that halving has on the fair market value of bitcoins. The main hypothesis of the study is that the decline in the cost of miners’ remuneration for mining is a significant factor that affects the price of cryptocurrencies. The article examines the factors that regulate the issuing process. The significance of a limited supply of bitcoin is detailed in the article, as well as the mechanism for the implementation of the issue of new bitcoins. The study compares the historical inflation data of the US dollar and the projected data on the inflation of bitcoin. The article analyzes the main technical element of cryptocurrency – halving – when the miner’s reward is halved. This analysis includes the mathematical methods of statistical data processing. Research results show that reducing remuneration by half every four years leads to an increased market value of the cryptocurrency. This relationship is clearly illustrated by the Kendall rank correlation method. The results of the study can have a significant impact on the fundamental assessment of bitcoin and can also enable investors to assess any of the existing and operating cryptocurrencies according to this method.

We identify nine categories of clauses in Host Government Instruments (HGIs, ie licences, concessions, production sharing contracts (PSCs), etc.) that potentially affect the Fair Market Value of petroleum exploration and production rights, in addition to the clauses quantifying the fiscal terms. The categories comprise state participation, performance bonds and penalties for failing to perform minimum work programmes, local content, decommissioning, natural gas terms, stabilization, assignment and change of control, renewals and extensions and governance issues. For each category, we review and summarize global practice in the top 50 oil-producing countries. We quantify our analysis using statistics from a data set of 55 representative HGIs, including contemporary alternative types for five countries. The age of each HGI used varies, guided by the history of oil production in each country. Texts are available for 53 HGIs and published summaries are available for the other two. The discussion provides a checklist for use in negotiating new HGIs or performing due diligence for transactions involving existing HGIs. Our choice of representative HGIs and our characterizations of some clauses are both in part subjective. Nevertheless, we suggest the statistics provide a useful guide to trends in global practice.

The standard of value in shareholder oppression and dissolution cases for a valuation of a minority shareholder's interest in a business in most U.S. states is fair value. The fair value standard in most U.S. states excludes discounts for control and lack of marketability. However, the three valuation approaches commonly used (income, market, and asset) all yield different levels of value. Consequently, this can unfairly negatively or positively impact minority and oppressed shareholders. In this paper we examine these inconsistencies and offer a solution to arriving at a level of value the trier of fact is seeking to obtain.

The Nypa fruticans Wurmb (Nypa), a true mangrove palm, is abundant in the Sundarbans reserved forest of Bangladesh. Leaves are the primary product obtained from the Nypa, which are often used as thatching materials and source of income for the forest-dependent communities in the Sundarbans Impact Zone (SIZ) of Bangladesh. Hence, this study aimed to assess the usefulness of the Nypa leaf collection as a livelihoods strategy in the SIZ of Bangladesh. A total of 90 Nypa leaf collectors from three coastal unions were interviewed by administering a semi-structured interview schedule. Effects of social factors [age, education level and household (HH) members involved in income generation] and economic factors (primary, secondary and tertiary occupation) on the HH total income of the Nypa leaf collectors were analyzed using linear regression and Pearson’s correlation, respectively. Moreover, the effect of physical factors on the HH total income was analyzed by ANOVA and linear regression. Results suggested that income from the Nypa leaf collection, though making only a quarter percent of HH total income, was constrained by underdeveloped infrastructure, inaccessibility to fair market price, limitations of financial capital and frequent attack of Royal Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris). The study, therefore, suggests that Nypa leaf collection from the Sundarbans alone could not be a sustainable livelihoods strategy for the forest-dependent communities in the SIZ of Bangladesh. Diversified and advanced husbandry activities, which have the potential to further reduce dependency on forest resources, would strengthen the livelihoods strategy and ultimately conserve the resources of the Sundarbans.

Any entity offering flood insurance, whether it is private or government‐administered such as the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), faces the challenge of solvency. This is especially true for the NFIP, where homeowner affordability criteria limit the opportunity to charge fully risk‐based premiums. One solution is to remove the highest flood risk properties from the insurer's book of business. Acquisition (buyout) of flood‐prone structures is a potentially permanent solution that eliminates the highest risk properties while providing homeowners with financial assistance to relocate in a less risky location. To encourage participation, homeowners are offered a preflood fair market value of their damaged (or at risk of damage) structures. Although many factors have been shown to affect a homeowner's decision to accept an acquisition offer, very little research has been devoted to the influence of price or monetary incentive offered on homeowners' willingness to participate in acquisition programs. We estimate a pooled probit model and employ a bootstrap methodology to determine the effects of hypothetical home price offers on homeowners' acquisition decisions. We do so while controlling for environmental factors, property characteristics, and homeowner sociodemographic characteristics. Results show that price indeed has a positive effect on likelihood of accepting an acquisition contract. Furthermore, estimated homeowner supply curves differ significantly based on the damage status of the acquisition offer, as well as homeowner and property characteristics.

Inequitable timber resource rents are a problem that has plagued tropical forest management in countries throughout the world, including Papua New Guinea (PNG), which exported 21% of the world's tropical hardwood logs during the last decade. Rural tropical forest resource owners (FROs) often have limited economic resources and resource rents from timber harvests can help them access goods and services that they otherwise cannot afford. This paper uses historical log export data and timber royalty rates to compare the timber resource rents received by FROs in PNG to log export duties and levies collected by the PNG government and the residual cash flows collected by logging companies from log exports. Between 2007 and 2017, PNG's FROs received an annual average of 6.1% of the market value of the logs harvested. By comparison, the PNG government received an annual average of 42.3% from duties and levies and the logging industry received 51.6% for its costs/profits. We also found that the real value of royalties for different timber species has declined by between 32% and 66% since 1991 due to the use of the fixed-rate system. We recommend that future royalty payments in PNG be calculated as a percentage of market value and that there be greater public participation in the determination of the appropriate income split to provide a more equitable distribution of timber harvest revenues between different actors.

The article is focused on legal nature of International Valuation Standards Committee (renamed to International Valuation Standards Council in 2008) and implementation of its valuation standards by states and international organizations. The paper concentrates on legal gaps regarding the application aspects of property value calculations in international law. Treaties do not provide substantial determinacy, include no instruction or the appropriate methodology on numerous calculation issues and typically set forth only basic standard of valuation such as standard of fair market value of property for the calculation of compensation. It shows that lack of standards for determining awards of compensation creates a source of uncertainty for protection in international public law. The issue discusses a framework where international valuation standards of international non-governmental organizations are given legal weight and serve as guidelines for the calculation of awards. After establishing the legal basis for an award, tribunals use their impression of valuation best practices as well as discretion to conduct the analysis. The result depends on the assumptions and philosophy of the adjudicating tribunal. It is emphasized that international arbitration practice in measures of compensation should be based on principles of fairness and reasonableness. Part of the issue is based on Directive of European Union with provisions that valuation standards of states should take into account internationally recognised valuation standards, in particular those developed by the International Valuation Standards Committee, the European Group of Valuers’ Associations or the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. Member states of European Union admitted valuation standards of international non-governmental organizations as reliable standards for the credit purposes after the financial crisis, which has shown that irresponsible behaviour by market participants can undermine the foundations of the financial system leading to potentially severe social and economic consequences., У статті досліджено правову природу Міжнародного комітету зі стандартів оцінки майна МКСО (перейменованого 2008 р. у Міжнародну раду зі стандартів оцінки майна) та імплементацію їхніх стандартів оцінки майна державами та міжнародними організаціями. Міжнародні договори не забезпечують цілковитої визначеності, не містять інструкцій чи відповідної методології щодо численних питань розрахунку вартості, та, зазвичай, встановлюють лише основні стандарти оцінки майна, такі як стандарт справедливої ринкової вартості майна для розрахунку компенсації. Зазначено, що недостатність стандартів щодо визначення розміру відшкодування створює джерело невизначеності для захисту в міжнародному праві. У праці розглянуто умови, за яких міжнародні стандарти оцінки майна міжнародних неурядових організацій мають правове значення і їх можуть використовувати як керівні вказівки для розрахунку розміру відшкодування. Після встановлення правової основи рішення щодо присудження виплати міжнародні арбітражі використовують свої враження від найкращих практик оцінки, а також на свій розсуд їх аналізують. Результат такого процесу залежить від допущень і філософії суду, що ухвалює рішення. Наголошено, що міжнародна арбітражна практика розрахунку розміру компенсації не повинна призвести до руйнування принципів справедливості та розумності. Частина праці ґрунтується на Директиві Європейського Союзу з положеннями, що стандарти оцінки держав повинні враховувати стандарти оцінки з міжнародним визнанням, зокрема ті, що розроблені Міжнародним комітетом зі стандартів оцінки майна, Європейською групою асоціацій оцінювачів або Королівським інститутом сертифікованих фахівців з нерухомості. Держави-учасниці Європейського Союзу відзначили стандарти оцінки майна міжнародних неурядових організацій як надійні стандарти для кредитних цілей після фінансової кризи, яка продемонструвала, що безвідповідальна поведінка учасників ринку може підірвати основи фінансової системи та спричинити потенційно серйозні соціальні й економічні наслідки.

Many independent Nigerian oil & gas companies have emerged over the last decade out ofthe divestments of ageing petroleum assets by multinational oil companies. Thesetransactions are marked by pervasive cases of overvaluation and huge gap in offers that leadto unnecessarily high acquisition costs.Petroleum analysts around the world adopt the Discounted Cashflow Analysis method forestimating present value of future oil production revenues. Unfortunately, project economicsusing conventional analysis does not de-risk the reserves components appropriately oraccount for the excess and political risk premiums. Even when analysts derive the NetPresent Value from conventional evaluation, say at discount rates of say 10% or 15%, theyface the dilemma of extracting offer price from that figure. Some post a conservative offerbased on 50% NPV, while others throw in all the NPV in a scheme to win the bid at all cost. Some also start by guesstimating value by rule of thumb and then offer the NPV that is leftbehind. The decision to offer a given percentage of the NPV is entirely subjective and variesamongst investors and as such does not depict a logical perception of market value, or therisks thereof. Furthermore, by omitting political risk, buyers are invariably ignoring the mostcrucial risk of all. The adoption of different bases of reserves tend to compound the problemby yielding NPVs that are few and far between each other. They are usually based on un-risked ‘proved plus probable’ (2P) reserves, which is highly speculative and unrealistic forvaluation.For the first time, the concerns of high purchase price and offer gaps were debuggedleveraging the new Risk-Based Valuation approach which is based on a modified Discounted Cashflow model. A research deeply investigates the problems first by reconstructing originaltransaction to identify the root causes. Furthermore, the study concludes that buyers arepaying on average 4 times the value and that regulating reserves base is fundamental inorder to minimize offer gaps that sometimes tend to a billion dollars for large deals. Thus, the Risk-Based Discounted Cashflow Analysis technique can help prevent overpricing orunderpricing of Nigerian assets, minimize offer gaps in the market as well as account for theimpact of political risks (or its mitigation) in valuation.

Tax abuse—a process by which taxpayers secure tax outcomes that directly or indirectly contravene congressional intent—is a commonplace phenomenon that has plagued the nation’s economic fabric since Congress instituted the income tax. A typical pattern associated with tax abuse is as follows: one or more taxpayers devise a methodology to mitigate their tax burdens in a way that skirts their civic obligations, the practice becomes widespread, and Congress responds by instituting reform measures. Often, however, the legislative process takes years or, in some cases, decades to unfold; in the meantime, billions of dollars of tax revenue are lost. Consider the case of upstream tax planning. This is a process by which younger-generation taxpayers gift appreciated assets to older loved ones with the expectation of receiving such assets back in the form of outright bequests or in trust for their benefit. After the application of the Internal Revenue Code’s “basis equal to fair market value” rule, the transferred assets are cleansed of their former gains, making upstream tax planning very financially enticing. Using upstream tax planning as a case study, this analysis advocates that Congress enact a general anti-abuse rule that vests the Treasury Department with broad administrative authority to promulgate anti-abuse regulations whenever the agency perceives a tax-compliance problem. The grant of such administrative authority combined with its utilization would yield a vast improvement over the status quo: it would safeguard the nation’s coffers in a faster and more timely manner; enhance and invigorate taxpayer compliance; and, where necessary, strongly hue the Code to being more standard-based rather than rule-based in nature.

This chapter illustrates the valuation guidelines for normal businesses that represent a benchmark even for startups. The valuation of a startup is a key element to attract investors and to monitor value growth across time. Several appraisal approaches are used to estimate the potential fair market value, ranging from Discounted Cash Flows to market multipliers or income/asset-based methodologies. The valuation is complicated by the difficulty to estimate future earnings and cash flows, especially for startups with no track record and uncertain perspectives.

In the past European club football provided a textbook example of the “soft budget constraints phenomenon” initially described by Janos Kornai. As a remedy UEFA introduced the Club Licensing and Financial Fair Play Regulations (FFP). The Break-Even Requirement and the Fair Market Value Principle were the main elements of these regulations since their introduction in 2009 and first application in 2012. In 2015 the new concept of Voluntary Agreements was added. Which is the presumed rationale behind this major amendment of the rules? After analyzing the effects of The Break-Even Requirement and the Fair Market Value Principle, we propose that the new concept of Voluntary Agreements makes FFP less vulnerable to the allegation that it discriminates against true entrepreneurs wishing to develop mismanaged football clubs into sustainable businesses. Voluntary Agreements give such entrepreneurs more flexibility to invest, which would be of particular importance in environments where quality is only slowly remunerated by the football markets. The fact that not a single Voluntary Agreement has been signed until January 2020 is hard to reconcile with the allegation of discrimination.

This study investigates the value relevance of the Other Comprehensive Income (OCI). Limited literature has focused on the relevance on equity price and return. We go further by including the usefulness of OCI volatility on equity total risk which contributes to the inconclusive debate on how markets perceive different pieces of accounting information. After the adoption of the IAS (1), companies must disclose information about OCI, which shifts the focus from net income to comprehensive income. It shows the return that a company has made on its economic resources, determining a potential support for improving investors' decision-making process. Contrarily, some studies demonstrated that comprehensive income is not a true performance indicator because it includes nonrecurring items (i.e., unrealized gains and losses related to the change in the fair market value of available-for-sales securities). To test the relevance aspects of the OCI, we focus on the European context, and in particular on the analysis of the super sector leaders in Europe, the companies of the STOXX 50 index over the period from 2010 to 2016. We find a weak negative association between OCI and equity price, and it is a firm specific effect. Similar weak mixed relationships with equity return is found and in particular it is a year-specific effect. In addition, our findings reveal that the volatility of OCI is positively related to equity total risk. Compared to U.S and other international contexts, the findings provide novel insights at the European Union level about the inconsistent valuation usefulness of OCI.