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Cовсем недавно научная общественность Республики Башкортостан отметила 85-летие со дня рождения известного башкирского языковеда, востоковеда-тюрколога и педагога-методиста Вали Шагалиевича Псянчина (1930–2013). Всю свою жизнь он посвятил изучению описательной и исторической грамматики, стилистики и поэтики башкирского языка, методики преподавания родного языка в школах и вузах.

A correlative histocytological study for keratinization was done in 446 cases of oral leukoplakia. Cytologically, keratinization could be correctly identified in 91 % of leukoplakias exhibiting orthokeratosis, 73 % of leukoplakias exhibiting parakeratosis, and 78 % of cases showing both types of keratinization. Cytologically, orthokeratosis was present in 83% of individuals with homogeneous leukoplakia and in 69% with ulcerated leukoplakia, while parakeratosis was present in 7 % of homogeneous leukoplakias and in 19 % of ulcerated leukoplakias. A higher frequency of dysplasia was observed in smears and their corresponding histological sections for those cases which had revealed only parakeratosis in the cytological examination and for both orthokeratosis and parakeratosis as compared to those showing only orthokeratosis. It is suggested that the cytological method is a reliable method for studying oral keratinization and is of value to the clinician in identifying the type of leukoplakias which may need to be biopsied for further surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore socially desirable responding in telephone surveys, this study examines response latencies in answers to 27 questions in 319 audio-recorded iPhone interviews from Schober et al. (2015). Response latencies were compared when respondents (a) answered questions on sensitive vs. nonsensitive topics (as classified by online raters); (b) produced more vs. less socially desirable answers; and (c) were interviewed by a professional interviewer or an automated system. Respondents answered questions on sensitive topics more quickly than on nonsensitive topics, though patterns varied by question format (categorical, numerical, ordinal). Independent of question sensitivity, respondents gave less socially desirable answers more quickly when answering categorical and ordinal questions but more slowly when answering numeric questions. Respondents were particularly quicker to answer sensitive questions when asked by interviewers than by the automated system. Findings demonstrate that response times can be (differently) revealing about question and response sensitivity in a telephone survey.

As people increasingly communicate via asynchronous non-spoken modes on mobile devices, particularly text messaging (e.g., SMS), longstanding assumptions and practices of social measurement via telephone survey interviewing are being challenged. In the study reported here, 634 people who had agreed to participate in an interview on their iPhone were randomly assigned to answer 32 questions from US social surveys via text messaging or speech, administered either by a human interviewer or by an automated interviewing system. 10 interviewers from the University of Michigan Survey Research Center administered voice and text interviews; automated systems launched parallel text and voice interviews at the same time as the human interviews were launched. The key question was how the interview mode affected the quality of the response data, in particular the precision of numerical answers (how many were not rounded), variation in answers to multiple questions with the same response scale (differentiation), and disclosure of socially undesirable information. Texting led to higher quality data-fewer rounded numerical answers, more differentiated answers to a battery of questions, and more disclosure of sensitive information-than voice interviews, both with human and automated interviewers. Text respondents also reported a strong preference for future interviews by text. The findings suggest that people interviewed on mobile devices at a time and place that is convenient for them, even when they are multitasking, can give more trustworthy and accurate answers than those in more traditional spoken interviews. The findings also suggest that answers from text interviews, when aggregated across a sample, can tell a different story about a population than answers from voice interviews, potentially altering the policy implications from a survey.

The present investigation was initiated to study the differential effects of mercury salts on calcium pump activity of rat cerebellum and cerebral cortex in vitro. The calcium pump activity was studied by assaying calcium-adenosine triphosphatase (Ca(2+)-ATPase) in synaptic plasma membranes (SPMs) and microsomes of cerebellum and cerebral cortex in the presence of different micromolar concentrations of mercury and methylmercury. The 45Ca uptake in microsomes of cerebellum and cerebral cortex was also determined in the presence of both the salts of mercury. The SPMs and microsomes were prepared by differential centrifugation using a sucrose gradient (0.8/1.2 M). The Ca(2+)-ATPase activity was determined by estimating the inorganic phosphate. The 45Ca uptake was measured in microsomes by using 45CaCl2. Calcium-ATPase in SPMs was significantly inhibited by these two mercury salts in a concentration-dependent manner. In cerebellum and cortex, the IC50 values for mercuric chloride were 0.065 and 0.081 microM, respectively, whereas they were 0.354 and 0.384 microM for methylmercury chloride, indicating that mercuric chloride was more potent in inhibiting the plasma membrane Ca2+ extrusion process when compared to methylmercury chloride. As seen in SPMs, Ca(2+)-ATPase and 45Ca uptake in microsomes were also significantly inhibited in both cerebellum and cortex by mercury salts in a concentration-dependent manner, the effect being greater with mercuric chloride. These results indicate that both mercury and methylmercury inhibited the Ca2+ pumps located in SPMs and microsomes differentially, and to some extent the effects were also region specific.